Download Sentence Diagraming

GLENCOE LANGUAGE ARTS
Sentence
Diagraming
To the Teacher
Sentence Diagraming is a blackline master workbook that offers samples,
exercises, and step-by-step instructions to expand students’ knowledge of
grammar and sentence structure. Each lesson teaches a part of a sentence
and then illustrates a way to diagram it. Designed for students at all levels,
Sentence Diagraming provides students with a tool for understanding written
and spoken English.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
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ISBN 0-07-824701-2
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PART I
Simple Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Lesson
1
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Lesson
2
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Lesson
3
Compound Subjects and Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Lesson
4
Compound Subjects and Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Lesson
5
Compound Subjects and Predicates III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lesson
6
Compound Subjects and Predicates IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Lesson
7
Lesson
8
Lesson
9
Adjectives and Adverbs I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Adjectives
Adjectives and Adverbs II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Adverbs
Adverbs modifying verbs
Adjectives and Adverbs III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Lesson 10
Adjectives and Adverbs IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Lesson 11
Adjectives and Adverbs V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Lesson 12
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Lesson 13
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Lesson 14
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Lesson 15
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Lesson 16
Subject Complements I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Lesson 17
Subject Complements II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Lesson 18
Subject Complements III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Lesson 19
Object Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
PART II
Simple subject and simple predicate
Understood subject
Simple subject or simple predicate having more than one word
Simple subject and simple predicate in inverted order
Compound subject
Compound predicate
Compound subject and compound predicate
More than two parts in a compound element
Complete subject and complete predicate
Adverbs that modify other modifiers
Modifiers with a compound subject or verb
Compound adjectives and adverbs
Direct object
Indirect object
Compound direct object
Compound indirect object
Compound verb with direct and indirect objects
Predicate nominative
Predicate adjective
Compound subject complements
Object complements
Simple Sentences with Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Lesson 20
Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Lesson 21
Prepositional Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Lesson 22
Prepositional Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Appositives and appositive phrases
Used as adjectives
Used as adverbs
iii
Lesson 23
Prepositional Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Lesson 24
Participles and Participial Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Lesson 25
Participles and Participial Phrases II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Lesson 26
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Lesson 27
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Lesson 28
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Lesson 29
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Lesson 30
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Lesson 31
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Lesson 32
Absolute Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
PART III
Used to modify other prepositional phrases
Participles
Participial phrases
Used as subjects
Used as direct objects
Used as predicate nominatives
Used as objects of prepositions
Used as adjectives or adverbs
Used as nouns
Absolute phrases
Compound and Complex Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Lesson 33
Compound Sentences I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Lesson 34
Compound Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Lesson 35
Compound Sentences III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Lesson 36
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Lesson 37
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Lesson 38
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses III . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Lesson 39
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Lesson 40
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Lesson 41
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Lesson 42
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Lesson 43
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Lesson 44
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Lesson 45
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Lesson 46
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Lesson 47
Compound-Complex Sentences I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Lesson 48
Compound-Complex Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Clauses connected by a semicolon
Clauses connected by a conjunction
Clauses with compound predicates
Adjective clauses introduced by relative pronouns
Adjective clauses introduced by other words
Adverb clauses that modify verbs
Adverb clauses that modify adjectives and adverbs
More than one subordinate clause
Used as subjects
Used as direct objects
Introduced by that
Used as objects of prepositions
Used as indirect objects
Used as predicate nominatives
With a noun clause
With an adjective or adverb clause
ANSWER KEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
iv
Simple Sentences
Lesson
1
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Lesson
2
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Lesson
3
Compound Subjects and Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Lesson
4
Compound Subjects and Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Lesson
5
Compound Subjects and Predicates III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lesson
6
Compound Subjects and Predicates IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Lesson
7
Lesson
8
Lesson
9
Adjectives and Adverbs I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Adjectives
Adjectives and Adverbs II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Adverbs
Adverbs modifying verbs
Adjectives and Adverbs III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Lesson 10
Adjectives and Adverbs IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Lesson 11
Adjectives and Adverbs V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Lesson 12
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Lesson 13
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Lesson 14
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Lesson 15
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Lesson 16
Subject Complements I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Lesson 17
Subject Complements II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Lesson 18
Subject Complements III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Lesson 19
Object Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Simple subject and simple predicate
Understood subject
Simple subject or simple predicate having more than one word
Simple subject and simple predicate in inverted order
Compound subject
Compound predicate
Compound subject and compound predicate
More than two parts in a compound element
Complete subject and complete predicate
Adverbs that modify other modifiers
Modifiers with a compound subject or verb
Compound adjectives and adverbs
Direct object
Indirect object
Compound direct object
Compound indirect object
Compound verb with direct and indirect objects
Predicate nominative
Predicate adjective
Compound subject complements
Sentence Diagraming
Object complements
1
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I
A sentence diagram is a visual representation of the words and parts of a sentence. A
diagram shows how sentence elements relate to each other and to the sentence as a
whole. A diagram frame, like the one shown here, is the starting point in
diagraming sentences. Make the vertical line
baseline
that cuts through the baseline equally long
above and below the baseline.
vertical line
Simple Subject and Simple Predicate
Every sentence has two parts: a subject and a predicate. The subject tells what a
sentence is about. The predicate says something about the subject. A diagram shows
words in the subject of the sentence on the left side of the diagram frame, and words
in the predicate on the right side.
The simple subject of a sentence is the key noun or pronoun (or other word
group acting as a noun) in the subject. The simple predicate is the verb or verb
phrase that expresses the essential thought about the subject. To diagram a sentence
with a simple subject and simple predicate, place the simple subject on the baseline to
the left of the vertical line. Place the simple predicate on the baseline to the right of
the vertical line.
Example Sheep graze.
Sheep
graze
simple subject
simple predicate
In a diagram, keep capitalization as it is in the sentence but omit any punctuation.
Sometimes the subject you is not included in a sentence but is understood. Place the
understood subject in parentheses to the left of the vertical line.
Example Jump!
(you)
Jump
simple subject
simple predicate
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Children play.
3. Listen!
2. Stop!
4. Parrots fly.
2
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Understood Subject
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
2
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II
Simple Subject or Simple Predicate Having More Than One Word
A simple subject or simple predicate may have more than one word. For example, the
simple subject may be a compound noun, such as sugar maple, or a person’s full name,
such as Dr. William Fort. The simple predicate, or verb, may be a single word or a verb
phrase. A verb phrase, such as had been moving, consists of a main verb (moving) and
all its auxiliary, or helping, verbs (had, been). Place all the words of a simple subject
or simple predicate on the baseline of a diagram frame on the correct side of the
vertical rule.
Example Miss Ramona Rodriquez has been waiting.
Miss Ramona Rodriquez
has been waiting
simple subject
simple predicate
Simple Subject and Simple Predicate in Inverted Order
A sentence phrased as a question is diagramed the same as a statement. The positions
of the subject and the predicate remain the same—the subject always appears to the
left of the vertical line and the predicate to the right. Remember to keep capitalization
as it is in the original sentence and to omit the punctuation.
Example Can ducks fly?
ducks
Can fly
simple subject
simple predicate
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Kim is concentrating.
5. Professor White will speak.
2. Have you eaten?
6. Can Jackie Smith sing?
3. Mr. Robertson helped.
7. Stop!
4. Workers are protesting.
8. Must everyone recite?
Sentence Diagraming
3
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3
Compound Subjects and Predicates I
A simple sentence has only one main clause; that is, it has a single subject and a single
predicate. Its diagram uses only one baseline. However, either the subject or the
predicate (or both) may have more than one part. In such a case, the baseline is forked
to make space for the multiple parts.
Compound Subject
A compound subject is made up of two or more simple subjects that are joined by a
conjunction—such as and, but, or or—and have the same verb. The diagram for a
sentence with a compound subject has a fork in the baseline at the left (subject) side
of the vertical line. Draw parallel horizontal lines, one for each part of the subject.
Connect the lines with a dotted vertical line at their right, and write the conjunction
along that dotted line. Draw angled lines from both the top and bottom subject lines
to join the stack to the baseline, as shown below.
Example Adults and children cheered.
part 1 of compound subject
Adults
part 2 of compound subject
conj.
and
children
cheered
verb
If a correlative conjunction such as both . . . and or neither . . . nor is used, write one
word of the conjunction on each side of the dotted line, as shown here.
Example Both adults and children cheered.
part 1 of compound subject
adults
verb
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Phyllis or you may win.
3. Coach Bush and Ms. Lu officiated.
2. Both Jason and Eric participated.
4. Neither Laura nor Carla could come.
4
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
part 2 of compound subject
conj.
conj.
Both
and
children
cheered
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
4
Compound Subjects and Predicates II
Compound Predicate
A compound predicate (or compound verb) is made up of two or more verbs or
verb phrases that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subject. The diagram
for a sentence with a compound verb has a fork in the baseline at the right (verb) side
of the vertical line. To diagram a sentence with a compound verb, draw a mirror image
of the diagram for a compound subject. Look at the example below.
Example Contestants ran or swam.
part 1 of compound verb
simple subject
or
Contestants
swam
conj.
ran
part 2 of compound verb
If a helping verb is not repeated, write it on the baseline between the vertical line and
the fork, as in this example.
Example Contestants were either running or swimming.
were
part 1 of compound verb
subject
swimming
helping verb
conj.
conj.
Contestants
either
or
running
part 2 of compound verb
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. We competed but lost.
3. Kites both soared and dipped.
2. Everyone stayed and talked.
4. Janine was neither reading nor writing.
Sentence Diagraming
5
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
5
Compound Subjects and Predicates III
Compound Subject and Compound Predicate
A sentence may have both a compound subject and a compound verb. Then the
baseline is forked on both sides of the vertical line, as in this example.
Example Lee and Juan watched and waited.
part 1 of compound subject
waited
part 2 of compound subject
part 1 of compound verb
conj.
watched
conj.
and
Juan
and
Lee
part 2 of compound verb
More Than Two Parts in a Compound Element
A compound subject or a compound predicate may have more than two parts. Draw as
many parallel horizontal lines in the fork for that element as there are parts, as shown
here.
