Download Biology practice questions for induction test 2016

Bishop Ramsey CE School
Practice Biology questions for Induction day test 2016
Q1.
The drawing shows an animal cell, seen at a very high magnification using an
electron microscope.
(a)
(i)
Label a mitochondrion [plural = mitochondria].
(1)
(ii)
What happens in the mitochondria?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
Name and label the structure where you would find chromosomes.
(1)
(ii)
What are chromosomes made of?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
What controls the rate of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm?
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
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Bishop Ramsey CE School
Q2.A student uses a microscope to look at a section through part of a leaf.
The diagram shows the student’s drawing.
(a)
(i)
Name tissues A and B.
A...............................................................................................................
B...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The part of the leaf labelled C contains two different tissues that transport
substances to and from the leaf.
Name the two tissues found in part C.
1 ...............................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
The lower leaf surface has thousands of pores.
The pores in the leaf surface allow the diffusion of gases between tissue B and the
atmosphere.
When the leaf is photosynthesising quickly the diffusion of gases through the pores
is much faster than when the leaf is photosynthesising slowly.
Explain why.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q3.
(a)
Complete the equation for photosynthesis.
......................... + .........................
lightenergy
......................... + oxygen
(2)
(b)
Scientists investigated how temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis.
The scientists grew some orange trees in a greenhouse.
They used discs cut from the leaves of the young orange trees.
The scientists used the rate of oxygen production by the leaf discs to show the rate
of photosynthesis.
(i)
The leaf discs did not produce any oxygen in the dark.
Why?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The leaf discs took in oxygen in the dark.
Explain why.
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(2)
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(c)
In their investigation, the scientists measured the rate of oxygen release by the leaf
discs in the light. The scientists then measured the rate of oxygen uptake by the leaf
discs in the dark.
The graph shows the effect of temperature on
• oxygen production in the light
• oxygen production in the light added to oxygen uptake in the dark.
Use the information from the graph to answer each of the following questions.
(i)
Describe the effect of temperature on oxygen production in the light.
...............................................................................................................
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(2)
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(ii)
Explain the effect of temperature on oxygen production in the light when the
temperature is increased:
from 25 °C to 35 °C
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...............................................................................................................
from 40 °C to 50 °C.
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(2)
(d)
A farmer in the UK wants to grow orange trees in a greenhouse. He wants to sell the
oranges he produces at a local market.
He decides to heat the greenhouse to 35 °C.
Explain why he should not heat the greenhouse to a temperature higher than 35 °C.
Use information from the graph in your answer.
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(3)
(Total 12 marks)
Q4.
Fresh milk is a mixture of compounds including fat, protein and about 5 % lactose
sugar. Lactose must be digested by the enzyme lactase, before the products can be
absorbed.
Lactase can be added to fresh milk to pre-digest the lactose. This makes ‘lactose-free’
milk, which is suitable for people who do not produce enough lactase of their own.
A student investigated the effect of changing pH and temperature on the digestion of
lactose in milk.
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The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1
Effect of pH
Table 2
Effect of temperature
pH
Time taken to
digest lactose in
minutes
Temperature
in°C
Time taken to
digest lactose
in minutes
4.0
20
30
20
5.0
18
35
14
6.0
13
40
11
7.0
7
45
6
8.0
5
50
12
9.0
6
55
23
(a)
The label on a carton of lactose-free milk states:
‘Lactase is normally produced in the stomach of mammals.’
The results in Table 1 show that this statement is unlikely to be true.
Explain how.
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(2)
(b)
Explain as fully as you can the results shown in Table 2.
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(3)
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(c)
Bile is produced in the liver and is released into the small intestine.
Explain how bile helps the digestion of milk.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q5.
(a)
Respiration is a process which takes place in living cells. What is the purpose
of respiration?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
Balance the equation for the process of respiration when oxygen is available.
C6H12O6 +
O2 →
CO2 +
H2O
(1)
(ii)
What is the name of the substance in the equation with the formula C6H12O6?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Oxygen is absorbed through the alveoli in the lungs.
