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1 2 1 } } Precipitation – a solid forms when mixing solutions. Acid-Base – An acid or base are neutralized. ◦ Acid – Donates H+ ◦ Base – Accepts H+ ◦ Transfer of hydronium ion (H+ ) from the acid to the base 3 } } } } } } HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 à H+ Ca+2 NO3OHCH3COOH + Al(OH)3 à CH3COOAl+3 H+ OH- 4 2 } NH3 + HClO4 à } CH3CH2NH2 + HClO3 à 5 } What makes a substance behave as an acid? } When it reacts with water it donates the H+ to water: } } } } HNO3 + H2O à acid base Strong acids are 100% ionized. CH3COOH + H2O à Weak acids are only slightly ionized because the products combine to form reactants. Equilibrium 6 3 Hydrochloric Acid HCl Hydrobromic Acid HBr Hydroiodic Acid HI Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 Nitric Acid HNO3 Perchloric Acid HClO4 Chloric Acid HClO3 7 pH is used to indicate the strength of an acid or base. } pH is related to the amount of H+ or H3O+ available. } pH scale: } } } 0 acid 7 basic 14 8 4 } } One of the largest group of reactions known. Recognized by the transfer of electrons from an electron donor – oxidation to an electron acceptor – reduction. 9 } } Oxidation involves the loss of electrons. Substance that gives electrons away Reduction involves the gain of electrons. Substance that accepts electrons. 10 5 Oxidation Reduction Reactions } Write the reaction for the formation of sodium chloride from its elements: } What is the charge of sodium in the reactant side? } What is the charge of chlorine in the reactant side? } Who is getting reduced? - 1e- per Na 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s) + 1e- per Cl • Oxidizing agent gets reduced and helps the other substance get oxidized. • Reducing agent gets oxidized and helps the other substance get reduced. 12 6 } } } } } Formation of ionic compounds from their elements. Decomposition of ionic compounds into their elements. Charge of elements in their standard state is zero. Metal Displacement – A metal displaces a metal cation from its place by giving its electrons. Hydrogen Displacement – A metal displaces hydrogen from an acid solution by giving its electrons. 7 Cu (s) + AgNO3 à Metal Displacement Reaction 15 Anytime that a substance is burned in the presence of oxygen (reacts with O2). CH4(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g) Who gets oxidized? Who gets reduced? 16 8 } An atom is oxidized if it } An atom is reduced if it ◦ gains oxygen (is attached to more oxygen atoms in the product than in the reactant) OR ◦ loses hydrogen (is attached to fewer hydrogen atoms in the product than in the reactant) ◦ loses oxygen (is attached to fewer oxygen atoms) OR ◦ gains hydrogen (is attached to more hydrogen atoms) Important for organic compounds. 17 Acid-Base } Redox } ◦ Combustion ◦ Acid Displacement ◦ Metal Displacement ◦ Formation, Decomposition 18 9 Addition of hydrogen gas (H2) in the presence of platinum (Pt), catalyst, to unsaturated hydrocarbons. } Alkenes } Alkynes } 19 Is oxidation or reduction occurring? Important in Biological Reactions 20 10 Draw and name the product formed when the alkenes react with H2 and Pt. a. 3-chloro-1-butene b. 1,3-dimethylcyclopentene How many molecules of H2 are needed for 1-butyne? 22 11 Water is a reactant or product in a number of reactions important to organic and biochemistry. In this section we will take a look at three of them – 1. hydration 2. dehydration 3. hydrolysis 23 Hydration Water is added to a double bond but needs acid (H+) as catalyst. What functional group forms? Alkene alcohol 24 12 } Dehydration hydration. is the reverse of } Water is removed to form a double bond. Hydrogen in the adjacent carbon has to be available. Alcohol Alkene 25 } } } Water (hydro) is used to split (lyse) a molecule. Esters are one class of molecules that undergo hydrolysis – when treated with water in the presence of hydroxide ion (OH-) they split to form a carboxylate ion and an alcohol. Reaction used to make soap. 26 13 27 } Hydrolysis is one of the factors that determine the length of time that some drugs remain active. } } Ester à carboxylate + alcohol 28 14 Alkenes can be hydrated. } Alcohols } Esters can be dehydrated. can be hydrolyzed. 29 1 C C C 2 3 4 C C OH C C heat 5 C 6 C 7 H+ H2O H+ H2O OH- 30 15 Draw the missing reactant for each reaction. 31 16