Example Lee, Juan, Sue, and Dorothy entered, watched, and waited.
entered
watched
waited
part 1 of compound verb
part 2 of compound subject
part 3 of compound subject
part 4 of compound subject
conj.
Dorothy
and
Sue
and
Juan
part 1 of compound subject
conj.
Lee
part 2 of compound verb
part 3 of compound verb
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
3. Will Lois, Matt, or you compete or watch?
2. Spectators cheered, booed, and groaned.
4. Both Bernie and Dawn trained, ran, and won.
6
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Men, women, and children participated.
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
6
Compound Subjects and Predicates IV
Complete Subject and Complete Predicate
The complete subject of a sentence consists of the simple subject and all the words
that modify it. The complete predicate consists of the simple predicate, or verb,
and all the words that modify it or complete its meaning. To diagram a sentence,
begin by identifying and diagraming its simple subject and verb. Be sure to locate all
parts of compound subjects and compound verbs. All other words of the complete
subject and complete predicate are added to the diagram later.
In each example below, all words to the left of the vertical bar are the complete
subject, and those to the right are the complete predicate. The underlined words are
the simple subject and verb. Under each sentence is the first stage of its diagram.
Example George, in excellent physical condition, | ran the fastest of all and won.
part 1 of verb
and
George
simple subject
won
conj.
ran
part 2 of verb
Example The judges, referees, and guards at the meet | have volunteered their time.
judges
have volunteered
part 2 of simple subject
part 3 of simple subject
conj.
guards
and
referees
part 1 of simple subject
verb
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
EXERCISE For each of these sentences, create the first stage of its diagram. Show only
simple subjects and verbs, including all compound elements, and conjunctions.
1. Both snow and rain were falling
at the same time.
3. Listen carefully and follow my directions for
this game.
2. Agile acrobats performed in the
ring and drew applause.
4. Are the roses or peonies in your garden
blooming yet?
Sentence Diagraming
7
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
7
Adjectives and Adverbs I
Many sentences use modifiers to limit or describe nouns, pronouns, and verbs.
Adjectives and adverbs are two types of modifiers.
Adjectives
An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun. It tells what kind, which one,
how many, or how much. Examples include funny, those, five, and more. The articles a,
an, and the are also adjectives. In addition, possessive nouns, such as Jack’s, and
possessive pronouns, such as his, may be grouped with adjectives because they
describe nouns. In the example below, every adjective is underlined.
To diagram a sentence with one or more adjectives, place each adjective on a slant
line below the word it modifies. If more than one adjective modifies the same word,
place the modifiers from left to right in the order in which they appear in the
sentence.
Example Jack’s clever invention succeeded.
invention
succeeded
subject
verb
ad
e
e
iv
iv
ct
ct
je
je
’s
er
ck
ev
ad
cl
Ja
2
1
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
3. These red tulips are opening.
2. Which leaky boat sank?
4. Many popular music groups will appear.
8
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. The little baby slept.
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
8
Adjectives and Adverbs II
Adverbs
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb by making its
meaning more specific. Adverbs answer the questions when?, where?, how?, and to
what extent? In the examples below, all the adverbs are underlined.
To diagram a sentence with one or more adverbs, place each adverb on a slant line
below the word it modifies.
Adverbs Modifying Verbs
In a sentence, an adverb that modifies a verb may appear before or after the verb. It
may be separated from the verb by other words or phrases. In this example, the adverb
suddenly may take three different positions. Note that all three sample sentences are
shown by the same diagram. Since Then and suddenly both tell when, they both
modify the verb and are placed below it in the diagram.
Example Then lightning suddenly flashed.
Then lightning flashed suddenly.
Then, suddenly, lightning flashed.
lightning
flashed
subject
verb
rb
rb
ve
ve
ad
en
en
dd
ad
su
Th
2
1
ly
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Keisha paused briefly.
3. Wait here quietly.
2. Soon they will gallop away.
4. Earlier, we had been skating there safely.
Sentence Diagraming
9
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
9
Adjectives and Adverbs III
Adverbs That Modify Other Modifiers
A sentence may have both kinds of modifiers, with adjectives modifying nouns and
pronouns, and adverbs modifying verbs.
Example Loud thunder rumbled threateningly.
thunder
subject
rumbled
verb
in
e
en
iv
rb
ct
ve
je
at
ud
re
ad
ad
th
Lo
gl
y
In addition, the sentence may have other adverbs modifying these modifiers. To
diagram an adverb that modifies a word already shown on a slant line, place the
adverb on a slant line that is parallel to but slightly lower than the slant line of the
word modified. Connect the two lines with a short horizontal line at the top of the
lower slant line. In the next example, the adverbs extremely and rather modify the
adjective loud and the adverb threateningly.
Example Extremely loud thunder rumbled rather threateningly.
thunder
subject
rumbled
verb
ad
rb
rb
e
ve
iv
in
rb
en
y
y
el
gl
m
er
ve
ct
ad
je
at
tre
th
ad
re
ra
ud
ve
ad
th
lo
Ex
1. Very pesky weeds grow everywhere!
3. My remarkably talkative sister phones often.
2. Dale answered rather hesitantly.
4. Habitually shy, the child played alone.
10
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
10
Adjectives and Adverbs IV
Modifiers with a Compound Subject or Verb
In a sentence with a compound subject or verb, a modifier may describe one part of
the compound element or all parts. In the first example below, excitedly modifies
shrieked, and inside modifies ran. In the second example, both adverbs modify both
verb parts. See how the diagrams differ.
Examples Vana and Jason shrieked excitedly and ran inside.
Inside, Vana and Jason excitedly talked and laughed.
and
part 2 of subject
1
laughed
rb
part 1 of subject
part 2 of verb
in
ad
y
dl
talked
ve
te
part 2 of subject
ad
ci
ran
conj.
ex
and
Jason
part 1 of verb
part 1 of subject
shrieked
conj.
Vana
ve
sid
rb
e
2
ad
ad
conj.
part 1 of verb
conj.
ve
ve
part 2 of verb
rb
rb
2
y
1
dl
e
te
sid
ci
In
ex
and
Jason
and
Vana
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
If a modifier modifies only one part of the compound element, place it under that part
of the fork. If the modifier modifies all parts, place it under the shared baseline.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. We rose instantly and cheered loudly.
3. Later the band will meet and practice here.
2. Both your hen and her chicks survived.
4. That black horse can run fast and jump high!
Sentence Diagraming
11
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
11
Adjectives and Adverbs V
Compound Adjectives and Adverbs
Two or more adjectives joined by a conjunction are called a compound adjective.
Two or more adverbs joined by a conjunction are called a compound adverb.
Diagram the parts of a compound adjective or adverb on separate slant lines below the
word they modify, and link them by drawing a dotted horizontal line between the
slant lines. Write the conjunction on the horizontal line, as in these examples.
Example A clear but cold day dawned.
dawned
day
pa
rt
rt
je
pa
ad
2
of
e
conj.
of
iv
1
ct
r
ld
ea
co
cl
A
but
verb
subject
p.
p.
m
m
co
co
j.
j.
ad
ad
Example Yesterday, winds blew strongly and unceasingly.
winds
verb
subject
blew
pa
rt
rt
2
rb
p.
p.
m
m
co
y
co
gl
conj.
of
in
ay
of
as
1
ve
pa
ad
ce
y
rd
gl
te
on
un
str
s
Ye
and
rb
rb
ve
ve
ad
ad
1. One old and leaky boat sank.
3. Finally, the long and dull speech ended.
2. The seeing-eye dog lay still but watchfully.
4. The batter, powerful and confident, swung.
12
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
12
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I
Verbs that express physical or mental action are called action verbs. Some action
verbs are complete in themselves, but others pass their action on to other elements
in the sentence. These elements are called the objects of the action verbs.
Direct Object
A transitive verb is an action verb that is followed by a word or words that answer
the question what? or whom? Such words are called direct objects.
To diagram a sentence with a direct object, place the direct object on the baseline
just to the right of its verb. Separate the two sentence parts with a vertical line that lies
above the baseline only.
Example The class is planning a trip.
class
is planning
trip
subject
action verb
direct object
ad
ad
a
je
e
je
Th
ct
ct
iv
iv
e
e
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Class members are considering various destinations.
2. They may rent a bus.
3. Naturally, the trip demands adequate funds.
4. The students have already held two fund-raisers.
Sentence Diagraming
13
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
13
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II
Indirect Object
An indirect object answers the question to whom or what? or for whom or what? after
an action verb. Almost always, a sentence has an indirect object only if it has a direct
object as well. In the sentence, the indirect object appears between the verb and the
direct object.
To diagram the sentence, draw a line that slants down from the verb, bends, and
extends horizontally to the right. Place the indirect object on the horizontal segment
of the line, as in this example.
Example A travel agency sent the curious students information.
agency
sent
information
subject
je
direct object
indirect object
ad
e
e
e
iv
iv
ct
us
ct
je
je
ad
iv
e
rio
e
cu
th
iv
ct
l
ct
ve
je
ad
ad
tra
A
students
action verb
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Most airlines charge customers high prices.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. A local company may give us a better deal.
3. Did the class send the helpful agent a deposit?
14
Sentence Diagraming
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
14
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III
Compound Direct Object
If a verb has a compound direct object, the right end of the baseline, where the direct
object is usually placed, is forked. To the right of the vertical line after the verb, draw
parallel horizontal lines, one for each part of the compound object. Connect the lines
with a dotted vertical line at their left, and write the conjunction along that line.
Draw angled lines from both the top and bottom lines to join the stack to the
baseline. Study this example.
Example Students researched transportation, schedules, and prices.
researched
and
Students
dir. obj., pt. 1
subject
schedules
action verb
prices
conj.
transporation
dir. obj., pt. 2
dir. obj., pt. 3
Compound Indirect Object
In a sentence with a compound indirect object, the horizontal line below the baseline
is forked and the stack of indirect object parts is connected there, as in this example.
Example Some resources gave us and our teachers useful facts.
gave
action verb
ad
ct
iv
iv
e
e
teachers
je
ct
and
direct object
ind. obj., pt. 1
je
e
ul
m
ef
ad
us
us
So
ind. obj., pt. 2
je
r
ad
ou
ct
iv
e
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
subject
facts
conj.
resources
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Zoltan’s committee contacted several hotels and a campground.
