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Week 12 of 32 • Page 4
Week 12 of 32 • Page 1
Across
3. British lieutenant governor
5. town near training camp for Clark’s
army
7. tough biscuit made and eaten on ships
and the frontier
Down
1. young American Indian woman guide who
traveled with Lewis and Clark
2. when you fool someone into thinking you
have something you don’t
4. American Indian nickname for George
Rogers Clark
6. capital city; home of the signing of
many treaties
8. we’re lucky Hamilton didn’t _____
Clark’s bluff
Synonyms
Synonyms are words that have the same or
almost the same meanings.
Learning synonyms for common words is
important. Synonyms build your vocabulary.
They can make your writing more interesting
(alluring, compelling, fascinating) to read.
Below, you will find a common (ordinary,
average, passable) fairy tale. Work with a
partner to find synonyms for as many words
as possible. Rewrite the fairytale using your
favorite synonyms.
Do you want to find synonyms on the
computer? Use this Web site to see what you
can find: http://thesaurus.reference.com
Goldilocks and the Three Bears
Once upon a time, there were three bears. They lived
in the forest in a cute little cottage. There was a big papa
bear, a middle-sized mama bear, and a little baby bear.
One chilly morning, mama bear stirred up some porridge.
It was too hot to eat, so they went for a walk in the
forest.
While they were out, Goldilocks came right in. She saw
the porridge on the table and, forgetting her manners,
Alaska is home to both the northernmost and
westernmost point in the United States. The
northernmost is in Point Barrow and the westernmost
is Cape Wrangell. It is also home to the highest point
in the United States (Mt. McKinley).
If you’d like to make any editorial comments about
our paper, please write to us at
[email protected].
sat down to eat.
“Wow,” said Goldilocks, “this big bowl is really hot.”
She tasted the porridge in the middle-sized bowl. It was
cold.
“Oh my heart,” she said, “this bowl of porridge is too
cold.” Then she spied a little bowl. She took a little bite.
“Yummy!” she squeaked. It was just right. With a big
smile on her face, she ate all of the porridge. It was just
perfect for a crisp fall morning.
Vol. 9 Issue 2
Second Quarter
Week 12
• Treaty of Paris
• Perseverance
• Muskrat
Clark Joins the Revolution
“T
he redcoats are coming! The redcoats
are coming!” The American
Revolution was mostly fought in the
East. But the Midwest was also a
battleground. This area was British
because of the 1763 Treaty of Paris.
Many of the old French forts were
being used by the British to protect
their land. The British wanted their
American Indian friends to attack
settlements in Kentucky. They even
paid the American Indians for each
scalp they took.
The story of the revolution in
the Midwest is really the story
of George Rogers Clark. He was
24 years old when the American
Revolution began. Clark was tall
and had long, red hair. He dressed in
deerskin and was an excellent hunter
and fighter. The American Indians
called him “Long Knife.”
George Rogers Clark was a young
surveyor from Virginia and Kentucky.
He enjoyed living on the frontier, but
his conscience told him he needed to
do something to help the birth of his new
nation, the United States of America. He got the approval
of American leaders in Virginia to fight the British in the west. In
1777, Clark was made a lieutenant colonel of the Virginia militia.
He then gathered 170 volunteers to serve as his army. He trained
them on an island in the Ohio River near Jeffersonville, Indiana.
Clark led his men on an expedition across Illinois and Indiana,
THIS WEEK
Revolutionary
War in Indiana
where they defeated both the British
and the American Indians. George
Rogers Clark played an important
part in paving the way to both
freedom for the United States and
the establishment of the up-andcoming Northwest Territory.
George Rogers Clark’s life did
not end happily. He eventually
retired from military service and
returned to Kentucky. During
his final years, he lived alone
and in poverty in his home near
Louisville, Kentucky. He was bitter
toward Virginia for not paying him
a pension. He died in 1818.
The Road NOT Taken
The new United States
government asked George Rogers
Clark to explore the land west of the
Mississippi River. No one knew what
was between the United States and
the Pacific Ocean at that time — can
you imagine? For reasons of his own,
Clark refused. Twenty years later, his
younger brother William took the job.
William Clark, along with Meriwether Lewis
and 48 other men, traveled from St. Louis to the Pacific Ocean. A
young American Indian woman guide, Sacajawea, also accompanied
them. The Lewis and Clark expedition discovered many things about
weather, plants, animals and American Indians. Their travels helped
open the West to future settlers.
Popcorn: An Explosive Indian Snack
Popcorn is one of America’s favorite
snacks. Today, the average American eats
about 70 quarts of the fluffy kernels each year.
You may already know that popcorn tastes
great at the movies, at the amusement park,
or even in your own living room, but did you
know that most of the world’s popcorn comes
from either Indiana or Nebraska?
