Download Chapter 33 (Unabridged)

Unit 5: Struggling for Justice at Home and Abroad
1901-1945
• Chapter 28: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt, 1901-1912
• Chapter 29: Wilsonian Progressivism in Peace and War, 1913-1920
• Exam: Chapters 28-29, Monday, February 13th
• Chapter 30: American Life in the “Roaring Twenties”, 1920-1929
• Chapter 31: The Politics of Boom and Bust, 1920-1932
• Chapter 32: The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1933-1939
• Exam: Chapters 30-32, Friday, March 3rd
• Chapter 33: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War, 1933-1941
• Chapter 34: America in World War II, 1941-1945
• Exam: Chapters 33-34, Wednesday, March 15th
• Unit Essay: Progressive Era
Chapter 33
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the
Shadow of War, 1933–1941
“The epidemic of world lawlessness is spreading. When an epidemic of physical
disease starts to spread, the community approves and joins in a quarantine of the
patients in order to protect the health of the community against the spread of the
disease. . . . There must be positive endeavors to preserve peace.”
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Chicago “Quarantine Speech,” 1937
I. The London Conference
• London Economic Conference (1933) – foreign
policy vs. domestic economic strategy
• Delegates hoped to organize a coordinated
international attack on the global depression –
exchange-rate stabilization
• FDR first thought taking part, but did not want his
hands tied – isolationism made Depression worse.
• Failure in London contributed to:
• Extreme nationalism and lack of cooperation.
Delegates to the London Conference
FDR couldn’t find his top hat, so he was too
embarrassed to attend. NOTE: That
statement is false.
II. Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and
Recognition for the Russians
• Isolation from Europe, withdrawal from Asia.
• Americans could no longer afford Imperialism.
• Americans did not want foreign workers (Filipinos)
taking jobs.
• American businesses did not want competition from
foreign companies.
• Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934
• Provided for the independence of the Philippines after
a twelve-year period (1946)
• FDR formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933.
• He wanted to trade and use the USSR to balance
possible threat from Germany and Japan.
Just Another Customer, 1933
The United States recognizes the
Soviet Union.
III. Becoming a Good Neighbor
• FDR began a new era in relations with Latin
America: “Good Neighbor Policy”
• Nonintervention—particularly denounced the Roosevelt
Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
• The last marines left Haiti in 1934.
• Cuba was released from the Platt Amendment.
• Panama was given more control of its territory.
• FDR even resisted armed intervention in Mexico when
the Mexican government seized U.S. oil properties in
1934.
• FDR greatly improved relations with western
hemisphere nations.
Carmen Miranda, Hollywood Star
Partially as a result of the Good
Neighbor Policy, Latin American
culture became part of American
pop culture
IV. Secretary Hull’s Reciprocal Trade Agreements
• Secretary of State Hull believed trade was a two-way
street.
• Hull: Tariff barriers choke off foreign trade.
• Hull: Economic barriers lead to military barriers.
• Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934
• Aimed at both relief and recovery from Great Depression
• It lowered high tariffs of Hawley-Smoot law.
• FDR could lower the existing rate by as much as 50%,
provided that the other country involved was willing to
respond with similar reductions – reciprocal.
• Stopped treating tariffs like treaties, which meant FDR did
NOT need Senate approval.
• Foreign trade increased and global economics were
forever changed.
Secretary of State Cordell Hull
V. Storm-Cellar Isolationism
• Spread of Totalitarianism (the individual is nothing; the state is
everything) & fascism (add nationalism).
• Joseph Stalin’s communist USSR, Benito Mussolini’s fascist Italy, Adolf
Hitler’s fascist Germany under Nazi control, military control in Japan
• In 1936 Hitler and Mussolini allied themselves in the RomeBerlin Axis.
• Japan left the LON in 1935 and later joined Germany and Italy in
Tripartite Pact.
• Americans wanted protection through isolation.
• In 1934, Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act which
prevented “debt-dodging nations” from borrowing further in the
United States.
• Some Americans called for a constitution amendment to forbid a
declaration of war by Congress—except in case of invasion—unless
there was a favorable popular referendum.
Adolf Hitler Reviewing
Troops, Berlin, 1939
VI. Congress Legislates Neutrality
• Congress tried to legislate the nation out of war.
• Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937
• Stipulated that when the president proclaimed the
existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would
automatically go into effect:
• No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship
• No sale or transport munitions to a belligerent
• No loans to a belligerent
• Storm-cellar neutrality proved to be shortsighted.
• America might have no choice but to join a war.
• American could have used its economic strength to
help avoid war – embargoes, etc.