2. The operators sent Zoltan and his committee useful information.
Sentence Diagraming
15
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
15
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV
Compound Verb with Direct and Indirect Objects
To diagram a sentence with all parts of a compound verb sharing a direct object,
connect the horizontal lines holding the verb parts to the baseline at both left and
right, as shown below. Then extend the baseline to hold the shared direct object. In
some sentences, the shared object is a compound object.
Example Students read and compared schedules.
part 1 of compound verb
schedules
subject
compared
conj.
Students
and
read
direct object
part 2 of compound verb
If a direct or indirect object completes only one part of a compound verb, connect the
object with only the specific verb part, as shown in this next example.
Example Students read a novel and told Mrs. King their reactions.
and
reactions
action verb
dir. obj.
j.
ei
r
ind. obj.
ad
th
Mrs. King
dir. obj.
j.
told
action verb
ad
subject
a
Students
novel
conj.
read
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Make sure that each direct or indirect object is connected to
the correct verb or verb part.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Passengers boarded the aircraft and took their seats.
2. Amos dragged and pushed his heavy suitcase.
16
Sentence Diagraming
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
15
Continued
3. Tell me your idea and explain its advantages.
4. Captain Ellis welcomed passengers and introduced himself.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. The guide gave Gary and Ruby a great tour but charged a small fee.
6. Gary and Ruby thanked and tipped their guide.
Sentence Diagraming
17
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
16
Subject Complements I
A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of the sentence with a word or phrase
describing or identifying the subject. The most common linking verb is to be. The
word or phrase linked to the subject is called a subject complement. There are two
kinds of subject complements—predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives—but
they are diagramed the same way.
Predicate Nominative
A predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and
renames or further identifies the subject. It may be modified by adjectives.
To diagram a sentence with a predicate nominative, place the noun or pronoun on
the baseline to the right of the linking verb. Draw a slant line between the verb and
predicate nominative that ends at the baseline.
Example That judge is Gloria’s uncle.
judge
is
subject
uncle
linking verb
predicate nominative
ad
je
e
e
iv
's
iv
ct
ct
je
ria
at
lo
ad
G
Th
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
3. Mrs. Wing was an alternate juror.
2. Murder was the charge.
4. These audio tapes are evidence.
18
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. This courtroom is a famous site.
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
17
Subject Complements II
Predicate Adjective
A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and further
describes the subject. It may be modified by adverbs.
To diagram a sentence with a predicate adjective, use the same approach as for a
sentence with a predicate nominative. Place the adjective on the baseline to the right
of the linking verb. Draw a slant line between the verb and predicate adjective that
ends at the baseline.
Example Judge Fox is very patient.
Judge Fox
is
patient
subject
linking verb
predicate adjective
ad
ve
ve
ry
rb
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Decide first whether the sentence has a subject complement
or a direct object, and use a slant or straight line, as appropriate, to separate that word from
the verb.
1. The current trial is rather remarkable.
4. Is the jurors’ decision final?
2. The young defendant appears
frightened.
5. The victim’s parents are giving their
testimony.
3. The case involves burglary.
6. Newspaper reporters have frequently
been present.
Sentence Diagraming
19
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
18
Subject Complements III
Compound Subject Complements
Both predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives may have compound parts. For a
sentence with a compound subject complement of either type, the baseline of the
diagram is forked at the right of the slant line, as in these examples.
Examples The next witness is the defendant’s neighbor and her classmate.
She has always been very honest and loyal.
pred. nom., pt. 1
neighbor
and
conj.
j.
j.
ad
r
j.
he
pred. adj., pt. 1
ad
v.
v.
loyal
linking verb
conj.
subject
ad
ay
ry
w
ve
al
and
has been
j.
ad
t’s
ad
an
xt
e
pred. nom., pt. 2
honest
She
ad
nd
ne
Th
classmate
linking verb
j.
fe
subject
ad
de
e
is
th
witness
pred. adj., pt. 2
s
In the second example, note how the adverb very, which modifies both parts of the
compound predicate adjective, is connected to the baseline before the fork.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Both lawyers have been logical and persuasive.
2. The defendant was extremely happy and grateful.
3. Carl will be either a lawyer or a doctor.
20
Sentence Diagraming
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
19
Object Complements
A sentence with a direct object may also have an object complement. An object
complement answers the question what? after a direct object. It completes the
meaning of the object by identifying or describing it. Object complements occur only
with verbs having the general meaning of “make” or “consider.”
To diagram a sentence with an object complement, first identify which word is the
direct object and which word completes its meaning. Diagram the direct object in the
usual way, separating it from the verb with a vertical line that ends at the baseline.
Then place the complement to the right of the direct object, and separate it from the
object with a slant line that ends at the baseline.
Examples Students elected Ann president. They consider her trustworthy.
Students
They
elected
consider
president
Ann
her
trustworthy
subject
verb
dir. obj.
obj. comp.
subject
verb
dir. obj.
obj. comp.
If any element in a sentence with an object complement is compound, follow the
usual methods of diagraming the compound element. Here is an example:
Example Voters named Bob secretary and Viv class treasurer.
bj.
Viv
treasurer
verb
conj.
named
secretary
dir. obj., pt. 1
object complement 1
dir. obj., pt. 2
object complement 2
ad
as
j.
cl
s
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Voters
and
Bob
Remember that an object complement modifies the direct object and follows verbs
such as call, find, appoint, declare, name, elect, and consider.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Kim proved Sam wrong.
3. Paul calls his dog Rushmore.
2. I considered their argument silly.
4. Ali dyed her T-shirt green.
Sentence Diagraming
21
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
19
Continued
5. The governor declared our township and the next county a disaster.
6. Critics and audiences found the play witty and delightful.
7. The mayor declared today a holiday.
22
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. Many Americans consider the first astronauts national heroes and recall their feats proudly.
Simple Sentences with Phrases
Lesson 20
Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Lesson 21
Prepositional Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Lesson 22
Prepositional Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Lesson 23
Prepositional Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Lesson 24
Participles and Participial Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Lesson 25
Participles and Participial Phrases II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Lesson 26
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Lesson 27
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Lesson 28
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Lesson 29
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Lesson 30
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Lesson 31
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Lesson 32
Absolute Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Appositives and appositive phrases
Used as adjectives
Used as adverbs
Used to modify other prepositional phrases
Participles
Participial phrases
Used as subjects
Used as direct objects
Used as predicate nominatives
Used as objects of prepositions
Used as adjectives or adverbs
Used as nouns
Sentence Diagraming
Absolute phrases
23
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
20
Appositives and Appositive Phrases
An appositive is a noun or pronoun that identifies another noun or pronoun in the
sentence. Any noun or pronoun may have an appositive, including a subject, object,
or complement. To diagram a sentence with an appositive, place the appositive
immediately after the word it identifies, and set it off in parentheses.
Example Our first president, George Washington, had been a military commander.
president (George Washington)
had been
commander
subject (appos.)
verb
pred. nom.
j.
j.
ad
ad
j.
ta
j.
ili
ad
ad
m
a
st
ur
fir
O
ry
Example I asked my history teacher, Miss Brooks, a question.
I
asked
question
verb
dir. obj.
ad
a
ind. obj. (appositive)
j.
teacher (Miss Brooks)
subj.
ad
j.
j.
ad
sto
y
hi
m
ry
An appositive phrase is composed of an appositive and all the words that modify
it. To diagram a sentence with an appositive phrase, write the appositive within
parentheses immediately after the word identified, and place the modifiers on
slant lines under the appositive rather than under the word identified.
Example Washington, our first president, had been a military commander.
Washington (president)
had been
commander
subj. (appositive)
verb
pred. nom.
ry
1. Washington gave us, his admirers, a tremendous heritage.
2. Our second president, John Adams, had been an ambassador.
24
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
j.
j.
j.
ad
ad
ad
j.
ta
st
r
ili
ad
m
a
fir
ou
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Be sure to find every appositive and appositive phrase.
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
20
Continued
3. Next, the nation elected the statesman Thomas Jefferson president.
4. Both John Adams and his son, John Quincy Adams, were presidents.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. The sixteenth U.S. president was Abraham Lincoln, a Republican.
6. Presidents Day, a national holiday, is celebrated annually.
7. It honors two presidents, Washington and Lincoln.
Sentence Diagraming
25
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
21
Prepositional Phrases I
A preposition is a word that indicates a relationship of a noun or pronoun to some
other word in the sentence. Examples include to, of, and near. A prepositional
phrase consists of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object. Examples
of prepositional phrases are “to the front,” “of clay,” and “near the rose garden.”
Prepositional phrases may act as adjectives or as adverbs.
Used as Adjectives
To diagram a prepositional phrase used as an adjective, place the preposition on a line
that slants from left to right below the noun or pronoun modified. Place the object of
the preposition on a horizontal line connected to the slant line and lying at its right.
The slant line should extend slightly beyond the horizontal line. If the object of the
preposition has modifiers, write them on slant lines below the object.
Example The flowers beside the oak tree need water.
flowers
need
subject
water
verb
pr
j.
ep
ad
.
sid
e
be
Th
e
tree
direct object
object of preposition
ad
ad
j.
j.
k
oa
e
th
If a prepositional phrase modifies an appositive, place the preposition on a slant line
directly beneath the appositive, not the word that the appositive identifies.
Example Water the begonias—those flowers with shiny leaves.
(you)
Water
subj.
begonias (flowers)
verb
dir. obj. (appositive)
ep
j.
.
e
obj. of prep.
j.
in
ad
sh
y
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. The youngest children planted a garden of sunflowers.
2. Visitors to the garden especially enjoyed the sight of tall golden flowers.
26
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
pr
ad
j.
ith
os
e
ad
w
th
th
leaves
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
22
Prepositional Phrases II
Used as Adverbs
All prepositional phrases are diagramed the same whether they are used as adjectives
or adverbs. Examine this model of a prepositional phrase used to modify a verb,
noting how the phrase is placed beneath the verb modified. The preposition is placed
on the slant line and its object on the adjoining horizontal line.
