Download Political Science 261

Political Science 261
Spring 2016
Introduction to Political Psychology
Wednesdays, 10-12
202 Barrows
Professor Laura Stoker
778 Barrows
Tel: (510) 798-7449
Email: [email protected]
Office Hours: Tuesdays 10-12 or by appointment
This course explores the sources of public opinion and political behavior through the application of
psychological theories about personality, learning, cognition, affect, social influence and group dynamics.
You should emerge from the course with a better understanding of the field of political psychology and of the
psychological theories that political scientists incorporate into their research.
Each seminar will center on a critical analysis of the assigned readings for the week. I will begin with
comments on the week’s readings, putting the material in the context of relevant theoretical and
methodological issues. The remaining class time will be spent in discussion. At the end of each seminar, I
will provide a brief preview of the next week’s reading and their relevance.
Assignments and Expectations
1. I expect students to have read the assigned readings each week and to come to class prepared to discuss
them. Most weeks, the readings are a mix of review essays and articles reporting on specific studies. The
reading load is heavy. Through your reading, reflection, and our ensuing class discussion you should aim
to achieve four objectives each week: (1) Mastery. What are the key approaches, theories or arguments,
findings, and disagreements in the literature on this week’s topic(s)? (2) Judgment. What are the
strengths and limitations of the work on this week’s topic(s)? What is missing? What direction for future
research is most fruitful? (3) Integration. How do the ideas and arguments present in the literature on
this week’s topic relate to those found in other literatures? (4) Inspiration. How can you build on the
existing literature to develop your own research agenda?
2. Each week, students will be required to either (1) write a short essay (no longer than one single-spaced
page) responding to the week’s readings, or (2) write one or more discussion prompts inspired by the
week’s readings. The 13 weeks of the semester will be divvied up so that for 7 of them you will write a
short essay and for 6 of them you will submit one or more discussion prompts. I will send around a signup sheet during our first class so that students can choose the weeks that they will contribute essays and
the weeks that they will contribute discussion prompts. Students who are writing essays during a given
week are free to add discussion prompts if so moved.
Short Essays: These essays should try to engage a number of the week's readings, by, for
example: juxtaposing and commenting on alternative explanations or approaches to a
substantive topic; criticizing the methodologies used and proposing other strategies of
research; criticizing the conceptualization and/or measurement of a particular construct;
analyzing the implications of a set of findings; suggesting new questions or hypotheses for
research; developing similarities and contrasts with arguments or research found in the
readings from previous weeks. More generally, these papers should contain an argument,
not a summary or description of the readings.
Discussion Prompts: These prompts should raise substantive and/or methodological
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issues that you would like to see addressed during the class discussion. A good prompt
will pose a question and elaborate a bit, or rephrase the question, to ensure that everyone
in the class will understand the topic you are drawing attention to. The topic could be
anything that strikes you as interesting or important (or annoying or ….). e.g., a matter on
which you would like to see more clarification, a critique you would like the class to
explore, an interesting direction for future research.
Your short essays/discussion prompts should be posted on the “discussion thread” that I have created for
each week on the bCourses site. Using a “discussion thread” enables everyone in the class to read their
peers’ submissions. Your essays should be uploaded as files. Your discussion questions should be entered
directly into the discussion thread. You should post your essay/prompt no later than 5 p.m. on the
Tuesday before each class.
I will also be uploading questions relating to the week’s readings for you to consider.
3. I expect students to have read and reflected on their peers’ essays/discussion prompts before coming to
class. Since the essays/prompts are due by 5 p.m. on Tuesday, you should plan on setting aside some time
on Tuesday evening to read and reflect on your peer’s submissions.
4. Students have the option of writing a 15-20 page final paper or taking a final exam. The paper can take
one of two forms: (1) A proposal for new research, including a research design; or (2) A detailed review of
the literature on a topic addressed more superficially during the semester. The final exam will be modeled
on (and provide practice for) the qualifying exam in the political behavior field. Students will have 6
hours to compose answers to 3 out of 5 questions, closed book. The paper/exam must be turned in by the
end of the finals period, 5/13/2016.
Grades will be based on your (1) in-person contributions to the seminar, (2) weekly assignments (essays
and prompts), and (3) final paper/exam, weighted equally.
Readings
We will read major portions of four books, which you should purchase or borrow.
Philip Tetlock. 2006. Expert Political Judgment. Princeton University Press.
John Zaller. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge University Press.
Bethany Albertson and Shana Kushner Gadarian. 2015. Anxious Politics. Cambridge University Press.
Stanley Milgram. 1975. Obedience to Authority. New York: Harper.
The other course readings can be found on bCourses course site. The outline of topics and readings
follows. Readings listed as “supplemental” are available on the bCourses site but students will not be
expected to have read them.
Week 1 (1/20) Introduction
Week 2 (1/27) Personality and Politics
McClosky, Herbert. 1958. "Conservatism and Personality." American Political Science Review 52: 27-45.
Adorno, T.W., Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel J. Levinson, and R. Nevitt Sanford. 1950. The
Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper & Row. Pps. 473-486, 759-762, 605-622.
