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PreAP Biology Spring EOS Review
KEY
Six hundred plants were divided into 6 groups of 100 each. Each group was placed in lights of different colors for
600 hours. Group I was kept in red light, Group II in yellow light, Group III in green light, Group IV in blue light, Group V
in white light and Group VI in ultraviolet light. Every 60 hours the number of leaves on the plants were counted and the
width of the leaf at its broadest point was measured.
1. Identify the components of the experiment.
Independent variable: __ color of light _____________________________
Dependent variable: ____ leaf width ______________
Constants: ___ type of plant, size of plant, soil, amount of water, time in light _____
Hypothesis: If plants are grown under various colors of light, then the plants will grow best
in ______
light.
Describe a control set-up or control group: ____
plants in sunlight ___
2. Set up a graph. Label the X and Y axes. Title the graph.
Leaf Width of Plants Under Various Colors of Light for 600hrs.
Width of
Leaf (cm)
Hours Under Colors of Light
Evolution
3. Define Evolution. Change of species over time.
4. What are the two goals for evolution? survive and reproduce
5. Define natural selection. Organisms best fit to their environment will be able to survive and reproduce.
What else is it called? Survival of the Fittest
6. Define the 4 sources of scientific evidence for evolution.
A. fossil record
a. fossil— trace of dead organisms
b. relative dating— based on rock layer – older are deeper
B. comparative anatomy
a. homologous structures (and ex.)— similar origin and structure, not function (limbs of human,
whale, bat)
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b. analogous structures (and ex.)— similar function, not origin/structure ex. butterfly wing &
bird wing
c.
vestigial structures (and ex.)— no useful function (whale pelvis)
C. embryology— study of organisms in their earliest stage of development
D. biochemical evidence— similar DNA sequence/amino acids = more closely related
More differences = least closely related
7. Answer the following questions based on the diagram to the right.
a. Which layer contains the newest fossils? A
A
B
b. Which layer has the oldest fossils? E
C
c.
D
Based on the fossils, this area was most likely what type of
environment in the ancient past? ocean
E
8. Differentiate between convergent and divergent evolution.
Convergent = unrelated species become similar because of similar environments
Divergent = common ancestors give rise to many new species
Use the table below to answer the following question:
GROUP
NAME
ORGANISM
HUMAN
KINGDOM
Animalia
CHIMPANZE
E
Animalia
PHYLUM
Chordate
Chordate
Chordate
Chordate
Arthropoda
CLASS
Mammal
Mammal
Mammal
Mammal
Insect
ORDER
Primates
Primates
Carnivora
Carnivora
Diptera
FAMILY
Hominidae
Pongidae
Felidae
Felidae
Muscidae
GENUS
Homo
Pan
Felis
Felis
Musca
SPECIES
sapiens
troglodytes
domestica
leo
domestica
Scientific
Homo sapiens
Pan troglodytes
Felis domestica
Felis leo
Musca domestica
HOUSE CAT
LION
HOUSEFLY
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Name
9. Which two animals are most closely related according to the chart?
House cat and lion
10. Use the chart to the right to answer the
following questions:
A. Does the phylogenetic tree represent
convergent or divergent evolution?
______divergent_____________
B. What is the scientific name of the
species most closely related to the
woodpecker-like finch?
C. heliobates
C. Are the insect-eating finches related to
the cactus-eating finches?
Very
distant
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Classification & Kingdoms
11. What is binomial nomenclature? It is a two named naming system developed by Linnaeus.
Why is it important? Universal naming system in Latin
12. How are genus and species correctly written? Italics/underlined; Genus = Capitalized; species = lower case
13. What is the genus name of Canis familiaris? Canis
14. What is the species name of Canis familiaris? familiaris
Use the dichotomous key below to identify the aliens 15 & 16:
1a. The creature has a large wide head............................go to 2
1b. The creature has a small narrow head..........................go to 11
2a. It has 3 eyes ................................................go to 3
2b. It has 2 eyes ................................................go to 7
3a. There is a star in the middle of its chest....................go to 4
3b. There is no star in the middle of its chest ..................go to 6
4a. The creature has hair spikes .................................Broadus hairus
4b. The creature has no hair spikes...............................go to 5
5a. The bottom of the creature is arch-shaped ....................Broadus archus
5b. The bottom of the creature is M-shaped .......................Broadus emmus
6a. The creature has an arch-shaped bottom .......................Broadus plainus
15. Name ___Broadus tritops 16. Name _Broadus hairus
6b. The creature has an M-shaped bottom...........................Broadus tritops
17. What are the names and shapes of bacteria? Draw the shapes off to the side
 ___coccus____ is ___sphere__ shaped.
Picture:

___bacillus_____ is ___rod__ shaped.
Picture:

__spirillum___ is ___spiral__ shaped.
Picture:
18. When bacteria are arranged in chains it is called: ______strepto_______
19. When bacteria are arranged in clusters it is called: _____staphylo___________
20. Identify how Escherichia coli can be beneficial to us and how they can be harmful to us. Escherichia coli is
beneficial because it helps digest nutrients and make vitamins; some strains are pathogenic (cause disease)
21. Draw an amoeba and label with the name of the structure that allows it to move:
- What other function does this structure perform? Obtain food
22. Draw a paramecium and label the structure that allows it to move: cilia (small hair like structures)
23. Draw euglena and label the structure that allows it to move: flagella (whip-like tail)
24. What are the 3 organelles that plant cells that animal cells do not have? __chloroplast__, __cell wall___,
__large central vacuole__
25. List 2 organelles that animal cells have that plant cells don’t have. ___lysosome___ & _centrioles_____
Use the characteristics chart to complete the table below it.
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SIX KINGDOMS CHARACTERISTICS CHART
Cell
Type
prokayotic
eukaryotic
26.
Number
Of Cells
unicellular
multicellular
Level of
Organization
cell
tissue
organs
systems
Cell Wall
peptidoglycan
uncommon
lipids
chitin
cellulose
Mode of
Nutrition
autotrophic
heterotrophic
Reproduction
asexual
sexual
Symbiosis
Examples
(symbiotic
relationship
examples)
Other
Examples
(interesting
or indicative
characteristic
– things that
make you
remember
that group)
(examples
of
kingdom)
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
P
P
E
E
E
E
U
U
U/M
M/U
M
M
C
C
C
C
C,T,O
C,T,O,S
Cell Wall
LIPIDS
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
UNCOMMON
CHITIN
CELLULOSE
NONE
Mode of
Nutrition
A/H
A/H
A/H
H
A
H
Reproduction
A/S
A/S
A/S
A/S
S
S
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Unknown
E.coli & human
intestine =
mutual
Lichen
Mycorrhizae
Lichen
Athletes foot
Parasite
Mycorrhizae
& roots
mutual
Bees/flowers
mutual
Whale/bar
nacle
Clownfish/
anemone
mutualism
Chemo/autotro
phs;
Base of some
food chains
Decomposers;
Nitrogen Fixation
Oxygen;
Base of
many food
chains
Decomposer;
Nitrogen
Fixation
Oxygen;
Food Shelter
Food;
Clothing
Extreme
Environments
Common
environments;
Disease
Food;
Disease
Water and
Land
Very
Diverse
halophiles
E.coli
Mushroom,
yeast
Trees, grass
Sponge,
human, cat
Cell Type
Number of
Cells
Level of
Organization
Motility
Symbiotic
Relationships
Ecological
Importance
Other
Examples
Makes 1/3
of Earths
Oxygen;
Disease
Amoeba,
algae
Plants
27. Identify all of the structures in the leaf diagram AND put their function.
A. __cuticle__ - helps prevent dessication
B. _epidermis_ - outer layer of leaf
C. _palisade layer__ - photosynthetic layer
D. _spongy layer__ - some photosynthesis and stores gases
E. _guard cells__ - open/close stomata
F. __ xylem __ - carries water up
G. ___vein_ - contains xylem and phloem
H. phloem ___ _ - carries sugar down
I. __equation
stomata __
where gases areDon’t
exchanged
28. Write the equation for photosynthesis, then write the
for- respiration.
forget energy.
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



Circle the reactants for photosynthesis and the products of respiration. What do you notice?
Underline the products of photosynthesis and the reactants for respiration. What do you notice?
Can you relate this to the water, oxygen, and carbon cycles?
Can you relate the energy in the reactions to energy flow through an ecosystem?
(Reactants)
6 CO2 + 6H2O + Energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 (Products)
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6 CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
29. Which kingdoms have cells that perform photosynthesis? Protista and Plantae
30. Which kingdoms have cells that perform cell respiration? Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista (mitochondria)
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria (no mitochondria)
31. What gas do plants release during photosynthesis? oxygen
32. What adaptations did plants make to allow them to live on land (there were 3 main problems, what were the
solutions)?