Example We will plant the vegetables after lunch.
We
will plant
vegetables
subject
direct object
ad
j.
ep
r
pr
e
te
th
af
.
lunch
verb
object of preposition
If the prepositional phrase modifies only one part of a compound element, place it
under that part only. Otherwise, the slant line begins beneath the shared baseline.
Example On Monday, Jason pulled weeds and trimmed bushes with his new shears.
and
Jason
weeds
verb
subject
bushes
.
direct object
obj. of prep.
ep
ith
.
shears
obj. of prep.
ad
j.
j.
w
s
ad
ne
hi
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
verb
pr
w
Monday
direct object
ep
n
pr
O
trimmed
conj.
pulled
A prepositional phrase used as an adverb does not always immediately follow the verb.
It answers this question: When, where, or how does or did the action occur?
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. During the week, Mandy will volunteer at the park.
2. Her team has been working on the new trails for a month.
Sentence Diagraming
27
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
23
Prepositional Phrases III
Used to Modify Other Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase that modifies another prepositional phrase is diagramed like
any other prepositional phrase. Simply place the phrase beneath the object of the
prepositional phrase that is modified. Study this example.
Example Look at those flowers next to the walk!
(you)
Look
(understood subject)
verb
pr
at
flowers
ep
.1
e
xt
os
ne
th
ep
j.
pr
ad
to
walk
object of preposition 1
.2
th
e
object of preposition 2
ad
j.
In this sentence, the prepositional phrase “at those flowers” tells where to look, so it is
placed under the verb. The prepositional phrase “next to the walk” tells which flowers,
so it is placed under the object of the first phrase.
Any sentence may contain a series of prepositional phrases. Be sure to determine
which word is modified by each phrase, and place each phrase under the word it
modifies.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. An aquarium is being constructed near the mouth of the river.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. That site is perfect for the location of a tourist attraction.
28
Sentence Diagraming
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
23
Continued
3. Everyone on the committee is happy with the plans.
4. The design of the building came from a local architect.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. Her design was selected from a number of proposals.
6. Students from any school in the state can get free passes to the aquarium.
Sentence Diagraming
29
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
24
Participles and Participial Phrases I
Not all verb forms function in sentences as verbs. A participle is a verb form that
functions in a sentence as an adjective. Present participles end in -ing. Most past
participles end in -ed but some have irregular forms.
Participles
To diagram a sentence that includes a participle, first identify the word that the
participle modifies. Draw a line that slants down from that word, bends, and extends
horizontally to the right. Write the participle on the line, curving it in the angle of the
line, as shown in this example.
Example A crane lifted the fallen trees from the road.
crane
lifted
trees
subject
verb
direct object
ad
pa
r t i c i ple
.
obj. of prep.
j.
ep
j.
pr
ad
e
m
len
f
th
fro
A
road
al
e
ad
th
j.
While participles that end in -ing or -ed are easy to recognize, irregular participles such
as fallen may not be as obvious. Remember that any verb form used as an adjective is a
participle and should be diagramed as shown above.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Pausing, she searched for the source of the annoying noise.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Perhaps an experienced jeweler can repair the broken chain.
30
Sentence Diagraming
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
25
Participles and Participial Phrases II
Participial Phrases
Because participles are a form of verbs, they may take direct and indirect objects,
predicate nominatives and adjectives, and object complements. A participial
phrase is made up of a participle, any complements it may have, and all words and
phrases that modify the participle and its complements.
To diagram a participial phrase, first diagram the participle on its bent line. Then
diagram any objects, complements, and modifiers in the phrase, adding them to the
bent line of the participle. Be sure to place every modifier under the correct element of
the participial phrase.
Example My little cousin looks so innocent, cheerfully giving his mother a hug.
cousin
looks
innocent
verb
ar
p
hug
ti c i ple
dir. obj. of participle
j.
ind. obj. of participle
ad
ve
ad
j.
s
lly
hi
r fu
rb
ee
ad
a
ch
mother
v.
j.
j.
tle
y
ving
predicate adjective
ad
ad
ad
so
lit
M
gi
subject
Participial phrases can occur anywhere in a sentence. Always diagram a participial
phrase so that it extends below the word it modifies, no matter where the participial
phrase appears in the sentence.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. The first aircraft carrying people rose into the air in November of 1783.
2. That aircraft was a basket lifted by a balloon.
Sentence Diagraming
31
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
25
Continued
3. The balloon, constructed by the Montgolfier brothers, was filled with hot air.
4. The gasoline engine, invented in the late 1800s, led to the development of modern aircraft.
5. Running experiments in their Ohio bicycle shop, the Wright brothers made a breakthrough.
32
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. The engine of their aircraft, driving a propellor, produced enough forward speed for flight.
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
26
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I
A gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing and is used in a sentence as a noun. A
gerund phrase is made up of a gerund, its complements, and all modifiers of the
gerund and its complements. Gerunds and gerund phrases may be used in sentences
wherever nouns may be used, including compound sentence parts.
In a diagram, a gerund is written in a curved shape over a line with a step. The
stepped line lies at the top of a “stilt,” and the stilt is placed where you would put a
noun or pronoun used as the gerund is used.
Used as Subjects
To diagram a gerund or a gerund phrase used as a subject, place a stilt on the baseline
where the subject usually lies. Draw a stepped line above the stilt and curve the
gerund itself over the step. Then diagram any objects, complements, and modifiers of
the gerund phrase, adding these elements to the stepped line.
Example Judging any contest well demands fairness.
Judgi n
g
geru
nd
contest
ad
v.
l
fairness
verb
j.
ad
y
el
an
w
demands
direct object of gerund
direct object of verb
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Becoming a good referee takes time.
2. Gaining expertise as a referee is not easy.
3. Following fast-paced action requires energy.
Sentence Diagraming
33
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27
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II
Used as Direct Objects
To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as a direct object, place a stilt
on the baseline where the direct object usually goes. Draw a stepped line, as shown
here, above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step. Add any complements or
modifiers in the gerund phrase to the stepped line.
Example The coach suggested giving the players extra practice.
giving
action verb
dir. obj. of gerund
ind. obj. of gerund
j.
subject
d
ad
players
tra
suggested
ex
coach
gerun
practice
ad
j.
j.
e
ad
th
Th
e
Remember that both gerunds and present participles end in -ing. However, gerunds act
as nouns, while participles act as adjectives. If a verb form can be replaced with the
singular pronoun it in a sentence, that verb form is a gerund.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Good players avoid running with the ball.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. The referee noticed some pushing and shoving.
3. During the playoffs, our tired players appreciated having a free day.
34
Sentence Diagraming
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28
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III
Used as Predicate Nominatives
To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as a predicate nominative,
place a stilt on the baseline where the predicate nominative belongs, following a slant
line. Draw a stepped line above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step, and add any
other words of the gerund phrase to the stepped line. Study this example.
Example Jerry’s latest passion is climbing cliffs at the park.
climbi
ng
subject
linking verb
dir. obj. of gerund
ep
obj. of prep.
.
park
d
pr
is
at
passion
gerun
cliffs
j.
j.
e
ad
ad
ad
th
j.
s
st
y'
te
rr
la
Je
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Be sure a gerund or gerund phrase used as a direct object is
diagramed appropriately.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Tara’s mistake is serving the volleyball too quickly.
2. The addition to the gym will permit holding the regional meet here.
3. My biggest thrill is winning a close game in the final seconds.
Sentence Diagraming
35
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29
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV
Used as Objects of Prepositions
To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as the object of a preposition,
prepare space for the gerund by drawing a long slant line for that preposition. Then
place a stilt on the horizontal line where the object of the preposition belongs, and
draw a stepped line above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step itself. Add any
complements and modifiers of the gerund phrase to the stepped line. Study this
example.
Example The speaker talked about photographing wild animals in Africa.
speaker
talked
subject
pr
ep
animals
j.
gerun
d
dir. obj. of gerund
.
t
r a p hin g
ad
ou
e
ab
Th
photo
g
verb
ad
j.
ep
ild
pr
w
in
.
Africa
obj. of prep.
Whenever you come across a gerund in a sentence to be diagramed, mentally replace
it with the pronoun it and decide where you would place that pronoun in a sentence.
Then place the gerund or gerund phrase on a stilt in that position.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. The speaker kept the audience’s attention by showing videos of his work.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. His report of witnessing a cheetah running at top speed was remarkable.
36
Sentence Diagraming
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
29
Continued
3. The audience learned about choosing good times for photographing different animals.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. The job of demonstrating survival skills to cubs is the responsibility of the mother cheetah.
5. Learning these skills increases the cubs’ chances of growing to adulthood.
Sentence Diagraming
37
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
30
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I
An infinitive is a verb form that matches the base form of a verb and is usually
preceded by the word to. An example is “to read.” An infinitive phrase is made up
of an infinitive, its complements, and any modifiers of the infinitive and its
complements. An example is “to read a mystery book quickly.” Infinitives and
infinitive phrases can be used in sentences as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns.
Used as Adjectives or Adverbs
Infinitives or infinitive phrases used as modifiers are diagramed in the same way as
prepositional phrases are. Write the word to on a slant line below the word modified
by the infinitive. Write the base form of the verb on a horizontal line drawn to the
right of the slant line, near its lower end. Study these examples.
Examples The club appreciated Paul’s offer to serve as treasurer.
Members voted to accept his offer.
club
appreciated
offer
subject
verb
"to
"
j.
ul
e
j.
ad
ad
to s
’
Pa
Th
serve
dir. obj.
infinitive (base form)
pr
as
treasurer
ep
.
obj. of prep.
Members
subject
voted
"
offer
"to
to
accept
verb
infinitive
obj. of inf.
s
ad
hi
j.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. World leaders gathered to negotiate a treaty.
38
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
In the first example, the infinitive phrase “to serve as treasurer” tells what kind of offer.
It acts as an adjective modifying offer. In the second, the phrase “to accept his offer”
tells how the members voted. It acts as an adverb, modifying voted.