Indiana produces more than 269 million
pounds of popcorn per year, more than any
other state, except Nebraska. The top popcorn
producing counties in Indiana include White,
Pulaski, Fulton, Tipton and Daviess. Indiana
is also home to several popcorn companies
including the Orville Redenbacher Popcorn
Company, Ramsey Popcorn Inc. and Weaver
Popcorn. The popcorn produced here is
shipped to snack lovers all over the world.
A popcorn kernel is actually a seed
with a tiny plant inside, waiting to grow.
When a popcorn kernel is heated to a high
temperature, the moisture in the plant turns to
steam and the kernel pops. The fluffy, white
insides of the popcorn seed becomes the
popcorn we love to eat.
When Columbus first arrived in the
Americas, he found the natives eating
popcorn, as well as wearing it as a headdress.
The American Indians brought bags of
popcorn to the first Thanksgiving celebration
and the Pilgrims enjoyed it as much as we do,
although they often ate it in a different way.
A cob of dried popcorn would be placed on a
stick, oiled and then roasted over a fire until
the corn popped. The popcorn could then be
eaten right off the cob.
Today, we enjoy our popcorn with butter,
salt, caramel, cheese, sugar and even hot
pepper sauce. No matter which flavor your
prefer, popcorn continues to be one of our
most explosive and delicious Hoosier snack
foods.
Week 12 of 32 • Page 2
Week 12 of 32 • Page 3
treaties. Let’s take a look at them:
Indiana in the
Revolutionary War
Treaty of 1763
This was the one that ended the French and Indian War, which
was a branch of the Seven Years’ War taking place in Europe at
the same time. The treaty was signed by England, France, and
Spain. The terms of this treaty went like this:
• France lost Canada and all land east of the Mississippi River.
• England gained all land previously claimed by France.
• Spain traded Florida for Cuba.
• Louisiana went to Spain.
England was the big winner in the Treaty of Paris of 1763.
The country was on its way to becoming a worldwide empire.
The story of Indiana’ s involvement in the American Revolution equally involves Illinois, our neighbor to the west. This week,
we’ll take a look at the exploits of George Rogers Clark and his feats across what eventually became these two states.
Clark on the March!
Hamilton decided to stay at Fort Sackville and give his men a rest.
Clark wanted to retake Fort Sackville, but he did not have enough
soldiers to fight the English army. He would have to make another
surprise attack! In February 1779, Clark and his men began
marching east from Kaskaskia toward Vincennes. By faking out
Hamilton in a brilliant military bluff (fool someone), Fort Sackville
at Vincennes once again returned to American soil. Farewell to
British rule! George Rogers Clark has been celebrated as a hero in
both Illinois and Indiana ever since.
t
In 1777, Clark was made a lieutenant colonel of the Virginia
militia. He trained and led an expedition of 175 men against the
British in Illinois/Indiana country. They marched more than 100
miles and arrived in six days. He quickly captured the British
forts at Kaskaskia and Cahokia in Illinois. Clark learned that
the British had already left Fort Sackville at Vincennes, and
it was deserted. Clark sent his two aides to take command at
Vincennes. What Clark didn’t know was that his biggest British
rival, Governor of Detroit Henry Hamilton, was angrily marching What Does It Mean to Bluff Someone?
Have you ever called someone’s bluff? That’s when you see if
south to stop “that upstart army of Clark’s” from taking over any
a person meant what he or she said or was just pretending. That’s
more forts.
what George Rogers Clark did in 1779 in Vincennes, Indiana.
Henry Hamilton vs. George Rogers Clark
At Vincennes, Clark did two important things: First, he counted
The English governor at Detroit, Henry Hamilton, was upset by on his troops’ expert marksmanship with their rifles. Second, he
Clark’s victories in Kaskaskia and Vincennes. He was determined
used a classic military bluff. Clark had only 175 buckskin-clad
to recapture both settlements. Hamilton arrived at Vincennes with
pioneers as troops, but he had his men raise enough flags to make
his army in the middle of December. Clark had left only two men
the British think there were 600! The British fired on Clark’s
to hold the fort. They certainly could not fight any army of 600
army, but the members of the small army were much better shots.
men, so they surrendered. Because of flooding and bad weather,
Believing himself overwhelmed by so many troops, British
Lieutenant Governor Henry Hamilton surrendered the fort. If
Hamilton had called Clark’s bluff (made him show how few men
he had), things might have turned out differently.
Along the Trail to Freedom . . .
Nearly half of Clark’s men were French settlers who had
never been soldiers. Clark trained them well. The little army took
nearly three weeks to get to Vincennes. They waded through mud
and water sometimes up to their necks. The men camped most
nights with no fires to dry and warm them. They didn’t want to
be seen by American Indians. Sometimes, the men slept in trees.
On one long march, they had only one deer to eat among all of
them. Clark’s soldiers wanted to go home. They were hungry,
cold, wet and discouraged. They did not want to go on until their
drummer raised their spirits. He used his drum as a raft to cross
the high water. That made the men laugh! Clark took his fiddle
Perseverance
W
hat does a train have to do
with positive character traits?