Brown, Roger. 2004. “The Authoritarian Personality and the Organization of Attitudes.” In Political
Psychology, eds. John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius, pp. 39-68. New York: Psychology Press.
Feldman, Stanley. 2003. “Enforcing Social Conformity: A Theory of Authoritarianism.” Political
Psychology 24: 41-74.
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Stenner, Karen. 2005. The Authoritarian Dynamic. New York: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 7-8.
Hetherington, Marc J., and Jonathan Daniel Weiler. 2009. Authoritarianism and Polarization in
American Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 1, 5, 6,10.
MacWilliams, Matthew. 2016. “The One Weird Trait that Predicts Whether You’re a Trump Supporter.”
Politico Magazine, 1/17/2016.
Carney, Dana R., John T. Jost, Samuel Gosling, and Jeff Potter. 2008. “The Secret Lives of Liberals and
Conservatives: Personality Profiles, Interaction Styles, and the Things They Leave Behind.’’
Political Psychology, 29: 807-40.
Jackson, Jay W. and Joan R. Poulson. 2005. “Contact Experiences Mediate the Relationship Between
Five-Factor Model Personality Traits and Ethnic Prejudice.” Journal of Applied Social
Psychology, 35: 667-685.
Mondak, Jeffery J. and Matthew V. Hibbing. 2012. “Personality and Public Opinion.” In Adam J.
Berinsky, ed., New Directions in Public Opinion. New York: Routledge.
Pervin, Lawrence A. 1994. "A Critical Analysis of Current Trait Theory." Psychological Inquiry, 5: 103-113
Fiske, D. W. 1994. "Two Cheers for the Big Five!" Psychological Inquiry, 5: 123-124.
Supplemental
Martin, John Levi. 2001. “The Authoritarian Personality, 50 Years Later: What Lessons Are There for
Political Psychology.” Political Psychology 22: 1-24.
Sanford, Nevitt. 1971. "The Approach of the Authoritarian Personality." In Fred I. Greenstein and Michael
Lerner, eds., A Source Book for the Study of Personality and Politics. Chicago: Markham.
Goldberg, L. “An Alternative Description of Personality: The Big Five-Structure.” 1990. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 59: 1216-1229.
Gerber, Alan S., Gregory A. Huber, David Doherty, and Conor M. Dowling. 2011. "The Big Five
Personality Traits in the Political Arena." Annual Review of Political Science, 14: 265-287.
Gerber, Alan S., Gregory A. Huber, David Doherty, Conor M. Dowling, and Shang E. Ha. 2010.
"Personality and Political Attitudes: Relationships across Issue Domains and Political Contexts."
American Political Science Review 104(1): he 111-133.
Jost, John T., Jack Glaser, Arie W. Kruglanski, and Frank J. Sulloway . 2003. “Political Conservatism as
Motivated Social Cognition.” Psychological Bulletin, 129: 339-375
Greenberg, J. and E. Jona, “The Left, the Right and the Rigid: Comment on Jost et al. (2003),
Psychological Bulletin, 129: 376-382.
Jost, John T., Jack Glaser, Arie W. Kruglanski, and Frank J. Sulloway. 2003."Exceptions that Prove the
Rule—Using a Theory of Motivated Social Cognition to Account for Ideological Incongruities and
Political Anomalies: Reply to Greenberg and Jonas (2003)." Psychological Bulletin, 129: 383.
Week 3 (2/3) Politics over the Life-Cycle: Genetics, Biology, and the Family
Stoker, Laura and Jackie Bass. 2013. "Political Socialization: Ongoing Questions and New Directions." In
Robert Y. Shapiro and Lawrence R. Jacobs, ed., Oxford Handbook of American Public Opinion
and the Media. Oxford University Press.
Sears, David O. and C. Funk, C. 1999. Evidence of the Long-Term Persistence of Adults’ Political
Predispositions. Journal of Politics, 61: 1–28.
Jennings, M. Kent, Laura Stoker, and Jake Bowers. 2009. "Politics across Generations: Family
Transmission Reexamined." Journal of Politics 71.03: 782-799.
Hatemi , Peter K., Carolyn L. Funk, Sarah E. Medland, Hermine M. Maes, Judy L. Silberg, Nicholas G.
Martin, and Lindon J. Eaves. 2009. " Genetic and Environmental Transmission of Political
Attitudes over a Life Time." Journal of Politics, 71: 1141–1156
Block, J. and J. Block. 2006. “Nursery School Personality and Political Orientation Two Decades Later.”
Journal of Research in Personality, 40(5):734-749.
Hibbing, John R., Kevin B. Smith, and John R. Alford. 2013. Predisposed: Liberals, Conservatives, and
the Biology of Political Differences. Routledge. Chs. 4-7.
Helzer, Erik G. and David A. Pizarro. 2011. "Dirty Liberals: Reminders of Physical Cleanliness Influence
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Moral and Political Attitudes." Psychological Science, 22: 517-522.
Oxley, Douglas R. et al. 2008. “Political Attitudes Vary with Physiological Traits.” Science, 321
(September 19, 2008), 1667-1670.