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
30
Continued
2. The session to debate the terms of the treaty begins soon.
3. Will the leaders fail to reach an agreement?
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. World War I’s horrors were not enough to lead to peace.
5. World War II finally produced the will to unite.
Sentence Diagraming
39
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31
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II
Used as Nouns
To diagram a sentence with an infinitive or infinitive phrase used as a noun, first
identify its role in the sentence, for example, subject, direct object, or predicate
nominative. In the diagram, draw a stilt in that position. Next, draw a short slant line
at the left of a horizontal line above the stilt. Write the word to on the slant line, and
the base form of the verb on the horizontal line. (Make sure the verb form is directly
above the stilt.) Add complements and modifiers in the infinitive phrase to the
horizontal line.
Study these examples. In the first, the infinitive phrase is the subject of the
sentence. In the second, the infinitive phrase is the direct object.
Examples To win the class presidency is Latoya’s greatest ambition.
She expects to campaign vigorously.
o"
"T
To
win
presidency
infinitive (base form)
obj. of infinitive
j.
ad
j.
j.
te
's
st
ya
ea
to
"t
o"
to
campaign
us
ly
EXERCISE Determine how the infinitive or infinitive phrase is used in each sentence, and then
diagram the sentence.
1. My brother likes to study history.
40
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
ro
verb
v.
go
subject
infinitive (base form)
ad
vi
expects
predicate nominative
ad
gr
La
She
ad
s
j.
e
as
ad
cl
th
verb
ambition
is
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
31
Continued
2. To hear his report on the First Continental Congress takes ten minutes.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. The goal of the representatives was to protest Great Britain’s treatment of the American colonies.
4. To declare independence from England was, apparently, the goal of the Second Continental
Congress.
Sentence Diagraming
41
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32
Absolute Phrases
A simple sentence may contain a phrase that has no grammatical connection to the
rest of the sentence. This kind of phrase, called an absolute phrase, is made up of a
noun or pronoun modified by a participle or participial phrase. Because an absolute
phrase belongs to neither the subject nor the predicate of the sentence, it is diagramed
with no connection to the rest of the sentence.
Absolute Phrases
To diagram an absolute phrase, first draw a horizontal line. Write the subject of the
absolute phrase on the line. Place the participle and any complements on a bent line
below the horizontal line. Add any modifiers in the phrase below the subject,
participle, or complement as needed. Then, below the absolute phrase diagram and
separate from it, draw the sentence diagram. The absolute phrase is always diagramed
first, even if it follows the rest of the sentence.
Examine how this sample sentence and its absolute phrase are diagramed.
Examples Smoke alarms screaming, my family awoke to a fire.
alarms
subject of absolute phrase
pa
r t i c i ple
awoke
subject
ad
ok
j.
Sm
r e a m ing
sc
e
family
pr
j.
ep
ad
y
to
m
fire
verb
.
obj. of prep.
a
ad
j.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. The residents having been safely evacuated, firefighters battled the blaze.
2. People left the scene, the fire having been completely extinguished.
42
Sentence Diagraming
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32
Continued
3. Its structure damaged, the building was condemned.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Affordable apartments being scarce, our family searched in another town for a new home.
5. We bought new furniture, our old possessions completely gone.
Sentence Diagraming
43
Compound and Complex Sentences
Lesson 33
Compound Sentences I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Lesson 34
Compound Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Lesson 35
Compound Sentences III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Lesson 36
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Lesson 37
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Lesson 38
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses III . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Lesson 39
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Lesson 40
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Lesson 41
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Lesson 42
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Lesson 43
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Lesson 44
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Lesson 45
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Lesson 46
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Lesson 47
Compound-Complex Sentences I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Lesson 48
Compound-Complex Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Clauses connected by a semicolon
Clauses connected by a conjunction
Clauses with compound predicates
Adjective clauses introduced by relative pronouns
Adjective clauses introduced by other words
Adverb clauses that modify verbs
Adverb clauses that modify adjectives and adverbs
More than one subordinate clause
Used as subjects
Used as direct objects
Introduced by that
Used as objects of prepositions
Used as indirect objects
Used as predicate nominatives
With a noun clause
Sentence Diagraming
With an adjective or adverb clause
45
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
33
Compound Sentences I
A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a part
of a sentence. A main, or independent, clause can also stand alone in a simple
sentence. A subordinate, or dependent, clause cannot stand alone.
A compound sentence has two or more main clauses and no subordinate
clauses. The clauses are connected by a semicolon or by a comma and a conjunction.
When you diagram a compound sentence, diagram each independent clause
separately. Then connect the clauses as this lesson and the next describe.
Clauses Connected by a Semicolon
When two main clauses in a compound sentence are connected by a semicolon,
diagram the clauses separately in the order in which they appear in the sentence.
Then draw a vertical dotted line between the verbs of the clauses, as shown here.
Example Bethany has an optimistic attitude; her smile is contagious.
Bethany
is
contagious
MAIN CLAUSE #1
verb
MAIN CLAUSE #2
verb
op
attitude
an
has
tim
ist
ic
smile
he
r
EXERCISE Diagram each compound sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Lou enjoys football; Mae prefers basketball.
2. All of my friends boycotted the concert; ticket prices were outrageous.
46
Sentence Diagraming
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34
Compound Sentences II
Clauses Connected by a Conjunction
When the main clauses in a compound sentence are connected by a conjunction such
as and, but, or or, diagram each clause separately. Next, write the conjunction on a
solid horizontal line between the two main clauses. Last, draw vertical dotted lines to
connect that solid line to the verb of each clause, as shown below.
Example Are you walking, or will you ride your bike?
you
MAIN CLAUSE #1
Are walking
or
you
will ride
verb
conj.
MAIN CLAUSE #2
bike
verb
yo
ur
EXERCISE Diagram each compound sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Enid and her older sister were in a traffic accident yesterday, but their injuries were not serious.
2. Recently the population of Kirkland has grown, and our traffic problems have also grown.
Sentence Diagraming
47
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34
Continued
3. That intersection may need larger stop signs, or the city should install a traffic light there.
4. Enid will have her driver’s license soon, and her experience will probably make her a cautious
driver.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
48
Sentence Diagraming
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35
Compound Sentences III
Clauses with Compound Predicates
If a main clause in a compound sentence has a compound verb, the connecting line
should begin (or end) at the shared baseline, before the fork for the parts of the verb,
as in this example.
Example I walked yesterday and arrived late, but today I will bike.
verb
walked
ye
conj.
arrived
la
will bike
te
I
MAIN CLAUSE #1
ay
but
rd
and
ste
I
MAIN CLAUSE #2
verb
verb
to
da
y
EXERCISE Diagram each compound sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. In January, a blizzard paralyzed the city and closed schools, but this school year
has been uneventful.
2. Dave may study architecture or become a contractor; he likes buildings.
Sentence Diagraming
49
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36
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I
A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as part of
a sentence. A main, or independent, clause can stand alone in a simple sentence.
A subordinate, or dependent, clause cannot stand alone. There are three types of
subordinate clauses: adjective, adverb, and noun clauses.
A complex sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
How a complex sentence is diagramed depends on the type of subordinate clause it
includes.
Adjective Clauses Introduced by Relative Pronouns
An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun in the
main clause. The adjective clause is usually introduced by one of the relative pronouns
(who, whom, whose, that, and which).
Begin the diagram of the complex sentence by diagraming the independent clause,
even if it comes second in the sentence. Then diagram the subordinate clause
separately, placing it below the main clause. Finally, connect the two clauses with a
dotted line that begins with the word in the main clause that is modified and ends
with the introductory relative pronoun in the adjective clause. This dotted line is not
always a straight line. Study this example.
Example A woman whom we met recently received an award.
woman
met
whom
award
MAIN CLAUSE
modified noun
an
A
we
received
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
relative pronoun
re
nt
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
ce
ly
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.
1. A friend of mine who attends a music academy is very talented.
50
Sentence Diagraming
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36
Continued
2. Gregor often composes music for poems that he likes.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. He wrote a short piece that the city orchestra will play in its next program.
4. Mozart, whose work my friend greatly admires, began composing as a young child.
Sentence Diagraming
51
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37
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II
Adjective Clauses Introduced by Words Other Than Pronouns
Besides relative pronouns, certain other words, such as when and where, may introduce
adjective clauses. To be sure that a clause is an adjective clause, decide whether it tells
what kind? or which one? about the noun modified. If it does, follow the directions
below. If it does not, that complex sentence is diagramed differently.
First diagram the main clause. Then diagram the subordinate clause, placing it
below the main clause. Draw a dotted line from the word in the main clause that is
modified to the introductory word in the adjective clause. Study this example.
Example The prize was presented in the city where the winner works.
prize
MAIN CLAUSE
was presented
in
Th
e
city
modified noun
th
e
winner
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
works
re
re
he
he
e
“w
w
th
”
The clause “where the winner works” modifies city, telling which city. The clause begins
with the adverb where, which modifies the verb in the subordinate clause. The dotted
line connecting the clauses runs from city to where.
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. The week when we take the entrance exam is coming fast.
2. The library is the only place where I can study.
52
Sentence Diagraming
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38
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses III
Adverb Clauses That Modify Verbs
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb in
the main clause. Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions such as
these: after, although, as if, as soon as, because, if, in order that, since, though, unless, when,
whenever, where, wherever, while. An adverb clause that modifies a main clause verb
usually tells when, where, how, or why.
To diagram a complex sentence with an adverb clause modifying a verb, first
diagram the main clause, even if it comes second in the sentence. Next diagram the
adverb clause, placing it below the main clause. Connect the clauses with a dotted line
that begins under the modified verb in the main clause and slants down to the verb in
the adverb clause. Last, place the conjunction on the dotted line.
Study this example.
Example As soon as the guest of honor arrives, the award ceremony will begin.
ceremony
will begin
MAIN CLAUSE
modified verb
As
co
nj
on
d
so
ar
e
aw
th
.
as
guest
e
of
th
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
arrives
ADVERB CLAUSE
verb
honor
Notice that the sentence begins with the adverb clause, but the diagram begins with
the main clause. The adverb clause “As soon as the guest of honor arrives” modifies
will begin, telling when an event will begin, so it is shown under that verb.