In the story The Little Engine That
Could, a small steam engine struggled
to pull its load up a steep hill. The
determined engine chanted, “I think I
can, I think I can.” Because he would
not give up, he finally accomplished his
goal. This story is a good example of
perseverance.
Perseverance is an important
character trait. A person who
perseveres keeps trying, never gives
up and works steadily to achieve goals.
Through perseverance, a person can
master any other great character trait.
How can you practice
perseverance? A famous quote tells
us, “If at first you don’t succeed, try,
try again.” For example, if you didn’t
receive a high score on this week’s
Studies Weekly quiz, study harder
and try again next week.
Many of history’s heroes were
great examples of perseverance.
Revolutionary War hero George Rogers
Clark fought to victory even though
his troops were outnumbered. General
George Washington battled for our
country’s freedom from England, even
when the task seemed impossible. Sir
Winston Churchill, the English leader
who helped his country triumph during
World War II, once said, “Never give
in, ever, never, never, never.”
That’s the key to perseverance—
never giving up. The people who
achieve their goals and dreams aren’t
the richest, the most beautiful, or
the luckiest. They are those who
understand the value of perseverance
and never stop trying.
Treaty of 1783
Just 20 years later, following the American Revolution,
another treaty took place in the French capital. This time, it was
signed by England and the new United States of America. It
recognized the complete independence of the 13 former colonies.
Mystery Men
The Paris Treaty of 1783.
on the march. He raised their spirits by playing it and singing
around the campfire on those nights when they had a fire. He also
held singing and cooking contests to cheer them up.
Paris and Its Many Treaties
You will hear the phrase “Treaty of Paris” quite often in your
study of the history of the world. Just how many treaties of Paris
have there been? Big years for Paris treaties were 1763, 1781,
1783, 1856 and 1898.
Mix together and roll on floured
board to 1/2-inch thickness. Cut into
3-inch squares and punch about nine
holes per cracker with an ice pick
or fork. Spray cookie sheets with
cooking spray. Bake at 400 degrees
for about 45 minutes or until golden
brown. Don’t store in plastic; the
crackers will get soft. (The cinnamon
isn’t very authentic, but it sure makes
the hardtack taste better!)
© Indiana Studies Weekly • Toll free phone (800) 361-0502 • For pricing information go to www.studiesweekly.com • For ordering information or questions e-mail [email protected] • For editorial comments and feedback e-mail feedback@
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Why Paris?
France was the economic center of the world for several
hundred years. Even treaties that were written in other countries
were all written in the French language. This month in Indiana
Studies Weekly, we’ve witnessed the signing of two of those
Make your
own hardtack
Try your hand at this old-fashioned
frontier food, prepared and eaten by
early soldiers and sailors:
• 1-1/2 cups milk • 1-1/2 tsps. salt
• 4 Tbs. shortening • 4 cups flour
• 4 tsps. brown sugar
• 1-1/2 tsps. cinnamon
These five men were representatives at the Treaty of Paris
from our new country. Just for fun, see if you can match their
names to their faces:
A. ______ Benjamin Franklin
B. ______ William Franklin (secretary and Ben’s grandson)
C. ______ John Adams
D. ______ John Jay
E. ______ Henry Laurens
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Muskrat
T
What is the
difference between
a violin and a fiddle?
The violin and the fiddle are the same
instrument. The difference lies in how
that instrument is played. When a musician
performs melodic classical or popular
music, the instrument is called a violin.
When a musician plays lively jigs, bluegrass
or boot-stompin’ square-dance music, the
instrument is called a fiddle. It’s all a
matter of musical style. Some musicians
describe the difference between the violin
and the fiddle this way: a violin sings, while
a fiddle dances! That means Clark played
the instrument that danced.
ake a trip to the river preserve area in Benton/Goshen. Floating the
river in a canoe from Benton to Baintertown is an excellent way to
observe wildlife. You’ll see deer, raccoons, turtles and water snakes, as
well as several . . . muskrats!
This rat-like rodent has a long tail, short ears and thick body. In
other words, it’s not very attractive. Its front feet are small, the hind
feet are long, and the toes are partly webbed. It averages 24 inches
in length. The muskrat is similar to the beaver in river habits. It builds
stick houses in marshes and swamps. Breeding months
are March and April, and only a month later, litters
of up to 13 are born. As many as five litters
are born each year. This rodent eats a lot of
corn in farming areas. Here at the lake, it
eats roots, freshwater mussels, leaves
and cattail. The mink and the hawk are
the worst enemies of the muskrat.
Ask your teacher, your parents
or your grandparents to sing you
a few bars of “Muskrat Love”—a
very popular song from the 1970s
by Captain and Tennille. They’ll be
flattered you asked!