1. Prevent drying out – waxy cuticle, stomata/guard cells, specialized leaves, seeds
2. Reproduce without water – pollen, flowers, fruits, seeds
3. Absorb nutrients – roots, myccorhizae, vascular tissue
33. Complete the following chart comparing monocots and dicots.
34. How are non-vascular plants different from vascular plants? Xylem/phloem in vascular plants
35. How are gymnosperms different from angiosperms? Gymnosperms = naked seeds in cones, needle like leaves;
Angiosperm = flowering and seeds are in fruits, blade-like leaves
36. Where are the sugars made in plants and what vascular tissue transports it? Leaf; phloem
37. What 2 things are absorbed by roots? Water, minerals
38. From the demonstration of water movement in celery or carnations, what are the definitions of adhesion and cohesion?
Adhesion: attraction of water molecules to another substance
Cohesion: attraction of water molecules to other water molecules
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39. Label the parts of the plant and give the function of each part:
Functions of Flower Parts
Anther – produces pollen
(sperm)
Filament – supports anther
Sepal – protects bud
Receptacle – base of flower,
attaches to stem
Ovule – eggs
Ovary – produces ovules (eggs)
Style – sperm travels down tube
Stigma – pollen sticks to it
Petal – attracts pollinators
40. Color in the boxes of the male and female parts of the plant using 2 different colors of pencil.
Stamen – male; Pistil - female
41. What are 4 ways that seeds are dispersed away from the mother plant? Wind, water, animals, fruit
42. How are the following fruits or seeds dispersed?
Dispersed by ___wind_____
Dispersed by _____animals______
43. What are some plant adaptations that plants use as defense mechanisms? Spines, leaves that close
Animals & Comparative Anatomy
44. What is the purpose of villi in the intestines & root hairs in plants? Increase surface area for absorption
45. Relate the following plant parts to the corresponding animal systems (you might use some more than once and not use
others at all):
__I___a. flowers
I. reproductive
__III_b. stems
II. skeletal
_II__c. roots
III. muscular
__IV__d. leaves
IV. digestive
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
What system does the human body use to fight off viral infections? ___Immune______
What system does the human body use to process nutrients? ______Digestive____
What system does the body use to move gases and nutrients around? ______Circulatory_______
What system does the body use to move the bones? ________muscular______
What system does the body use to protect itself from drying out? ____integumentary_____
Plants make sugar and store it in the form of a polysaccharide called __starch__.
Animals eat sugar and store it in the form of a polysaccharide called __glycogen_ (in liver and muscles).
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53. What are some characteristics of water that make it so good for the human body? High specific heat
54. How does the integumentary system help the body maintain homeostasis? Sweating to cool the body
55. The human urinary (excretory) system consists of the kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra.
Sketch these organs and describe what each of them does in the system.
Kidneys – filter blood to make urine
Ureter – carries urine to the bladder from the kidneys
Bladder – holding tank for urine
Urethra – carries urine out of the bladder out of the body
56. Complete the following set of words that describe the increasing complexity of organisms.
Atoms, molecules, _cells__, tissues, __organs___, systems, _organism__
57. Describe how each of the following sets of animal systems work together:
skeletal and muscular – muscles move skeleton
digestive and circulatory – nutrients absorbed by digestive system are carried by circulatory system
circulatory and respiratory – O2/CO2 are carried by the circulatory and enter/exit via respiratory
endocrine and reproductive – glands of endocrine produce hormones, reproductive systems contain
ovaries & testes that produce hormones
58. What animal organ system would you put the following organs in:
A. malpigian tubules, kidneys, green gland __excretory/urinary___
B. tympanic membrane, eardrum, lateral line system ___nervous___
59. Use the nutritional label to answer the questions in the box.
How many calories would one get if he ate the
whole container of this food? 500
How many fat grams are in 2 servings?
24
How many calories would a person
consume if they ate enough to receive
100% of the RDA for calcium?
1250
If a person ate 2 servings of this food, what
percent of their daily sodium level would
they consume?
40 %
What percent of their daily Vitamin C
would they get by eating 2 servings? 4%
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ECOLOGY
60. Define ecology.
The study of organisms and their interactions with one another and their physical environment
61. What is the difference between abiotic and biotic factors. List two examples of each.
Abiotic—nonliving/never was living. Ex. Air, rocks, soil, water
Biotic—living or was once living. Ex. Bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, animals
62. Define ecosystem.
Self-sustaining collection of organisms and their physical environment
63. What are 5 limiting factors in an ecosystem?
Competition, predation, crowding, stress, disease, parasitism
64. What does the term carrying capacity mean?
The maximum population size that an environment can support
65. Draw an example of a food chain that starts with grass and ends with a coyote. Then connect it to two other food
chains, making a food web.
Coyote
66. Compare Producers, Primary consumers, Secondary consumers, Tertiary consumers and decomposers and list
examples of organisms for each. (Draw them in an energy pyramid).
Producers—autotrophs (make own food by photosynthesis (usually))
Ex. Plants, photosynthetic protists, some bacteria
Primary consumers—herbivores (eat producers) Ex. Krill, shrimp
Secondary Consumers—carnivores or omnivores (eat primary consumers,
some eat producers also) Ex. Fish
Tertiary Consumers—carnivores or omnivores (eat secondary
consumers, some eat primary consumers and producers)
Ex. Bigger fish
67. Give examples of at least three predator-prey relationships.
Predator
vs.