(i)
How are the alveoli adapted for this function?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Name the gas which is excreted through the alveoli.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
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(d)
(i)
What is the name of the process of respiration when oxygen is not available?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Describe the process of respiration which takes place in human beings when
oxygen is not available and give an effect.
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q6.Some molecules can move into and out of cells across the cell membrane.
(a)
Dissolved substances move into and out of cells.
Name this process.
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Diagram 1 shows a model of a cell surrounded by water.
The model cell contains a solution of two molecules, A and B.
In the diagram, the circles represent molecules of A and B.
The cell membrane contains small holes that allow molecules to pass through.
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Diagram 1
(i)
Describe what will happen to the number of molecules of A and of B in the cell
and in the water, in the next few hours.
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(3)
(ii)
Explain the reasons for your answer to part (b)(i).
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(2)
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Bishop Ramsey CE School
(c)
Oxygen can pass through membranes into cells.
Oxygen passes from the lungs into the blood.
Diagram 2 shows a blood vessel and cells at the surface of the lung.
Diagram 2
(i)
Why do cells need oxygen?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Blood moves along the blood vessel all the time.
In terms of oxygen passing into the blood from the lungs, why is the
movement of blood important?
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q7.
The drawing shows a white blood cell ingesting a bacterium.
Label the parts of the white blood cell.
(Total 3 marks)
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Q8.Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited condition. PKU makes people ill.
(a)
PKU is caused by a recessive allele.
(i)
What is an allele?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
What is meant by recessive?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The diagram below shows the inheritance of PKU in one family.
(i)
Give one piece of evidence from the diagram that PKU is caused by a
recessive allele.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Persons 6 and 7 are planning to have another child.
Use a genetic diagram to find the probability that the new child will have PKU.
Use the following symbols in your answer:
N = the dominant allele for not having PKU
n = the recessive allele for PKU.
Probability = ..................................................
(4)
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(c)
Persons 6 and 7 wish to avoid having another child with PKU.
A genetic counsellor advises that they could produce several embryos by IVF
treatment.
(i)
During IVF treatment, each fertilised egg cell forms an embryo by cell division.
Name this type of cell division.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
An embryo screening technique could be used to find the genotype of each
embryo.
An unaffected embryo could then be placed in person 7’s uterus.
The screening technique is carried out on a cell from an embryo after just
three cell divisions of the fertilised egg.
How many cells will there be in an embryo after the fertilised egg has
divided three times?
(1)
(iii)
During embryo screening, a technician tests the genetic material of the
embryo to find out which alleles are present.
The genetic material is made up of large molecules of a chemical substance.
Name this chemical substance.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
Some people have ethical objections to embryo screening.
(i)
Give one ethical objection to embryo screening.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Give one reason in favour of embryo screening.
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(1)
(Total 12 marks)
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Bishop Ramsey CE School
Q9.
(a) How do fossils provide evidence that species alive today have evolved from
simpler organisms?
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(3)
(b)
The photographs show two species of gull.
Herring gull (Larus argentatus)
Lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus)
By Ken Billington (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0],via
Wikimedia Commons
By Andreas Trepte (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-2.5],via Wikimedia
Commons
Both species are now found in the UK but the two species cannot interbreed with
each other. Scientists believe that these two species have evolved from a common
ancestor.
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The map on the next page shows a view of the Earth from above the North Pole.
The map also shows where these two species are found.
Suggest an explanation for the development of these different species.
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(6)
(Total 9 marks)
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Markscheme
M1.
(a)
(i)
award 1 mark for any of the mitochondria correctly labelled if
a number are labelled and one is incorrect award 0 marks
1
(ii)
respiration or the release or transfer
of energy or it contains the enzymes
for respiration
do not accept energy produced
1
(b)
(i)
nucleus (named and correctly
labelled)
arrow or line must touch or go inside the nuclear membrane
1
(ii)
DNA or genes or nucleic acids
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accept protein or histones or nucleotides or ATGC
1
(c)
enzymes or nucleus
do not accept factors that affect the rate rather than control it
eg pH or temperature
1
[5]
M2.(a)
(i)
A = epidermis
allow epidermal
ignore upper
1
B = mesophyll
allow palisade and spongy mesophyll
1
(ii)
xylem
either order
1
phloem
accept phonetic spellings
1
(b)
either
oxygen produced faster
allow more oxygen produced / released
1
or
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carbon dioxide used faster
allow more carbon dioxide used / taken in / needed
increases diffusion gradient
allow increases difference in concentration (between inside
and outside)
allow more oxygen in the leaf compared to outside
or less carbon dioxide in leaf compared to outside the leaf
1
[6]
M3.