Supplemental
M. Kent Jennings and Laura Stoker. 2005. “Political Similarity and Influence between Husbands and
Wives.” In Alan S. Zuckerman, ed., The Social Logic of Politics: Personal Networks as Contexts
for Political Behavior. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Alford, John R., Peter K. Hatemi, John R. Hibbing, Nicholas G. Martin, and Lindon J. Eaves. 2011. The
Politics of Mate Choice." Journal of Politics, 73: 362-379.
David O. Sears and Nicholas A. Valentino. 1997. “Politics Matters: Political Events as Catalysts for
Preadult Socialization.” American Political Science Review, 91: 45-65.
Sears, David O. 1983. "The Persistence of Early Political Predispositions: The Roles of Attitude Object and
Life Stage." In L. Wheeler and P. Shaver, eds., Review of Personality and Social Psychology (iv).
Beverly Hills: Sage.
Sears, David O. and Christia Brown. 2013. “Childhood and Adult Political Development.” 2013. In Leonie
Huddy, David O. Sears and Jack S. Levy, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology: Second
Edition. Oxford University Press.
Stoker, Laura, and M. Kent Jennings. 2008. "Of Time and the Development of Partisan
Polarization." American Journal of Political Science 52.3: 619-635.
Theodore M. Newcomb. 1965. “Attitude Development as a Function of Reference Groups: The Bennington
Study.” In Basic Studies in Social Psychology, eds. H. Proshansky and B. Seidenberg. New York: Holt,
Rinehart, and Winston.
Week 4 (2/10) The Great Rationality Debate: The Role of Self-Interest
Tetlock, Philip. 2002. “Social-Functionalist Metaphors for Judgment and Choice: The Intuitive
Politician, Theologian, and Prosecutor.” Psychological Review 109, 451-471.
Matthew Rabin. 1998. “Psychology and Economics.” Journal of Economic Literature, 36: 11-46.
Citrin, Jack and Donald Green. 1990. “The Self-Interest Motive in American Public Opinion.” In S. Long,
ed., Research in Micropolitics, 3: 1-28.
Bartels, Larry M. 2005. “Homer Gets a Tax Cut: Inequality and Public Policy in the American Mind.”
Perspectives on Politics, 3: 15-31.
Lupia, Arthur, Adam Seth Levine, Jesse O. Menning, and Gisela Sin. 2007. "Were Bush Tax Cut Supporters
'Simply Ignorant?' A Second Look at Conservatives and Liberals in 'Homer Gets a Tax Cut.'" Perspectives on
Politics, 5: 773 – 784.
Bartels, Larry M. 2007. "Homer Gets a Warm Hug: A Note on Ignorance and Extenuation."
Perspectives on Politics, 5: 785 – 790.
Darke, Peter R. and Shelly Chaiken. 2005. “In Pursuit of Self-Interest: Self-Interest Bias in Attitude
Judgment and Persuasion.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89: 864-83.
Erikson, Robert S., and Laura Stoker. "Caught in the Draft: The Effects of Vietnam Draft Lottery Status on
Political Attitudes." American Political Science Review 105(2): 221-37.
Supplemental
Green, Donald and Ian Shapiro. 1994. Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory. Yale University Press. Chs.
2, 3.
Ferejohn, John and Debra Satz. 1995. “Unification, Universalism, and Rational Choice Theory.”
Critical Review, 9: 71-84.
Fiorina, Morris. 1995. “Rational Choice, Empirical Contributions, and the Scientific Enterprise.”
Critical Review, 9: 85-94.
Green, Donald and Ian Shapiro. 1995. "Pathologies revisited: Reflections on our critics." Critical
Review, 9: 235-276
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Sen, Amartya. 1977. “Rational Fools: A Critique of the Behavioral Foundations of Economic Theory,”
Philosophy & Public Affairs, 6: 317-344.
Lau, Richard R. and Caroline Heldman. 2009. "Self-Interest, Symbolic Attitudes, and Support for Public
Policy: A Multilevel Analysis." Political Psychology, 30: 513-537.
Hooghe, Liesbet and Gary Marks. 2005. "Calculation, Community and Cues: Public Opinion on
European Integration." European Union Politics, 6: 419-443.
Stoker, Laura. 2007. " Reconsidering Self-Interest Effects on Public Opinion." Unpublished manuscript.
Week 5 (2/17) The Great Rationality Debate: Information Processing Reasoning, and
Judgment I
Smith, Eliot R., and Jamie DeCoster. "Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology:
Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems." Personality and Social
Psychology Review 4.2 (2000): 108-131.
Kahneman, Daniel. 2011. Thinking, Fast and Slow. NY: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Chs. 2-7.
Kahneman, Daniel. 2003. "Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics (Nobel
address)." American Economic Review 93(5): 1449-75.
Gigerenzer, G., Czerlinski, J., & Martignon, L. 2002. “How Good are Fast and Frugal Heuristics?,” pp.
559-581. In Gilovich, T., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. (Eds.), Heuristics and Biases: The
Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Haidt, J. 2001. “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral
Judgment”, Psychological Review, 108: 814-834.