“The Only Way We Can Save Her,” 1939
VII. America Dooms Loyalist Spain
• The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 was an
example of what neutrality-by-legislation
meant for democracy in the world.
• General Francisco Franco, a fascist who was aided
by Hitler and Mussolini, overthrew Spain’s
government.
• FDR did nothing while Franco was abundantly
supplied by Hitler/Mussolini.
• Dictators became more and more bold while
the strongest democracies in the world
allowed their militaries to remain stagnant.
• Not until 1938 did Congress pass a billion-dollar
naval construction act – too little, too late.
General Francisco Franco
He would rule Spain until his death in 1975.
“This just in, Generalissimo Francisco
Franco is still dead.” If you understand that
joke, you are well versed in American pop
culture.
VIII. Appeasing Japan and Germany
• In 1937, Japan invaded China for Manchuria’s rich
natural resources – FDR did nothing.
• The Quarantine Speech by FDR in Chicago, 1937
• Called for “positive endeavors” to “quarantine” the
aggressors—presumably by economic embargoes, but the
idea was rejected by the public.
• Economic disagreement might lead to military disagreement.
• Hitler grew bolder in Europe – all against the Treaty of
Versailles.
• Introduced compulsory military service in Germany.
• In 1935 he marched into demilitarized German Rhineland.
• In March 1938, Hitler occupied German-speaking Austria
(Anschluss).
• Then, he made demands for the German-inhabited
Sudetenland of neighboring Czechoslovakia.
• Conference held in Munich, Germany, September 1938
• Democracies were not ready for war, so they gave in to Hitler’s
demands – appeasement.
• Six months later, Hitler took all of Czechoslovakia.
The Munich Conference supposedly
brought “peace in our time.”
Major contributors: Chamberlain, Daladier,
Hitler, Mussolini, and Ciano are pictured
above.
IX. Hitler’s Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
• Joseph Stalin was key – which side would he take?
• On August 23, 1939, Stalin shocked the world by signing a
nonaggression treaty with the German dictator – Hitler-Stalin Pact.
• This meant Hitler would NOT have to fight a two-front war.
• Stalin was plotting to turn his German accomplice against the
Western democracies.
• Hitler demanded Poland to return the land she took from
Germany in World War I & invaded on September 1, 1939.
• Britain and France declared war, but could do nothing for Poland.
• FDR proclaimed neutrality while Allies begged for American arms to
fight Germany – prevented by Neutrality Acts.
• The Neutrality Act of 1939 provided that the European
democracies might buy American war materials on a “cashand-carry” basis.
• This kept Americans out of harm’s way and helped the economy.
Poland Falls to the Nazi
Juggernaut, 1939
X. The Fall of France
• “Phony war” period followed the collapse of Poland.
• There was “calm” while Hitler shifted his army from Poland for
an attack on France.
• Soviets attacked Finland.
• “Phony war” ended in April 1940.
• Hitler overran Denmark and Norway, then the Netherlands
and Belgium.
• By late June France was forced to surrender.
• Meanwhile, the British elected Winston Churchill as prime
minister.
• Americans woke up as it seemed even Great Britain might
fall.
• FDR called for huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy, which
could check Japan’s growth.
• Congress appropriated $37 billion, more than the total cost of
World War I.
• Congress passed a conscription law, the first peacetime draft.
Hitler in Paris
Images like this helped to shake America
out of its isolationist dream.
XI. Refugees from the Holocaust
• Jewish communities in Eastern
Europe were frequent victims attacks.
• November 9, 1938: Mobs ransacked
more than seven thousand Jewish shops
and almost all of the Germany’s
synagogues
• About 30,000 were sent to
concentration camps in the wake of
Kristallnacht, the “night of broken
glass”
• By the end of the war, 6 million Jews
had been murdered in the Holocaust.
Shattered Jewish Storefronts in Berlin
XII. Bolstering Britain
• Battle of Britain
• In August 1940 Hitler launched air attacks on Britain,
preparatory to an invasion scheduled for September.
• British held out for months, and Hitler eventually
postponed the invasion.
• Debate intensified in the United States over how to
respond.
• FDR’s choices:
1.
2.
Assume “Fortress America” defensive position
Support Britain by all means short of war itself
• Supporters of aid to Britain formed propaganda groups
like the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the
Allies
• The isolationists organized the America First Committee.
• Britain was in critical need of destroyers.
• 1940: FDR agreed to destroyers-for-bases deal with
Great Britain.
XII. Bolstering Britain
“We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas
and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the
air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the
beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and
in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and if, which I
do not for a moment believe, this island or a large part of it were subjugated
and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the
British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the New
World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation
of the old.”