(a)
LHS: carbon dioxide AND water
in either order
accept CO2 and H2O
allow CO2 and H2O
if names given ignore symbols
do not accept CO2 / H2O / Co / CO
ignore balancing
1
RHS: sugar(s) / glucose / starch / carbohydrate(s)
accept C6H12O6
allow C6H12O6
do not accept C6H12O6
1
(b)
(i)
light is needed for photosynthesis
or
no photosynthesis occurred (so no oxygen produced)
1
(ii)
oxygen is needed / used for (aerobic) respiration
full statement
respiration occurs or oxygen is needed for anaerobic
respiration gains 1 mark
2
(c)
(i)
(with increasing temperature) rise then fall in rate
1
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use of figures, ie
max. production at 40 °C
or maximum rate of 37.5 to 38
1
(ii)
25 – 35 °C
either faster movement of particles / molecules / more collisions or particles
have more energy / enzymes have more energy
1
or temperature is a limiting factor over this range
40 – 50 °C
denaturation of proteins / enzymes
ignore denaturation of cells
ignore stomata
1
(d)
above 35 °C (to 40 °C) – little increase in rate
or > 40 °C – causes decrease in rate
1
so waste of money or less profit / expensive
1
because respiration rate is higher at > 35 °C
or
respiration reduces the effect of photosynthesis
1
[12]
M4.
(a)
stomach is acidic / has low pH
allow any pH below 7
ignore stomach is not alkaline
1
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lactase works best / well in alkali / high pH / neutral / non-acidic conditions
allow any pH of 7 and above
accept works slowly in acid conditions
allow figures from table with a comparison
ignore reference to temperature
1
(b)
any three from
•
(below 45(°C)) increase in temperature increases rate / speed of reaction
•
reference to molecules moving faster / colliding faster / harder / more
collisions
•
optimum / best at 45(°C)
allow value(s) in range 41 - 49
•
high temps / above 45(°C) (rate slows due to) denaturation of enzyme /lactase
allow synonyms of denaturation but not killed
denaturation at high and low temperature does not gain this
mark
ignore body temperature
ignore references to time / pH
3
(c)
any two from
•
acid neutralised or conditions made neutral / alkali
accept bile is alkaline
•
(allow) emulsification / greater surface area of fat / lipid
allow description of emulsification eg fat is broken down /
broken up into droplets
•
enzymes (in small intestine) work (more effectively / better)
allow better for enzymes
2
[7]
M5.