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.
1. Richard has studied ants since he was in kindergarten.
Sentence Diagraming
53
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38
Continued
2. Whenever he found anything written about ants, he read and memorized it.
3. His friends and family members even searched for ant material because they knew of his
fascination with ants.
54
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Although he already knows a great deal about the topic, Richard is determined to become an
expert on ants.
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
39
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses IV
Adverb Clauses That Modify Adjectives and Adverbs
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an
adverb in the main clause. An adverb clause that modifies an adjective or adverb
usually tells how much about that modifier. Such an adverb clause is usually introduced
by the subordinating conjunction than.
To diagram a complex sentence with an adverb clause modifying a modifier, first
diagram the main clause. Then diagram the adverb clause, placing it below the main
clause. Connect the clauses with a dotted line that begins under the modified
adjective or adverb in the main clause and slants down to the verb in the adverb
clause. If the modifier is already on a slant line, the dotted line must be bent, as
shown in the example below. Last, place the conjunction on the dotted line.
Study this example.
Example Today Darren left his office earlier than he usually does.
Darren
left
office
MAIN CLAUSE
m
ed
ifi
od .
nj
co
s
er
an
ay
th
rli
hi
ea
d
To
ad
ADVERB CLAUSE
verb
rb
does
ve
he
us
ua
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
lly
The adverb clause “than he usually does” modifies earlier, telling how much earlier.
Therefore, the dotted line of the conjunction begins at earlier. It extends a short
distance to the left so that it will not be confused with the line under earlier, and then
slants down to the verb of the subordinate clause.
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.
1. You painted a prettier picture than I did.
Sentence Diagraming
55
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39
Continued
2. The queen ruled more powerfully than her early supporters could have imagined.
3. Books about our city are even rarer than you might suppose.
56
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. This station has broadcast classical music longer than any other station in the United States has.
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
40
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses V
More Than One Subordinate Clause
A complex sentence may have both an adjective clause and an adverb clause, or more
than one of one kind. To diagram a complex sentence with two or more adjective or
adverb clauses, first identify each subordinate clause and the word that each one
modifies. Then diagram the main clause. Next, diagram each subordinate clause and
draw a dotted line to connect the subordinate clause to the word it modifies. Finally,
write the subordinating conjunctions of adverb clauses on their dotted lines.
Study this example. The first subordinate clause is an adjective clause modifying
movie; the second is an adverb clause modifying the verb saw.
Example I rented the movie that you saw when it opened in theaters.
I
rented
MAIN CLAUSE
movie
modified noun
th
e
you
saw
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
that
modified verb
co
w
nj
he
.
n
it
rel. pron.
opened
ADVERB CLAUSE
verb
in
theaters
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. Make sure that you connect each subordinate
clause to the correct word.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. I liked the actress who played the villain, though her part was small.
Sentence Diagraming
57
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40
Continued
2. The director, whose films are always popular, has again produced a movie that will attract crowds.
3. Because Dave loves mysteries, he probably saw this film earlier than I saw it.
58
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. As you hear the score, you notice themes that are associated with various characters.
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41
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I
A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Noun clauses may be used
wherever nouns are used, including as subjects, objects, and objects of prepositions.
Some noun clauses are introduced by pronouns such as who, whom, and whatever.
Others are introduced by adverbs such as how, where, and why.
Unlike adjective and adverb clauses, a noun clause is an inseparable part of the
main clause, and it is diagramed within the main clause. The position of a noun clause
in the main clause diagram depends on its role in the sentence.
Used as Subjects
To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as the subject, first draw the
diagram frame for the main clause. If you like, fill in other elements of the main
clause. Then draw a stilt on the main clause baseline where the subject belongs. On
top of the stilt, draw a second baseline. Use that baseline to diagram the noun clause
as you would any other clause, with one added rule: Place the verb of the noun clause
immediately above the stilt. (Note: Use of that as a special introductory word is
discussed in Lesson 43.)
Study this example.
Example What your team really needs is a strong quarterback.
team
needs
What
NOUN CLAUSE
re
ly
ur
al
yo
is
MAIN CLAUSE
quarterback
str
a
g
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
on
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.
1. Whoever scores the most runs wins the game.
Sentence Diagraming
59
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
41
Continued
2. How football is played has changed over the years.
3. Who will compete in the playoffs will not be known for several weeks.
60
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Whatever the coach said to the players during halftime certainly inspired great play.
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
42
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II
Used as Direct Objects
To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as direct object, first draw a
diagram frame for the main clause and fill in the subject, the verb, and a vertical line
to separate the verb from the object. Then draw a stilt on the main clause baseline
where the object belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second baseline. Use that baseline
to diagram the noun clause, placing the verb of the noun clause immediately above
the stilt. See the example. (Note: Use of that as a special introductory word is
discussed in Lesson 43.)
Example A good trainer gives players whatever help they need.
they
need
NOUN
NOUN
CLAUSE
CLAUSE
help
w
ha
gives
te
MAIN CLAUSE
ve
trainer
r
go
A
od
players
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Speaking at the rally, Ms. Ames predicted how many medals her swimmers will win.
2. Both the swimmers and the other students hope she is right.
Sentence Diagraming
61
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
43
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III
Introduced by That
The pronoun that may introduce a noun clause in which it takes a role. For example,
that is the subject of the noun clause in this sentence, ”We know that is true.”
However, the word that may also introduce a noun clause without being part of it, as
in “We know that this fact is true.” The diagram for this second sentence must
indicate the difference in its use of that. Therefore, when you diagram a complex
sentence in which that only introduces a noun clause, write that on its own solid line
above the verb of the noun clause, as shown here. Draw a vertical dotted line from
that to the verb of the noun clause.
Example We know that this fact is true.
that
fact
is
“that”
NOUN CLAUSE
true
th
is
MAIN CLAUSE
We
know
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.
1. That the game lasted so long surprised both teams.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. The weather forecaster predicts that tomorrow will be sunny.
62
Sentence Diagraming
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
44
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV
Used as Objects of Prepositions
To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as the object of a preposition,
first diagram the other elements of the main clause. Where the prepositional phrase
involving the noun clause relates to the main clause, draw a long slant line for the
preposition. Place a stilt on the horizontal line where the object of the preposition
belongs, and draw a second baseline on top of the stilt. Finally, diagram the noun
clause on the second baseline. Study this example.
Example Tickets are available for whichever night you prefer.
Tickets
are
available
fo
you
prefer
MAIN
CLAUSE
night
NOUN CLAUSE
r
w
hi
ch
ev
er
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Exchange papers with whoever is beside you.
2. Your seat assignment depends on when you arrive.
Sentence Diagraming
63
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
44
Continued
3. The winner may keep the prize in whichever box he or she chooses.
4. Your grade will be affected by how well you do today.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
64
Sentence Diagraming
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
45
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V
Used as Indirect Objects
To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as the indirect object, begin
by diagraming the subject and verb of the main clause. Draw a bent line as for an
indirect object, but make the slant part of the line long enough to allow space for the
noun clause. Draw a stilt on the horizontal part of the line, and place a second
baseline on top of the stilt. Diagram the noun clause on the second baseline.
Study this example.
Example Tell whoever arrives late about the schedule change.
(you)
Tell
ou
arrives
ab
whoever
MAIN
CLAUSE
t
change
NOUN CLAUSE
la
sc
e
he
th
te
du
le
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. The candidate gave whomever he met a campaign badge.
2. At every house, Anita asked whoever answered the door for a donation.
Sentence Diagraming
65
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
46
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses VI
Used as Predicate Nominatives
To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as a predicate nominative,
first diagram the subject and verb of the main clause, and draw a slant line after the
verb to separate it from the predicate nominative. Place a stilt on the main clause
baseline where the predicate nominative belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second
baseline. Diagram the noun clause on that baseline.
Study this example. The subject of the sentence is an infinitive phrase. Note the
differences between that phrase and a noun clause.
Example To play in the World Series is what every baseball player dreams of.
player
of
ev
er
To
play
NOUN CLAUSE
dreams
what
y
in
World Series
MAIN
CLAUSE
th
e
is
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.
1. A good actress temporarily becomes whomever she is portraying onstage.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Westhaven Photo Mart is where I usually take my film.
66
Sentence Diagraming
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
47
Compound-Complex Sentences I
A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more main clauses and at least
one subordinate clause. To diagram a compound-complex sentence, first identify each
clause as a main clause, a noun clause, or an adjective or adverb clause. Then identify
which main clause is completed or modified by each subordinate clause. Last, diagram
each main clause and its related subordinate clause(s) in the order the main clauses
take in the sentence. Be careful to connect all clauses correctly.
With a Noun Clause
The simplest compound-complex sentence has three clauses, two main and one
subordinate. The example below is of a compound-complex sentence having a noun
clause within one of the main clauses. Study the example.
Example You can wear whatever you want, but come on time!
you
You
want
can wear
but
(you)
whatever
MAIN
CLAUSE #1
come
on
time
NOUN CLAUSE
MAIN
CLAUSE #2
EXERCISE Diagram each compound-complex sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. I wonder who sent the flowers; they are lovely.
Sentence Diagraming
67
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
47
Continued
2. What the archaeologists discovered was very unusual, and at first nobody could identify it.
3. The temperature is pleasant at the moment, but we expect that a warm front will arrive soon.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
68
Sentence Diagraming
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
48
Compound-Complex Sentences II
With an Adjective or Adverb Clause
The example below shows a compound-complex sentence with two main clauses and
two subordinate clauses—both an adjective clause and an adverb clause. Study the
example to see how the rules for diagraming both compound and complex sentences
are followed in diagraming a compound-complex sentence.
Example After she searched for weeks, Gina got an afterschool job that pays well;
now she can save for college.
Gina
got
job
af
te
an
that
MAIN
CLAUSE #1
rs
ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVECLAUSE
CLAUSE
el
l
w
r
oo
te
ch
Af
pays
l
she
fo
can save
r
she
ADVERB
ADVERBCLAUSE
CLAUSE
searched
r
fo
w
no
college
weeks
MAIN
CLAUSE #2
EXERCISE Diagram each compound-complex sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Have they decoded the message that the agent transmitted secretly, or do they need help?