Bargh, John A., & Erin L. Williams (2006). “The Automaticity of Social life.” Current Directions in
Psychological Science, 15(1): 1-4.
Druckman, James N. 2014. "Pathologies of Studying Public Opinion, Political Communication, and
Democratic Responsiveness." Political Communication, 31.3: 467-492.
Kuklinski, James and Paul Quirk. 2000. “Reconsidering the Rational Public: Cognition, Heuristics, and
Mass Opinion.” In Arthur Lupia, Matthew D. McCubbins, and Samuel L. Popkin (eds.) Elements of
Reason, pp. 153-182.
Delli-Carpini, Michael X. 2009. “The Psychology of Civic Learning.” In Eugene, Borgida, Christopher M.
Federico, and John L. Sullivan (eds.), The Political Psychology of Democratic Citizenship.
Oxford University Press. Chapter 2, pp. 23-51.
Supplemental
Quattrone, G. and A. Tversky. 1988. “Contrasting Rational and Psychological Analyses of Political Choice,
American Political Science Review, 82, 716-736.
Tetlock, P.E. & Mellers, B. 2002. “The Great Rationality Debate: The Impact of the Kahneman and
Tversky Research Program.” Psychological Science, 13(1): 94-99.
Pizarro, David A. and Paul Bloom. 2003. "The Intelligence of the Moral Intuitions: Comment on Haidt
(2001)." Psychological Review, 110: 193-196.
Haidt, Jonathan. 2003. "The Emotional Dog Does Learn New Tricks: A Reply to Pizarro and Bloom
(2003)." Psychological Review, 110: 197–198.
Lupia, Arthur. 1994. “Shortcuts versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California
Insurance Reform Elections.” American Political Science Review 88, 63-7.
Week 6 (2/24) Information Processing Reasoning, and Judgment II
Macrae, Neil C. and Galen V. Bodenhausen. 2000. “Social Cognition: Thinking Categorically about
Others.” Annual Review of Psychology, 51: 93-120
Abelson, Robert. 1959. "Modes of Resolution to Belief Dilemmas." Journal of Conflict Resolution, 343-352.
Lord, Charles. G., Lee Ross, and Mark R. Lepper. 1979. “Biased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization:
t he Effects of Prior Theories on Subsequently Considered Evidence.’’ Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology 37 (November): 2098-2109.
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Tormala, Zakary L., Joshua J. Clarkson, and Richard E. Petty. 2006. "Resisting Persuasion by the Skin of
One's Teeth: the Hidden Success of Resisted Persuasive Messages." Journal of personality and
social psychology 91.3: 423.
Taber, Charles S., and Milton Lodge. 2006. "Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political
Beliefs." American Journal of Political Science 50.3: 755-769
Bolsen, Toby, James N. Druckman, and Fay Lomax Cook. 2014. “The Influence of Partisan Motivated
Reasoning on Public Opinion,” Political Behavior, 36: 235-262.
Leeper, Thomas J., and Rune Slothuus. "Political Parties, Motivated Reasoning, and Public Opinion
Formation." Political Psychology 35.S1 (2014): 129-15.
Hewstone, M., F. D. Fincham, and J. Foster. 2005. Psychology. Malden, MA: BPS Blackwell. .pp. 369382 of Chapter 17 (on attribution, schemas, sterotypes).
Taylor, Shelley E. and Jennifer Crocker. 1981. "Schematic Bases of Social Information Processing." In
Social Cognition: The Ontario Symposium, eds. E. Higgins, et al. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Lodge, Milton and Ruth Hamil. 1986. "A Partisan Schema for Political Information Processing." American
Political Science Review, 80:515-519
Eberhardt, Jennifer L., Phillip Atiba Goff, Valerie J. Purdie, and Paul G. Davies. 2004. “Seeing Black: Race,
Crime, and Visual Processing.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87: 876-893
Supplemental
Aronson, Elliot. 2011. Chapter 4: “Social Cognition.” In The Social Animal. 11th ed. New York: Worth
Publishers.
Redlaws, D. A. Cevettini, and K. Emmerson, “The Affective Tipping point: Do Motivated Reasoners Ever
Get It?” Political Psychology, 31: 563-593.
Ross, Lee. 1977. "The Intuitive Psychologist and his Shortcomings: Distortions in the Attribution Process."
In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. Leonard Berkowitz. Vol. 10.
Westen, Drew, Pavel S. Blagov, Keith Harenski, Clint Kilts, and Stephan Hammann. 2006. “Neural Bases
of Motivated Reasoning: An fMRI Study of Emotional Constraints on Partisan Political Judgment
in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18: 1947-1958.
Hamilton, David L. 1979. "A Cognitive Attributional Analysis of Stereotyping." In Advances in
Experimental Social Psychology, ed. Leonard Berkowitz. Vol. 12.
Bullock, John G. 2009. “Partisan Bias and the Bayesian Ideal in the Study of Public Opinion.’’ Journal of
Politics 71 (July): 1109-24.
Week 7 (3/2) Emotions
Albertson, Bethany and Shana Kushner Gadarian. 2015. Anxious Politics. Cambridge University Press.
Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchings, Antoine J. Banks, and Anne K. Davis. 2008. "Is a Worried
Citizen a Good Citizen? Emotions, Political Information Seeking, and Learning via the
Internet." Political Psychology, 29: 247-273.
Brader, Ted. 2005. “Striking a Responsive Chord: How Political Ads Motivate and Persuade Voters by
Appealing to Emotions.” American Journal of Political Science, 49: 388-405.
Exchange in Political Psychology:
Ladd, Jonathan McDonald, and Gabriel S. Lenz. 2008. "Reassessing the Role of Anxiety in Vote
Choice." Political Psychology 29(2): 275-96.
Marcus, George E., Michael MacKuen, and W. Russell Neuman. "Parsimony and Complexity:
Developing and Testing Theories of Affective Intelligence." Political Psychology 32(2):
323-36.
Brader, Ted. "The Political Relevance of Emotions: “Reassessing” Revisited." Political Psychology
32(2): 337-46.
Ladd, Jonathan McDonald, and Gabriel S. Lenz. "Does Anxiety Improve Voters' Decision
Making?" Political Psychology 32(2): 347-61.
Supplemental
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Marcus, G. E. and Michael MacKuen. 1993. “Anxiety, Enthusiasm, and the Vote: The Emotional
Underpinnings of Learning and Involvement during Presidential Campaigns,” American Political
Science Review, 8: 672-685.
Marcus, George E., W. Russell Neuman, and Michael MacKuen. 2000. Affective Intelligence and Political
Judgment, Chapter 3 (“Drawing from the Neurosciences”) and 4 (“Dual Affective Subsystems:
Disposition and Surveillance”). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Huddy, L. S. Feldman, and E. Cassesse, “On the Distinct Political Effects of Anxiety and Anger.” In The
Affect Effect, eds. W. Russell Neuman, George E. Marcus, Ann N. Crigler, and Michael MacKuen.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 202-230.
Week 8 (3/9) The Foundations of Attitudes
Bizer, George Y., et al. 2006. "Memory-Based versus On-Line Processing: Implications for Attitude
Strength." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology42.5: 646-653.
Fazio, R. and M. Olson, “Implicit Measures in Social Cognition.” Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 54,
2003.
Ajzen, I. 2012. The Theory of Planned Behavior. In P. A. M. Lange, A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins
(Eds.), Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 438-459). London, UK: Sage.
Zajonc, Robert B. and Hazel Markus. 1982. “Affective and Cognitive Factors in Preferences.” The
Journal of Consumer Research, 9: 123-131.
Healy, Andrew J., Neil Malhotra, and Cecilia Hyunjung Mo. 2010. "Irrelevant Events Affect Voters'
Evaluations of Government Performance." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107.29:
12804-12809.
Todorov, Alexander, Anesu N. Mandisodza, Amir Goren, and Crystal C. Hall. 2005. "Inferences of
Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes." Science 308(5728): 1623-26.
Sullivan, Denis G., and Roger D. Masters. "" Happy Warriors": Leaders' Facial Displays, Viewers'
Emotions, and Political Support." American Journal of Political Science (1988): 345-368.
Bailenson, Jeremy N., et al. "Facial similarity between voters and candidates causes influence." Public
Opinion Quarterly 72.5 (2008): 935-961.
Michael A. Olson and Russell H. Fazio. 2001. “Implicit Attitude Formation through Classical
Conditioning.” Psychological Science, 12: 413-417.
Feinberg, Matthew and Robb Willer. 2013. "The Moral Roots of Environmental Attitudes."
Psychological Science, 24: 56–62.
Sears, David O. “Symbolic Politics: A Socio-Psychological Theory.” 1993. In Shanto Iyengar and William
James McGuire, eds., Explorations in Political Psychology. (pp. 113-149). Durham, NC, US: Duke
University Press.
McGraw, Kathleen M. and Thomas M. Dolan. 2007. “Personifying the State: Consequences for Attitude
Formation.” Political Psychology, 28: 299-327.
Chong, Dennis, and James N. Druckman. 2010. "Dynamic Public Opinion: Communication Effects over
Time." American Political Science Review 104.04: 663-680.
Supplemental
Ajzen, I. 2011. The theory of planned behavior: Reactions and reflections. Psychology & Health, 26 (9),
1113-1127.
Achen, Christopher H., and Larry M. Bartels. 2012. "Blind Retrospection: Why Shark Attacks are Bad for
Democracy." Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, Vanderbilt University. Working
Paper (2012).
Briñol, Pablo, and Richard E. Petty. 2003. "Overt Head Movements and Persuasion: a Self-Validation
Analysis." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84.6: 1123.
Haight, Jonathan. 2012. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.
Pantheon. Chs. 1-3, 7-13.
Soroka, Stuart N. 2014. Negativity in Democratic Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press. Chs.
7
1-3.
Week 9 (3/16) Political Information, Public Opinion, and Ideology
Converse, Philip E. 1964. “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics (1964)." Critical Review 18.1-3
(2006): 1-74.
Zaller, John. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Chs. 1-5.
Alvarez, R. Michael and John Brehm. 2002. Hard Choices, Easy Answers. Chs. 1-5.
