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Miss McConachie ! B2 - Revision! ! Topic 1 - The building blocks of cells! Name:_____________! Lesson Topic ! B2.1 Plant and Animal Cells ! B2.2 Inside Bacteria B2.3 DNA B2.4 Extracting DNA: PCA B2.5 DNA Discovery B2.6 Genetic Engineering B2.7 Mitosis and Meiosis B2.8 Clones B2.9 Stem Cells B2.10 Protein Manufacture B2.11 Mutations ! B2.12 Enzymes ! B2.13 Enzymes and Temperature: PCA B2.14 Enzyme Action ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Prior to revision RAG Revision? After Revision - RAG Miss McConachie Key Terms! Term Definition ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Miss McConachie ! B2.1 - Plant and Animal Cells! ! ! Label the following cells:! Match the organelles to their functions.! Structure Role Nucleus Support the cell and keeps its shape. Mitochondria Controls the activity of the cell. Chloroplast Respiration occurs here releasing energy. Ribosome Full of cell sap & maintains shape Cell wall Controls the movement of substances in & out. Vacuole Proteins are made (synthesised) here. Cell membrane These is where many reactions take place. Cytoplasm Light energy is absorbed & changed into food here. ! ! Questions: ! ! 1. What are the similarities and differences between plant and animal cells?! ! ! ! ! 2. Why do plant cells require more organelles to survive and function properly?! Miss McConachie ! B2.2 - Inside Bacteria! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Label the bacteria cell ! Compare the features of plant, animal and bacterial cell! Feature Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell Cell Membrane Nucleus Plasmid DNA Chloroplast Cell Wall Cytoplasm Questions: ! 1. What is the function of the flagella?! ! ! ! ! 2. ! ! ! ! What are the differences between the two types of DNA found in bacterial cells?! ! Miss McConachie ! B2.3 - DNA! ! ! Label the following diagram! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! There are two strands in a molecule of DNA that are coiled together to form a spiral known as a ____________ ___________. The two strands are _________ by chemicals known as bases.! ! The 4 bases are: ! ! _________________ ! _________________ _________________ _________________! Draw a diagram to illustrate the make up of a DNA double helix. Be sure to include the components that make up the backbone and to include & label the bonds in between the bases (*remember that the number of bonds changes depending on the bases that are pairing).! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Questions: ! ! 1. Why is DNA important?! ! ! ! ! 2. The actor Clint Eastwood publicly thanked his mother for ‘her genes’. Explain what a gene is and what he meant.! ! Miss McConachie ! B2.5 - DNA Discovery! ! In London in the 1950s Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind ____________ were studying the structure of ______ using X-rays. Franklin ________ beams of X-rays at purified DNA and used the photos to record how the molecules scattered. From the patterns she could work out how the groups of atoms in the DNA molecule were arranged.! ! In Cambridge, James _________ and Francis Crick were attempting to build a 3-D model of DNA using the data from other scientists. They used Franklin’s images without her permission. It was the __________ in her images that gave Watson and Crick the clues they needed to build their double helix model. ! ! In 1962 Watson, Crick and Wilkins won the _______ Prize. ! ! What is the Human Genome project?! ! ! ! ! ! ! How is the information from the human genome project used?! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Questions: ! ! 1. The Human Genome Project analysed the DNA from 5 different individuals. Why might this limit the knowledge we have and how could we solve this problem?! ! ! ! ! ! 2. What ethical issues does the Human Genome Project raise? (i.e. genetic disease, gene therapy and personalised medicine)! ! ! ! ! Miss McConachie ! B2.6 - Genetic Engineering! ! ! Define the following terms:! ! Genetic Engineering:! ! ! Genetically Modified Organisms:! ! ! Order the following steps that correspond to the genetic engineering of Insulin.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Questions: ! ! 1. Describe the role of the following enzymes in the process of genetically engineering human insulin: restriction enzyme, lysozyme, ligase enzymes. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2. ! ! ! Name 3 reasons why bacteria are good organisms to use in this process.! Miss McConachie ! B2.7 Mitosis and Meiosis! ! Complete the diagram opposite to show cell division in mitosis; include only two pairs of chromosomes. Then add the following labels: Parent cell, daughter cells, DNA replicates, no. of chromosomes (human cell).! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Complete the diagram to represent meiosis (only include two pairs of chromosome). Add the following labels: Parent cell, daughter cells, DNA replicates, no. of chromosomes for a horse (a horse has 64 chromosomes).! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Miss McConachie ! Complete the following table:! ! Mitosis Where does it happen (give examples) Number of divisions Creates Number of chromosomes Function Meiosis ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Questions: ! ! 1. What are the similarities and differences between Mitosis and Meiosis?! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Miss McConachie ! B2.8 - Clones! ! What is a clone?! ! ! ! Describe the following methods of cloning:! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Questions: ! ! 1. What are the benefits and drawbacks of cloning? Both in mammals and in plants. ! ! ! ! Miss McConachie ! B2.9 - Stem Cells! Create a flow chart in your book beginning with you —> DNA! Key words to include: You, Organ Systems, DNA, Nucleus, Tissues, Genes, Cells, Chromosomes, Organs! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Questions: ! ! 1. What is a stem cell?! ! ! ! ! 2. How are embryonic stem cells extracted?! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 3. Why is this controversial?! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 4. How are stem cells used to treat disease such as leukaemia? ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Miss McConachie ! B2.10 - Protein Manufacture! ! Describe the differences and similarities between DNA and RNA! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Describe what happens to a strand of DNA during Transcription. Be sure to include where the process is happening. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Describe what happens to the mRNA during Translation. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! DNA: ATC GCT TAC GGT CAC GTA ! mRNA: ! tRNA: CTG! ! ! Miss McConachie ! B2.11 - Mutations! ! What is a mutation?! ! ! ! Describe how the following two types of mutations occur:! ! Spontaneous:! ! ! ! ! ! ! Induced:! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Questions: ! ! 1. Are mutations always bad? Explain your answer using examples.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2. Describe the effect of the sickle cell mutation on cell shape.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 3. Explain why the sickle-cell mutation is a problem.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Miss McConachie ! B2.12 & B2.14 - Enzymes and Enzyme action! ! What is an enzyme?! ! ! ! Why are enzymes sometimes called ‘biological catalysts’?! ! ! ! Draw a diagram to illustrate how enzymes act on substrates. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! How do the following factors affect enzymes and their functions?! ! Low Temperature pH Concentration High ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Questions: ! ! 1. How does the lock and key hypothesis explain the specificity of enzymes for their substrates?! !