Sentence Diagraming
69
Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
48
Continued
2. My boss left early because he felt ill, and now I must close the store by myself.
3. I would really like to score the winning goal, but I will be happy as long as we win!
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
70
Sentence Diagraming
PART I
Lesson 3 Compound Subjects and Predicates I
1.
Children
Phyllis
1.
may win
or
Lesson 1 Simple Subjects
and Simple Predicates I
you
play
Jason
(you)
Stop
2.
Eric
3.
Listen
Parrots
Coach Bush
3.
fly
Ms. Lu
1.
2.
Kim
is concentrating
you
Have eaten
officiated
Laura
4.
Carla
Neither
nor
Lesson 2 Simple Subjects
and Simple Predicates II
and
4.
(you)
participated
Both
and
2.
could come
Lesson 4 Compound Subjects and Predicates II
4.
Workers
5.
Professor White
6.
Jackie Smith
8.
We
lost
are protesting
stayed
(you)
Everyone
Can sing
talked
soared
3.
Stop
everyone
2.
and
will speak
Kites
dipped
reading
Must recite
4.
Sentence Diagraming
Janine
was
neither
nor
7.
1.
but
3.
helped
both
and
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
competed
Mr. Robertson
writing
71
Lesson 5 Compound Subjects and Predicates III
Men
le
ak
y
and
tle
groaned
tulips
3.
es
d
Th
compete
are opening
re
Lois
lit
booed
ch
Spectators
hi
2.
sank
boat
2.
W
cheered
slept
e
children
participated
Th
women
baby
1.
and
1.
Lesson 7 Adjectives and Adverbs I
e
Will
or
Matt
or
3.
you
watch
ic
us
m
r
la
pu
po
y
an
and
Dawn
Both
and
4.
will appear
M
trained
Bernie
groups
4.
ran
won
Lesson 6 Compound Subjects and Predicates IV
Lesson 8 Adjectives and Adverbs II
1.
Keisha
paused
br
ie
were falling
we
he
drew
Wait
qu
and
acrobats
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4.
on
2.
re
tly
(you)
performed
ie
3.
will gallop
ay
they
So
2.
aw
rain
Both
and
1.
fly
snow
3.
(you)
e
er
ly
er
rli
fe
th
Ea
follow
had been skating
sa
and
Listen
roses
or
4.
Are blooming
peonies
72
Sentence Diagraming
run
Lesson 9 Adjectives and Adverbs III
st
and
can
horse
fa
4.
grow
weeds
jump
bl
ac
at
k
er
y
sk
pe er y
V
ev
Th
1.
hi
yw
gh
he
re
2.
Dale
Lesson 11 Adjectives and Adverbs V
answered
he
sit
th
ol
ak
ne
le
and
d
O
tly
er
an
ra
sank
boat
1.
y
sister
3.
phones
of
at
ll
bl
ye
lly
-e
fu
ng
ch
ei
e
ka
y
child
ended
speech
3.
played
na
ll
e
H
lly
ng
on
and
Fi
du
lo
e
al
e
y
th
sh
th
4.
but
w
sti
se
Th
e
ar
iv
m
at
n
lk
re
y
te
ta
M
lay
dog
2.
ab
itu
al
ly
nf
fu
en
er
id
w
e
and
co
po
Th
Lesson 10 Adjectives and Adverbs IV
swung
batter
4.
t
l
sta
and
We
in
ly
cheered
Lesson 12 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I
nt
1.
members
2.
They
3.
trip
us
ss
rio
la
ly
may rent
bus
a
chicks
demands
and
ly
4.
students
have held
te
al
fund-raisers
tw
o
ad
e
re
Th
re
r
al
he
te
e
La
th
practice
ua
ur
will
eq
at
e
N
th
r
band
funds
ad
he
meet
3.
destinations
C
ud
Both
and
survived
ur
2.
are considering
va
1.
lo
hen
yo
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
rose
y
Sentence Diagraming
73
dragged
Lesson 13 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II
y
explain
its
a
e
lp
e
he
th
fu
4.
Captain Ellis
l
and
th
agent
himself
tour
gr
ea
Gary
but
and
t
guide
e
ra
Ruby
charged
l
and
introduced
Th
ve
fee
a
l
s
n’
al
lta
campground
sm
Zo
a
operators
sent
r
committee
hi
Lesson 16 Subject Complements I
s
is
2.
Murder
3.
Mrs. Wing
was
tapes
are
fa
a
courtroom
ou
is
m
Th
Lesson 15 Direct Objects and Indirect
Objects IV
site
1.
s
e
Passengers
aircraft
th
was
charge
th
1.
took
e
and
boarded
seats
th
ei
r
juror
al
te
an
rn
at
e
4.
au
e
o
es
di
Th
74
evidence
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
tipped
ei
Ruby
guide
th
ul
and
ef
e
6.
and
us
Th
Zoltan
thanked
Gary
information
and
2.
passengers
gave
5.
se
contacted
welcomed
a
hotels
committee
advantages
deposit
Lesson 14 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III
1.
av
r
Did send
ur
l
class
he
(you)
idea
me
yo
3.
tte
ca
be
a
lo
3.
s
t
A
us
pushed
Tell
deal
may give
suitcase
gh
os
company
Amos
hi
customers
M
2.
2.
prices
and
charge
and
airlines
hi
1.
Lesson 17 Subject Complements II
trial
is
remarkable
2.
I
3.
Paul
4.
Ali
er
nt
appears
considered
silly
argument
ei
frightened
r
yo
un
e
g
burglary
e
green
T-shirt
final
r
Is
dyed
he
decision
Rushmore
dog
s
involves
calls
hi
case
Th
township
ro
e
ju
th
’
declared
disaster
r
a
testimony
e
are giving
governor
Th
parents
5.
ou
rs
county
xt
e
th
ei
r
im
e
ct
Th
vi
ne
th
5.
wrong
Sam
th
defendant
Th
4.
proved
th
rre
e
3.
Kim
ra
cu
Th
2.
1.
and
1.
Lesson 19 Object Complements
’s
6.
reporters
have been
present
fre
N
tly
ap
en
sp
qu
ew
1.
lawyers
have been
and
logical
Bo
th
persuasive
2.
defendant
was
ex
and
happy
e
tre
Th
grateful
m
el
y
lawyer
a
3.
Carl
will be
either
or
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
er
Lesson 18 Subject Complements III
doctor
a
Sentence Diagraming
75
Lesson 19, continued
witty
Critics
and
delightful
e
mayor
play
th
audiences
7.
found
and
6.
declared
holiday
today
a
Th
e
consider
tio
na
l
M
and
na
st
e
Americans
fir
th
8.
heroes
astronauts
feats
an
recall
y
th
pr
ei
dl
r
ou
y
PART II
Lesson 20 Appositives and Appositive Phrases
1.
Washington
gave
heritage
tre
a
m
us (admirers)
en
se
co
ur
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
ambassador
an
nation
us
s
3.
had been
do
hi
president ( John Adams)
O
2.
nd
elected
statesman (Thomas Jefferson)
president
th
e
ex
e
N
th
t
76
Sentence Diagraming
Lesson 20, continued
John Adams
were
Both
and
4.
presidents
son (John Quincy Adams)
hi
s
president
5.
was
Abraham Lincoln (Republican)
a
en
S.
e
te
U.
six
Th
th
Presidents’ Day (holiday)
6.
is celebrated
an
l
ly
na
al
tio
nu
na
a
Washington
It
honors
presidents (
)
tw
and
7.
o
Lincoln
1.
children
planted
Lesson 22 Prepositional Phrases II
garden
1.
Mandy
at
park
th
week
e
st
g
ge
rin
un
e
sunflowers
will volunteer
Du
of
a
yo
Th
th
Visitors
enjoyed
sight
of
e
pe
th
es
garden
e
2.
to
flowers
2.
team
has been working
r
on
er
en
fo
H
ly
ta
al
e
ld
go
ll
ci
th
w
e
ne
Sentence Diagraming
month
a
trails
th
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Lesson 21 Prepositional Phrases I
77
Lesson 23 Prepositional Phrases III
1.
aquarium
Lesson 24 Participles and Participial Phrases I
is being constructed
1.
she
r
source
th
mouth
of
ar
u sing
fo
ne
An
Pa
searched
e
noise
e
e
nn
a
th
of
th
river
o yi
ng
th
e
2.
th
e
br
o k en
ap
r i e n c ed
chain
rh
at
r
s
fo
Th
location
pe
can repair
Pe
perfect
is
ex
site
an
2.
jeweler
e
of
th
attraction
to
a
ur
ist
3.
Everyone
is
happy
w
ith
on
committee
plans
th
th
e
e
design
4.
came
m
e
fro
of
Th
building
architect
th
lo
a
e
ca
l
design
was selected
m
er
fro
H
number
of
a
6.