Articles by Zaller; Feldman, Huddy and Marcus; Kam; and Goren in the 2013 special issue of Critical
Review on "The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion after 20 Years" (vol. 24, no. 4). Skim Zaller
at least. Peruse the rest only if you have the time and inclinations.
Ansolabehere, Stephen, Jonathan Rodden, and James M. Snyder, Jr. 2008. “The Strength of Issues:
Using Multiple Measures to Gauge Preference Stability, Ideological Constraint, and Issue Voting.”
American Political Science Review 102(2): 215-232.
Broockman, David E. 2014. "An Artificial ‘Disconnect’? Unpublished paper.
Supplemental
Converse and his Critics in Critical Review (Vol. 18, 2006) Special Issue on Democratic Competence:
Converse, Philip E. “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics (1964)”, pp. 1-74.
Althaus, Scott L. “False Starts, Dead Ends, and New Opportunities in Public Opinion Research,”
pp. 75-104
Bennett, Stephen Earl. “Democratic Competence before Converse and After,” pp. 105-141.
Kinder, Donald R. “Belief Systems Today,” pp. 197-216.
Popkin, Samuel L. “The Factual Basis of ‘Belief Systems’: A Reassessment,” pp. 233-254.
Converse, Philip E. “Democratic Theory and Electoral Reality,” pp. 197-239
Gilens, Martin. 2012. “Two-Thirds Full? Citizen Competence and Democratic Governance.” In Adam J.
Berinsky, ed., New Directions in Public Opinion. New York: Routledge. Chapter 3, pp. 52-76.
Federico, Christopher M. 2012. “Ideology and Public Opinion.” In Adam J. Berinsky, ed., New
Directions in Public Opinion. New York: Routledge. Chapter 4, pp. 79-100.
Layman, Geoffrey C. and Thomas M. Carsey (2002), “Party Polarization and ‘Conflict Extension’ in the
American Electorate,” American Journal of Political Science (46:4), pp.786-802
Carsey, Thomas M. and Geoffrey C. Layman (2006), “Changing Sides or Changing Minds? Party
Identification and Policy Preferences in the American Electorate,” American Journal of Political
Science (50:2), pp.464-477
Stimson, James A. 1999. Public Opinion in America: Moods, Cycles, and Swings, Second Edition.
Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Chs. 1-2.
Week 10 (3/30) Social Influence
Aronson, Elliot. 2011. Chapter 2: "Conformity." In The Social Animal. 11th ed., New York: Worth
Publishers.
Magee, Joe C., and Adam D. Galinsky. 2008. "Social Hierarchy: The Self‐Reinforcing Nature of Power
and Status." The Academy of Management Annals, 2.1: 351-398.
Milgram, Stanley. 1974. Obedience to Authority, New York: Harper and Row. Chs. 1-9.
Burger, Jerry M. 2009. “Replicating Milgram: Would People Still Obey Today?’’ American Psychologist
64.
Fein, Steven, George R. Goethals, and Matthew B. Kugler. 2007. "Social Influence on Political Judgments:
The Case of Presidential Debates." Political Psychology, 28.2: 165-192.
Cialdini, Robert B., Raymond R. Reno, and Carl A. Kallgren. 1990. “A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct:
Recycling the Concept of Norms to Reduce Littering in Public Places.” Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 58: 1015-1026.
Goldstein, Noah J., Robert B. Cialdini, and Vladas Griskevicius. 2008. "A Room with a Viewpoint: Using
Social Norms to Motivate Environmental Conservation in Hotels." Journal of Cconsumer
8
Research 35.3 (2008): 472-482.
Bond, Robert M., Christopher J. Fariss, Jason J. Jones, Adam DI Kramer, Cameron Marlow, Jaime E.
Settle, and James H. Fowler. 2012. "A 61-Million-Person Experiment in Social Influence and
Political Mobilization." Nature 489, no. 7415: 295-298.
Centola, Damon. 2010. "The Spread of Behavior in an Online Social Network
Experiment." Science 329.5996: 1194-1197.
Gerber, Alan S., Donald P. Green, and Christopher W. Larimer. 2008. “Social Pressure and Voter
Turnout: Evidence from a Large-Scale Field Experiment." American Political Science Review
102: 33-48.
Broockman, David and Joshua Kalla. 2016. “Durably Reducing Transphobia: A Field Experiment on
Door-to-Door Canvassing.”
Supplemental
Berns, Gregory S., Jonathan Chappelow, Caroline F. Zink, Giuseppe Pagnoni, Megan E. Martin-Skurski,
and Jim Richards. 2005. “Neurobiological Correlates of Social Conformity and Independence
during Mental Rotation.” Biological Psychiatry, 58: 245-253.
Rolfe, Meredith. 2013. Voter Turnout: A Social Theory of Political Participation. Cambridge University
Press. Selected chapters.
Week 11 (4/6) Social Identity and Group Conflict
Brown, Roger. 1986. “Ethnocentrism and Hostility.” Chapter 15 (pp. 541-585) in Social Psychology,
Second Edition. New York: The Free Press.