Winston Churchill
June 4, 1940
XII. Bolstering Britain
• Battle of Britain
• In August 1940 Hitler launched air attacks on Britain,
preparatory to an invasion scheduled for September.
• British held out for months, and Hitler eventually
postponed the invasion.
• Debate intensified in the United States over how to
respond.
• FDR’s choices:
1.
2.
Assume “Fortress America” defensive position
Support Britain by all means short of war itself
• Supporters of aid to Britain formed propaganda groups
like the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the
Allies
• The isolationists organized the America First Committee.
• Britain was in critical need of destroyers.
• 1940: FDR agreed to destroyers-for-bases deal with
Great Britain.
XIII. Shattering the Two-Term Tradition
• In 1940, America also had to focus on a
presidential election.
• Republicans chose Wendell Willkie.
• The Republican platform condemned FDR’s
alleged dictatorship and the costly New Deal.
• Democrats stuck with FDR, breaking the twoterm tradition.
• Willkie actually agreed with FDR on the necessity
to bolster the Allies.
• FDR won 449 to 82 and kept a Democratic
majority in Congress.
Presidential Election of 1940
XIV. A Landmark Lend-Lease Law
• The Lend-Lease Bill was praised by the
administration as a device that would keep the
nation out of war rather than drag it in.
•
•
•
•
“Send guns, not sons” or “Billions, not bodies”
America would be the “arsenal of democracy”.
Bill was approved by Congress in March, 1941.
The passing of lend-lease was in effect an economic
declaration of war.
• Results of lend-lease:
Main Flow of Lend-Lease Aid
• Factories went to full production.
• America became more prepared for war.
• Hitler recognized the lend-lease law as an unofficial
declaration of war, so American ships became targets for
German submarines.
XV. Charting a New World
• Three Major Events of WWII (so far):
1. The fall of France in June 1940
2. Battle of Britain, July – October 1940
3. Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union, June 1941
• Atlantic Conference of August 1941
• Meeting of Churchill and Roosevelt on a warship off the
coast of Newfoundland.
• They developed the Atlantic Charter
• Formerly accepted by Churchill and Roosevelt, later the Soviet
Union.
• Outlined goals of the democracies for a better world at war’s
end.
• It argued for the rights of individuals rather than nations – antiTotalitarian.
• Laid the groundwork for later advocacy on behalf of universal
human rights & self-determination – huge to the UN.
Unexpected Guest, 1941
XVI. U.S. Destroyers and Hitler’s U-boats Clash
• As hostilities grew, Lend-Lease would need to
be protected by U.S. warships – convoy system
• Britain simply did not have enough destroyers.
• In September of 1941 the U.S. destroyer Greer was
attacked by the undersea craft, without damage to
either.
• Roosevelt proclaimed a shoot-on-sight policy.
• Neutrality was still the official stance of the
U.S., but the people were growing steadily
more supportive of war with Germany.
• In November, 1941, Congress tore down the
Neutrality Act of 1939 – another economic
declaration of war.
The Convoy System
A common sight on the Atlantic, 1941
XVII. Surprise Assault on Pearl Harbor
• Japan, since September 1940, had been a formal military
ally of Nazi Germany.
• Japan was dependent on immense shipments of steel, scrap
iron, oil, and aviation gasoline from the U.S.
• Because of Japan’s actions in the Pacific, the U.S. (1940) an
embargo on the sale of goods to Japan.
• In mid-1941 the United States froze Japan’s assets in the United
States.
• Japan’s leaders were faced with two alternatives:
1.
2.
They could give into America
Break the embargo by taking supplies from other Pacific
regions
• Japan chose option 2 – the only question was: Where
would Japan strike?
• Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941
• About 3,000 casualties were inflicted on American personnel.
• Many aircraft, battleships, and smaller ships were destroyed.
• Fortunately for America, the three priceless aircraft carriers
happened to be outside the harbor.
The Battleship West Virginia
XVIII. America’s Transformation from Bystander to
Belligerent
• Japan’s gamble in Hawaii paid off only in the
short run.
• In the beginning of 1942, Japan was able to take
control of much of the Pacific and Southeast Asia.
• WWII’s Dilemma
• Americans wanted to stay out of the conflict, but
they did not want Britain to be knocked out.
• To keep Britain from collapsing FDR extended the aid
that invited attacks from German submarines.
• They also wished to halt Japan’s conquests in East
Asia.
• To keep Japan from expanding, FDR cut off vital
Japanese supplies with embargoes that invited possible
retaliation.