Students
can get
proposals
passes
e
m
school
to
fre
fro
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5.
aquarium
th
e
in
an
y
state
th
e
78
Sentence Diagraming
Lesson 25 Participles and Participial Phrases II
aircraft
1.
rose
to
c
st
e
people
air
November
of
ng
th
r yi
in
in
fir
Th
ar
e
2.
aircraft
was
1783
basket
a
Th
at
lif
te d
by
balloon
a
3.
balloon
was filled
ith
e
tr u
w
Th
co
ns
cte d
air
ho
t
by
brothers
on
e
M
th
tg
ol
fie
r
4.
i
e
so
Th
ga
engine
nv
led
lin
development
e
1800s
of
th
in
e
aircraft
m
od
te
e
la
th
er
n
5.
brothers
breakthrough
a
rig
W
experiments
e
n ning
made
th
Ru
ht
in
shop
bi
cy
cl
o
r
hi
ei
O
th
e
6.
produced
fo
flight
ar
d
a
th
gh
rw
r
fo
ou
propellor
speed
en
e
engine
ri v
ing
aircraft
d
of
Th
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
to
e nted
ei
r
Sentence Diagraming
79
havin
g
Lesson 26 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I
r
rin
t
d
g
od
ir e
Du
ou
go
a
playoffs
time
th
e
takes
1.
appreciated
e
players
fre
3.
referee
a
Becom
ing
day
Lesson 28 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III
Gaini
ng
expertise
servin
as
referee
th
e
ic
y
o
kl
to
is
r
Ta
easy
s
a’
is
2.
mistake
volleyball
qu
a
1.
g
no
t
Follow
in
g
holdin
g
re
gi
e
on
al
e
energy
to
Th
requires
3.
will permit
th
addition
re
2.
meet
he
f
action
as
t - p a c ed
gym
th
e
winni
ng
Lesson 27 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II
cl
os
e
is
gg
es
seconds
t
fin
al
e
e
th
th
G
oo
d
2.
referee
noticed
so
shovin
g
e
m
Th
and
pushi n
g
e
80
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
bi
ball
y
ith
avoid
M
w
1.
players
thrill
in
3.
game
a
runnin
g
Lesson 29 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV
1.
speaker
kept
attention
videos
ce
by
en
e
di
e
au
th
Th
showi
ng
’s
of
work
hi
s
report
2.
was
remarkable
H
of
is
witnes
s
ing
cheetah
r
a
un
ning
at
speed
to
p
3.
audience
learned
e
ou
Th
ab
choos
ing
t
times
r
od
fo
go
photo
gr
aphing animals
di
ffe
re
is
responsibility
e
e
e
he
r
su
rv
to
iv
cubs
ot
skills
cheetah
m
s t r a ti n g
th
demo
n
of
th
of
Th
al
Learn i
n
g
skills
th
es
e
5.
increases
chances
cu
’
of
e
bs
th
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
nt
job
4.
growi
ng
to
Sentence Diagraming
adulthood
81
Lesson 30 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I
to
no
t
gathered
enough
were
lead
ld
leaders
horrors
or
W
to
peace
a
ld
I's
treaty
negotiate
to
or
W
ar
W
1.
4.
session
produced
will
e
to
th
unite
ly
e
on
al
so
to
Th
terms
debate
World War II
5.
begins
fin
2.
e
of
th
treaty
th
e
3.
leaders
Will fail
to
th
agreement
reach
e
an
Lesson 31 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II
to
1.
brother
history
study
likes
M
y
To
hear
report
th
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
s
on
hi
e
takes
2.
First Continental Congress
minutes
te
n
to
treatment
of
G
re
was
colonies
at
th
an
’s
ic
e
in
er
ita
e
Br
of
Th
representatives
Am
goal
3.
protest
th
e
To
declare
independence
fro
was
goal
of
th
ap
e
pa
England
Second Continental Congress
ly
e
nt
th
re
82
m
4.
Sentence Diagraming
PART III
Lesson 32 Absolute Phrases
1.
residents
h
Th
av
Lesson 33 Compound Sentences I
e
i n g been evacuated
1.
enjoys
football
Mae
prefers
basketball
sa
Lou
fe
ly
firefighters
battled
blaze
th
e
All
friends
m
y
e
h
th
av
i n g been extinguished
prices
co
m
et
outrageous
t
y
ke
el
left
were
tic
pl
People
concert
e
fire
boycotted
th
of
2.
2.
scene
th
Lesson 34 Compound Sentences II
e
Enid
structure
rd
ay
c
t
ei
r
fo
rd
ng
scarce
ab
2.
has grown
population
and
ce
e
Re
of
th
le
Kirkland
nt
ly
searched
fo
in
r
problems
have grown
so
c
w
ot
ffi
r
ne
a
an
tra
al
home
ou
town
r
ou
he
r
et
light
c
e
ffi
er
e
tra
a
th
y
th
el
bought
er
pl
We
p
m
should install
sto
co
city
or
signs
rg
d
r
e
may need
la
at
ol
ou
on
intersection
Th
5.
3.
possessions
g
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
ste
ffi
no
th
b
Af
family
tra
r
e
apartments
serious
were
injuries
ei
a
de
th
4.
accident
but
ol
r
was condemned
were
ye
sister
a ged
he
building
1.
in
Its
d
am
and
3.
furniture
ne
w
Sentence Diagraming
83
t
license
dr
orchestra
iv
er
r
on
he
so
and
piece
or
will have
Enid
wrote
He
a
4.
3.
sh
Lesson 34, continued
’s
ty
e
program
ne
xt
driver
her
its
will make
in
ci
th
experience
that
will play
ut
ly
us
ab
io
r
ob
ca
a
pr
he
began composing
Mozart
4.
as
yo
un
g
ho
se
and
closed
schools
uneventful
Lesson 37 Complex Sentences with Adjective
or Adverb Clauses II
1.
is coming
week
fa
st
ol
e
ho
is
Th
sc
th
study
we
architecture
exam
take
en
tra
e
or
nc
n
contractor
a
buildings
2.
library
is
place
on
th
I
ly
e
e
Th
can study
w
Lesson 36 Complex Sentences with Adjective
or Adverb Clauses I
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
likes
e
he
th
w
may
become
he
w
tly
e
In
a
January
has been
year
Dave
child
th
blizzard
but
2.
ea
y
city
paralyzed
1.
gr
m
Lesson 35 Compound Sentences III
work
admires
a
friend
he
re
is
friend
1.
talented
ve
of
A
mine
ry
who
attends
academy
m
a
us
ic
2.
Gregor
composes
music
r
te
fo
of
n
he
84
likes
poems
that
Sentence Diagraming
Lesson 38 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses III
1.
Richard
has studied
ants
sin
ce
he
was
in
kindergarten
read
he
it
and
2.
W
memorized
he
ne
ve
r
he
found
anything
w
r itte n
ab
ou
t
ants
friends
H
have searched
is
us
e
m
ily
knew
of
fascination
is
ith
s
Richard
w
hi
4.
ants
determined
to
Al
th
expert
become
he
knows
on
gh
an
ou
ants
deal
ad
t
ou
ab
t
ea
re
gr
a
al
y
topic
th
e
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
ca
be
they
t
fa
material
an
r
en
members
fo
ev
and
3.
Sentence Diagraming
85
movie
a
ai
n
that
picture
films
al
w
did
3.
s
se
ay
ho
r
an
tie
th
et
w
pr
a
I
saw
he
film
th
is
er
e
w
mysteries
loves
fu
an
lly
e
th
or
er
m
e
Dave
I
could have imagined
r
rly
he
ea
4.
notice
you
that
ith
score
hear
characters
rio
t
e
va
th
an
en
ou
us
ou
you
are associated
th
ev
ab
city
you
it
w
rarer
saw
themes
As
are
Books
3.
rli
ly
an
ab
us
po
Th
supporters
th
ob
ca
ruled
ea
pr
Be
queen
2.
hit
will be
popular
are
a
painted
e
You
has produced
director
Th
1.
2.
ag
Lesson 39 Complex Sentences
with Adjective or Adverb Clauses IV
might suppose
r
has broadcast
station
4.
Lesson 41 Complex Sentences
with Noun Clauses I
music
cl
scores
runs
os
e
t
has
m
th
station
he
y
in
ot
an
r
wins
1.
United States
game
th
e
th
e
football
I
liked
actress
e
gh
who
villain
years
th
th
e
e
small
played
has changed
er
ou
was
2.
ov
th
th
part
ow
1.
is played
H
Lesson 40 Complex Sentences
with Adjective or Adverb Clauses V
he
r
86
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
an
al
th
er
sic
is
ng
as
lo
Th
Whoever
Lesson 41, continued
Lesson 43 Complex Sentences
with Noun Clauses III
will compete
Who
in
lasted
game
th
e
will be known
ng
r
t
fo
no
so
e
lo
th
3.
That
playoffs
weeks
surprised
se
1.
ve
teams
l
bo
ra
th
said
coach
Whatever
that
du
rin
e
to
th
players
g
th
halftime
e
inspired
4.
play
gr
forecaster
predicts
ea
e
er
ly
th
in
t
Th
ea
r ta
Lesson 44 Complex Sentences
with Noun Clauses IV
will win
medals
1.
Exchange
(you)
m
r
y
w
ith
ho
w
an
he
whoever
is
be
sid
e
you
p e a ng
ki
S
at
rally
2.
assignment
depends
r
on
at
e
u
Yo
se
th
arrive
you
w
3.
winner
may keep
e
or
in
chooses
box
hi
r
ch
e
he
w
ot
th
she
th
e
students
prize
he
Th
Both
and
hope
right
n
e
2.
is
he
she
swimmers
th
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
papers
predicted
Ms. Ames
1.
sunny
w
ce
2.
Lesson 42 Complex Sentences
with Noun Clauses II
swimmers
will be
tomorrow
ev
er
4.
grade
will be affected
u
Yo
you
r
do
l
y
ho
da
el
to
w
by
w
Sentence Diagraming
87
Lesson 45 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V
1.
badge
gave
candidate
ca
a
pa
e
whomever
m
Th
met
he
ig
n
2.
Anita
asked
door
r
answered
whoever
fo
At
house
donation
a
y
e
er
th
ev
Lesson 46 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses VI
she
whomever
is portraying
on
sta
actress
ge
1.
becomes
te
po
od
m
go
A
ra
ril
y
I
film
take
m
y
lly
re
is
ua
he
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
88
Westhaven Photo Mart
us
w
2.
Sentence Diagraming
Lesson 47 Compound-Complex Sentences I
flowers
sent
who
Lesson 48 Compound-Complex Sentences II
they
1.
Have decoded
message
they
are
or
agent
transmitted
What
th
ca
rly
y
us
ve
could identify
it
he
at
is
myself
pleasant
e
moment
to
at
Th
w
i n ning
re
al
ly
but
so
m
on
ar
expect
would like
will arrive
w
a
we
I
goal
e
e
front
3.
score
th
that
th
but
I
will be
happy
as
lo
ng
as
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
store
e
temperature
ill
th
w
by
no
3.
felt
must close
I
first
e
ry
and
and
nobody
be
ea
unusual
left
M
e
was
2.
boss
2.
help
ly
discovered
do need
et
archeologists
they
cr
e
lovely
that
se
wonder
th
I
e
e
th
th
1.
we
Sentence Diagraming
win
89