Sherif, Muzafer. 1958. "Superordinate Goals in the Reduction of Intergroup Conflict." American Journal
of Sociology, 349-356.
Tajfel, H., and J. C. Turner. 1986. “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior.” In S. Worchel and
W. G. Austin (eds.). Psychology of Intergroup Relations. pp 7-24.
Huddy, Leonie. 2001. "From Social to Political Identity: A Critical Examination of Social Identity
Theory." Political Psychology, 22: 127-156.
Simon, B. and B. Klandermans. 2001. “Politicized Collective Identity.” American Psychologist, 56, 319351.
Brewer, M. 2001. “The Many Faces of Social Identity: Implications for Political Psychology.” Political
Psychology, 22(1):115-125.
Iyengar, Shanto, Gaurav Sood, and Yphtach Lelkes. 2012. "Affect, not Ideology: a Social Identity
Perspective on Polarization." Public Opinion Quarterly, 76.3: 405-431.
Iyengar, Shanto, and Sean J. Westwood. 2014. "Fear and Loathing across Party Lines: New Evidence on
Group Polarization." American Journal of Political Science, 59: 690-707.
Gaertner, Samuel L., John F. Dovidio, Jason A. Nier, Christine M. Ward, and Brenda S. Baker. 1999.
“Across Cultural Divides: The Value of a Superordinate Identity.” In Deborah A. Prentice and Dale T.
Miller, (eds.), Cultural Divides. Russell Sage.
Citrin, Jack and David O. Sears. 2009. “Balancing National and Ethnic Identities: The Psychology of E
Pluribus Unum.” In Rawi Abdelal, Yoshiko M. Herrera, Alastair Iain Johnston, and Rose
McDermott (eds.), Measuring Identity, pp. 145-174.
Citrin, Jack, Amy Lerman, Michael Murakami, and Kathryn Pearson. 2007. "Testing Huntington: Is
Hispanic Immigration a Threat to American Identity?” Perspectives on Politics, 5: 31-48.
Supplemental
Darley, John M.. 1992. “Social Organization for the Production of Evil.” Psychological Inquiry, 3, 199218.
Abdelal, Rawi, Yoshiko M. Herrera, Alastair Iain Johnston, and Rose McDermott. 2009. “Identity as a
Variable.” In Rawi Abdelal, Yoshiko M. Herrera, Alastair Iain Johnston, and Rose McDermott
(eds.), Measuring Identity. Chapter 1, pp. 17-32.
9
Elkins, Zachary and J. Sides. 2007. “Can Institutions Build Unity in Multiethnic States?” American
Political Science Review 101(4): 693-708.
Huddy, Leonie and Nadia Khatib. 2007. " American Patriotism, National Identity, and Political
Involvement." American Journal of Political Science, 51: 63–77.
Week 12 (4/13) The Great Racism Debate
Sears, David O., Jim Sidanius, and Lawrence Bobo (eds.). 2000. Racialized Politics: The Debate about
Racism in America. University of Chicago Press. Chs. 1,2,3,5,7,8.
Kuklinski, James H., Paul M. Sniderman, Kathleen Knight, Thomas Piazza, Philip E. Tetlock, Lawrence,
Gordon R., and Barbara Mellers. 1997. “Racial Prejudice and Attitudes toward Affirmative
Action.” American Journal of Political Science, 41: 402-419.
Sears, David O. and P. J. Henry. 2005. “Over Thirty Years Later: A Contemporary Look at Symbolic
Racism. In Mark P. Zanna (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 37.
Sniderman, Paul M. and Edward G. Carmines. 1999. Reaching Beyond Race. Chs. 2, 5. Harvard
University Press.
Tessler, Michael and David O. Sears. 2009. "Barack Obama and the Two Sides of Symbolic Racism:
Explaining the Effects of Racial Resentment in the Primaries and Beyond. 2009 MPSA Paper."
Hutchings, Vincent L. 2009. "Change or More of the Same? Evaluating Racial Attitudes in the Obama
Era." Public Opinion Quarterly, 73: 917-942.
Pasek, Josh et al. 2009. "Determinants of Turnout and Candidate Choice in the 2008 Presidential
Election: Illuminating the Impact of Racial Prejudice and Other Considerations." Public Opinion
Quarterly, 73: 943-994.
Tessler, Michael and David O. Sears. 2010. "Is the Obama Presidency Post Racial? Evidence from his
First Year in Office." 2010 MPSA paper.
Valentino, Nicholas A. and Ted Brader. 2011. "The Sword's Other Edge: Perceptions of Discrimination
and Racial Policy Opinion after Obama." Public Opinion Quarterly, 75: 201-226.
Highton, Benjamin. 2011. "Prejudice Rivals Partisanship and Ideology When Explaining the 2008
Presidential Vote across the States." PS: Political Science & Politics 44(3): 530-35.
Berinsky, Adam J., Vincent L. Hutchings, Tali Mendelberg, Lee Shaker, and Nicholas A. Valentino. 2011.
"Sex and Race: Are Black Candidates More Likely to Be Disadvantaged by Sex Scandals?" Political
Behavior 33(2): 179-202.