(a)
to transfer / provide / give release energy
or production of ATP / adenosine triphosphate (molecules)
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accept to give heat
1
(b)
(i)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
accept any other
n : 6n : 6n : 6n ratio
do not credit if any other changes have been made
1
(ii)
glucose
do not credit sugar / sucrose
1
(c)
(i)
any two from
large surface
thin (surface)
moist (surface)
(with a good) blood supply
2
(ii)
carbon dioxide
accept water vapour
do not credit just water
1
(d)
(i)
anaerobic (respiration)
1
(ii)
any three from
in mitochondria
glucose decomposes / breaks down / reacts
or glucose → lactic acid for (2) marks
to give lactic acid
or breathing hard
or lactic acid → CO2 + water
causing pain
(leaving an) oxygen debt
(quick) source of energy
(but) less efficient than aerobic respiration
accept less efficient than with oxygen
3
[10]
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Bishop Ramsey CE School
M6.(a)
diffusion
ignore absorption
1
(b)
(i)
any three from
max 2 marks for A or B only
•
(the number of) A decreases in the cell
•
(the number of) A increases in the water
if neither of first two bullet points given allow 1 mark for A
moves out of cell / membrane or A moves into water
•
until (number of) A is equal inside and outside cell
or
until (number of) A is half what it was at beginning (in cell)
accept the idea that the concentrations of A in the cell and in
the water will become (close to) equal
•
(the number of) B stays the same in the cell
•
there are no (molecules of) B in the water
if neither bullet point 4 nor 5 is given allow 1 mark for B does
not move out of cell or B does not move into the water
3
(ii)
(molecules of) A small enough to pass through holes / membrane
allow membrane permeable to A or membrane not
permeable to B
or
(molecules of) B too large to pass through holes / membrane
allow reference to size of holes (in membrane) being too
small for B or large enough for A, to pass through
1
once concentration of molecules of A is the same inside and outside cell
there will be no (net) movement
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allow this idea in terms of numbers of molecules
or
A moves from high concentration (in cell) to low concentration (in water)
1
(c)
(i)
for (aerobic) respiration
ignore references to energy or uses of energy eg contraction
or
to respire
do not accept anaerobic respiration
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
removes oxygen that has diffused / passed into blood
•
keeps difference (in concentration) between lungs and blood high
accept idea of maintaining diffusion / concentration gradient
•
increases speed of diffusion / passage of oxygen into blood
if no other mark given allow 1 mark for so oxygen can reach
the cells / (named) parts of the body
2
[9]
M7.
cytoplasm reject protoplasm
(cell) membrane
nucleus
all correctly labelled
each for 1 mark
[3]
M8.(a)
(i)
one form of a / one gene
do not allow ‘a type of gene’
allow a mutation of a gene
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1
(ii)
not expressed if dominant / other allele is present / if heterozygous
or
only expressed if dominant allele not present / or no other allele present
allow need two copies to be expressed / not expressed if
only one copy / only expressed if homozygous
1
(b)
(i)
two parents without PKU produce a child with PKU / 6 and 7 → 10
allow ‘it skips a generation’
1
(ii)
genetic diagram including:
accept alternative symbols if defined
Parental gametes:
6: N and n
and 7: N and n
1
derivation of offspring genotypes:
NN
Nn
Nn
nn
allow genotypes correctly derived from student’s parental
gametes
1
identification: NN and Nn as non-PKU
OR nn as PKU
allow correct identification of student’s offspring genotypes
1
correct probability only: 0.25 / ¼ / 1 in 4 / 25% / 1 : 3
do not allow 3 : 1 / 1 : 4
do not allow if extra incorrect probabilities given
1
(c)
(i)
mitosis
correct spelling only
1
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Bishop Ramsey CE School
(ii)
8
1
(iii)
DNA
allow deoxyribonucleic acid
do not allow RNA / ribonucleic acid
1
(d)
(i)
may lead to damage to embryo / may destroy embryos / embryo cannot
give consent
allow avoid abortion
allow emotive terms – eg murder religious argument must be
qualified
allow ref to miscarriage
allow idea of avoiding prejudice against disabled people
allow idea of not producing designer babies
1
(ii)
any one from:
•
•
prevent having child with the disorder / prevent future suffering /
reduce incidence of the disease
ignore ref to having a healthy child
ignore ref to selection of gender
embryo cells could be used in stem cell treatment
allow ref to long term cost of treating a child (with a disorder)
allow ref to time for parents to become prepared
1
[12]
M9.
(a)
fossil is (remains / impression of) organism that lived a long time ago
if numbers, ≥ 1000s years
1
fossils show changes over time or older fossils simpler or fossils simpler than
present-day species
1
fossils have similar features to present-day species
allow fossils allow us to compare old species with
present-day species
1
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(b)
isolation / separation / splitting
1
by geographical barrier / sea
ignore other examples
1
there was variation (in these isolated populations) / different alleles
accept mutation
1
different environmental conditions or example eg climate / predators / food
1
natural selection acted on the isolated populations
accept became adapted in each area
1
OR
only certain allele(s) passed on to offspring / different alleles passed on in different
environments
allow genes
so differences lead to inability to interbreed
allow differences described – eg mismatch of genitalia /
different courtship displays / different breeding seasons
1
[9]
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