Prey
Cat
mouse
Rabbit
grass
Owl
snake
68. Fill in the chart below for the three types of symbiosis. Use + = benefits; - = harms; ~ = neutral.
Organism 1
+
Mutualism
Organism 2
+
Commensalism
Organism 1
Organism 2
+
~
Organism 1
+
Parasitism
Organism 2
-
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Match the following scenarios with the correct example of symbiosis or relationship .
69. __B__mistletoe on elm trees (mistletoe takes nutrients from the tree)
70. __C__hummingbirds and trumpet flowers (bird helps pollination
occur while it is drinking nectar)
71. __A__whale and barnacle (whale is unharmed as barnacle
gets a ride in the ocean for food)
72. __B__tapeworm and pig (tapeworm feeds off of pig)
73. __D__cat and mouse (cat chases, catches, and eats the mouse)
A. commensalism
B. parasitism
C. mutalism
D. predator/prey
74. What is the major source of energy for all living things on the earth? _sun__
75. Animals use a variety of adaptations and methods to camouflage themselves for protection. Give 5 examples of
this.
Coloration to blend, patterns that look like eyes, bury self in sand, play dead, etc….
76. Animals also have other mechanisms that they use in order to avoid being eaten by other animals. What do the
following animals use to avoid being eaten?
a. armadillos – protective shell
c. poison dart frog - poisonous
b. monarch butterflies – taste bad
d. porcupine – spiny quills
77. What is the best way to sample the following populations:
a. flock of geese
___approximate count by arial view or traps (catch/release)__
b. pack of coyotes
___approximate count by arial view or traps (catch/release)__
c. field of pine trees
___randomly or in pattern around entire field__
78. What are the differences among an omnivore, herbivore, carnivore, and detrivore?
79. Compare a J Curve and an S curve.
J curve= exponential growth (not seen in nature
S curve = logistic growth curve (population tends
to level off at carrying capacity then
oscillate near carrying capacity
80. There are three cycles that circulate Water, Carbon, and Nitrogen. Briefly describe each one and its major steps.
Water Cycle
 Water is the most important, non-living component of the ecosystem.
 Nonliving cycle: involves condensation (gas to liquid—how clouds form), precipitation (liquid
falling to Earth), & evaporation (liquid to gas).
 Living cycle: involves plants in a process called transpiration (evaporation of water out of the
stomata of the plant leaves).
Carbon Cycle
 Remember photosynthesis (sunlight, carbon dioxide and water converted into glucose and
oxygen), respiration (converts carbon compounds and oxygen into ATP energy, carbon dioxide,
and water) & combustion (burning of fossil fuels)
Nitrogen Cycle


Atmospheric nitrogen cannot be used by plants and animals.
Remember bacteria, such as Nitrogen fixing, nitrifying, and denitrifying, are involved in
converting nitrogen into a usable form then sending it back to atmosphere.
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Virus
81. The Sabin vaccine is a liquid containing weakened polio viruses. What does the body of the individual who
receives the vaccine do in order to “protect” it from polio? _produces antibodies that recognize and fight off
the virus when it “attacks”__
82. Why does a virus require a host cell? Must be in a living host cell to reproduce
83. How are viruses similar to cells? Contain nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and protein (makes up the capsid);
also, can mutate
84. Why do must scientists today consider viruses to be nonliving? (hint: what do they not have or what can they not do)
No metabolism, cannot maintain homeostasis, cannot reproduce on own (must be in a host cell)
85. Many viruses have glycoproteins that project spikes from its envelope. Different viruses
have different glycoproteins. What is the purpose of these spikes?
To mimic the proteins on the outside of cells to trick the cells into taking the virus inside. They
fit like a puzzle piece to the cells receptors.
Ex.
Virus
Cell
86. Identify whether the diseases/conditions are caused by Viruses (V), Bacteria (B), Protists (P), or Fungi (F).
Influenza _V_
Athlete’s Foot _F
Malaria _P_
Ebola _V_
Common cold _V_
African Sleeping Sickness _P_
Ringworm _F_
Tobacco Mosaic _V
Dental cavities _B_
Acne _B_
Toxoplasmosis _P_
87. Discuss the HIV virus by answering the questions below.
A. What shape and type of virus is it? Spherical RNA retrovirus
B. What disease does it cause? AIDS
C. What body system does it attack? Immune
D. What specific type of cells does it attack? Helper T cells
88. Can you take antibiotics for viral infections? _NO__ Why or why not? Antibiotics (“against life”) can only
treat living cells (viruses are nonliving) usually by damaging the cell walls or cell membranes
causing the bacteria, protist, etc. to die______
89. Draw the 5 shapes of viruses, label them with their shape name, label the capsid and nucleic acid, and give an
example for each of a virus that has that shape.
A. binal
B. filovirus
Ex. bacteriophage
Ex. Ebola
C. helical
D. polyhedral
E. spherical
Ex. TMV
Ex. Adenovirus
Ex. HIV, Flu
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