Supplemental
Sommers, Samuel R. 2006. “On Racial Diversity and Group Decision Making: Identifying Multiple
Effects of Racial Composition on Jury Deliberations.’’ Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology 90 (4): 597-612.
Gilens, Martin. 1996. "'Race-Coding' and White Opposition to Welfare." American Political Science
Review, 90: 593-604.
Mendelberg, Tali. 1997. “Executing Hortons: Racial Crime in the 1988 Presidential Campaign.” Public
Opinion Quarterly: Special Issue on Race 61: 134-157.
Huber, Gregory A. & John S. Lapinski (2006) "The ‘Race Card’ Revisited: Assessing Racial
Priming in Policy Contests." American Journal of Political Science, 50(2): 421-440.
Mendelberg: 2008. "Racial Priming Revived.” Perspectives on Politics, 6 (1): 109-123.
Huber & Lapinski: 2008. "Testing the Implicit-Explicit Model of Racialized Political
Communication." Perspectives on Politics, 6 (1): 125-134.
Mendelberg: “Racial Priming: Issues in Research Design and Interpretation.” Perspectives on
Politics, 6 (1): 135-140.
Week 13 (4/20) Mass Media Influence
Tesler, Michael and John Zaller. “The Power of Political Communication.” Unpublished manuscript.
10
Scheufele, Dietram A., and David Tewksbury. 2007. "Framing, Agenda setting, and Priming: The
Evolution of Three Media Effects Models." Journal of communication 57: 9-20.
Weaver, David H. "Thoughts on Agenda Setting, Framing, and Priming." Journal of Communication 57.1
(2007): 142-147.
Scheufele, Dietram A., and Shanto Iyengar. 2012. "The State of Framing Research: A Call for New
Directions." The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication Theories. New York: Oxford University
Press (2012).
Baum, Matthew. 2002. Sex, Lies, and War: How Soft News Brings Foreign Policy to the Inattentive
Public. American Political Science Review 96: 91-109.
Mutz, Diana. 2007. “Effects of In-Your-Face Television on Perceptions of a Legitimate Opposition,”
American Political Science Review, 101: 621-635.
Iyengar, Shanto, Kyu S. Hahn, Jon A. Krosnick, and John Walker. 2008. “Selective Exposure to
Campaign Communication.’’ Journal of Politics 70 (January): 186-200.
Zaller. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Publics. Chs. 6, 8, 9
Cobb and Kuklinski. 1997. “Changing Minds: Political Arguments and Political Persuasion.” American
Journal of Political Science, 41(1): 88-121.
Hetherington, Marc J. and Michael Nelson. 2003. “Anatomy of a Rally Effect: George W. Bush and the
War on Terrorism.” PS, January 2003.
Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchings, & Ismail K. White. 2002. “Cues That Matter: How political
Ads Prime Racial Attitudes during Campaigns.” American Political Science Review, 96:75-90.
Lenz, Gabriel S. 2009. "Learning and Opinion Change, Not Priming: Reconsidering the Priming
Hypothesis." American Journal of Political Science, 53: 821–837
Druckman, James N., Erik Peterson, and Rune Slothuus. 2013. "How Elite Partisan Polarization Affects
Public Opinion Formation." American Political Science Review, 107: 57-79.
.Druckman, James N., Cari Lynn Hennessy, Kristi St Charles, and Jonathan Webber. "Competing rhetoric
over time: Frames versus cues." The Journal of Politics 72, no. 01 (2010): 136-148.
Iyengar, Shanto, and Kyu S. Hahn. 2009. Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in
Media Use." Journal of Communication 59.1 (2009): 19-39.
Supplemental
Downs, Anthony. 1972. "Up and Down with Ecology—the 'Issue-Attention Cycle'." Public Interest, 28:
39-50.
Chong, Dennis, and James N. Druckman. 2010. "Dynamic Public Opinion: Communication Effects over
Time." American Political Science Review 104.04: 663-680.
Scheufele, Dietram A. 2000. "Agenda-setting, Priming, and Framing revisited: Another Look at Cognitive
Effects of Political Communication." Mass Communication & Society 3.2-3: 297-316.
Krosnick, Jon and Donald Kinder. 1990. “Altering the Foundations of Support for the President through
Priming.” American Political Science Review, 84:497-512.
Week 14 (4/27) Expert Political Judgment
Tetlock, Philip. Expert Political Judgment. Chs. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8.
Kahneman, Daniel. 2011. Thinking, Fast and Slow. NY: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Chs. 21 22.
Jervis, Robert. 2004. “The Drunkard’s Search.” In Political Psychology, eds. John T. Jost and Jim
Sidanius, pp. 259-270. New York: Psychology Press.
Tetlock, Philip E. 1998. "Social Psychology and World Politics." Handbook of Social Psychology 4: 868914.
Janis, Irving. 1972. Victims of Groupthink. Chapter 1, 2, 8. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Supplemental
Jervis, R. 2006. “Understanding Beliefs,” Political Psychology 27:641-663.
Kanwisher, Nancy. 1989. "Cognitive Heuristics and American Security Policy." Journal of Conflict
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Resolution, 33: 33: 652-675.
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