Download Artificial Selection

Ch 16 Guided Notes (Evolution)
Name ______________________________
Charles Darwin
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(1831) HMS Beagle  ___________________ voyage around world
Findings: species vary globally, locally, and vary over time.
Volcanic islands off SA  __________________________________________
– Studied and collected ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Fossils
• Fossils –
Biological Evolution
• _______________ of the changes that have transformed life on Earth from
the beginning to the diversity today.
– Changes in ____________________________ include physical
(morphology), molecular sequences (genetic and proteins), & behavior.
• ______________ – cumulative changes in groups of organisms through time.
– All organisms have descended from a ___________________________.
Macroevolutions Vs. Microevolution
• ______________________________  changes affecting a single population
of organisms  small scale.
• ______________________________  changes affecting species across
populations such as climatic changes, continental drift  large scale.
Artificial Selection
• Artificial Selection – ___________________________________ certain traits
in order to produce offspring having those traits; selective breeding.
– Darwin believed that if humans can “___________________” species
than over time nature can “___________________” species.
Natural Selection
• _________________________________________ – individuals who inherit
characteristics most fit for their environment are likely to survive and leave
more offspring than less fit individuals.
– “__________________________________________”
– Environment influences fitness.
– Results in changes in the inherited traits of a population over time.
– Changes _____________________ a species’ fitness in its environment.
– ___________ Basic Principles…
#1) Overproduction of Offspring
• Having ___________ of babies increases chance of survival UNFORTUNATELY
it also __________________________ competition for resources.
– Compete with kids and/or siblings for food, water, space, mates, etc.
#2) Variation
• Every population has ___________________________ in inherited traits of
individuals  variations in genotypes, phenotypes, & environment.
• ________________________________ influence the ability to find, obtain,
or utilize resources, and ability to reproduce  some organisms will die
and/or produce fewer offspring.
#3) Adaptation
• Organisms are more likely to survive if their traits and/or behaviors
____________________ with environment.
– _____________________ – organism’s ability to survive and reproduce
– Beneficial inherited traits become more common 
__________________________ changes  organisms are better able
to survive and reproduce.
#4) Descent with Modification
• Each new population is descended, with ____________________ modified
traits, from previous generations.
– Produce different _______________, live in different habitats or niches.
– Overtime ________ individuals will have successful traits that are beneficial.
Evidence of Evolution
#1) Paleontology – ___________________________ life
• ___________________  records of species that lived long ago.
• Ancient species share similarities with present species  common ancestor.
• Gaps in ____________________________
#2) Anatomy – structures
• ______________________________ Structures – anatomically similar
structures found in different species  inherited from a common ancestor.
• ______________________________ Structures (or organs) – reduced form
of a functional structure that indicates shared ancestry.
Not Shared Ancestry
• _____________________________ Structures – structures found in
different species that are similar in function but different construction
 NOT inherited from a common ancestor.
• Develop in _______________________ ecological conditions
#3) Embryology – embryonic development
• ______________________ – organism’s early prebirth stage of development.
• Vertebrate embryos show homologous structures at different stages of
development  become different structures in adults  common ancestor.
#4) Biochemistry – chemical processes
• Different species share similar enzymes and/or biological molecules
(____________________ Acids & _______________) common ancestor.
– Useful when species are very similar or very diverse
– Proteins  same _________ amino acids
– Processes of _____________________ and _______________________
– _____________________ and ______________________ Reproduction
– DNA of all living organisms contain the 4 bases: ________________ (A),
________________ (T), ______________ (G), & ________________ (C).
Read Chapter 16 (pages 450-453, 458-473)