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2. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 25 The whiskers extend to a maximum of 1.5(IQR) beyond the box. Values 1.5(IQR) to 3(IQR) are labeled with and are termed outliers. Values beyond 3(IQR) are labeled with ⇤ and are termed extremes. Kurtosis – a measure of the degree to which a distribution is “peaked” or flat in comparison to a normal distribution whose graph is characterized by a bellshaped distribution. The names of 3 basic types of curves are given below. n X n (xi Kurtosis = ✓ ni=1 X (xi i=1 Summary x)4 x)2 ◆2 3= n X n (xi x)4 i=1 (n 1)2s4 3. In describing the center and dispersion of a data distribution, one usually either provides the mean and standard deviation or the five-number summary, the choice depending on the shape of the distribution – mean and standard deviation for symmetric data and the five-number summary for non-symmetric data. Maple. See centdist.mw and centdist.pdf.