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Supplemental Worksheets Name Date Class Quick Vocabulary Lesson 1 Lesson 2 atmosphere mixture of gases that climate average weather pattern for forms a layer around Earth biosphere Earth system that contains all living things freshwater water that contains less than 0.2 percent dissolved salts geosphere solid part of Earth groundwater water that is stored in cracks and pores beneath Earth’s surface hydrosphere system that contains all Earth’s water mineral naturally occurring, Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and definite chemical composition rock naturally occurring solid composed of minerals and sometimes other materials such as organic matter a region over a long period of time condensation process by which a gas changes to a liquid evaporation process by which a liquid changes into a gas precipitation moisture that falls from clouds to Earth’s surface pressure force exerted over an area process natural phenomenon marked by gradual changes that lead toward a particular result rock cycle series of processes that transport and continually change rocks into different forms transpiration process by which plants release water vapor through their leaves water cycle continuous movement of water on, above, and below Earth’s surface weather state of the atmosphere at a certain time and place uplift process that moves large bodies of Earth materials to higher elevations Our Planet—Earth 3 Name Date Class Lesson Outline LESSON 1 Earth Systems A. What is Earth? 1. Scientists divide Earth into four that interact with each other. 2. Surrounding the planet is an invisible layer of , which is Earth’s outermost layer. 3. The liquid layer is made of Earth’s is , some of which and some of which is fresh. 4. Earth’s largest system is the material, which is made up of a thin layer of covering a large sphere of rock. 5. The is Earth’s system containing all the living things on the planet. 6. The has no clear boundaries because it is found within each of the other three systems of Earth. B. The Atmosphere 1. A mixture of gases forms a layer around Earth called . 2. The atmosphere is made up of 78% , 21% , and 1% a. Three trace gases—carbon dioxide, gases. , and water —are important for regulating Earth’s temperature. b. The atmosphere contains small amounts of , such as dust particles. 3. The atmosphere has different layers, which vary in their a. The . is the bottom layer of the atmosphere b. The layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere is the . c. The upper layers of the atmosphere, in order, include the , the , and the , which is the last layer before outer space. 10 Our Planet—Earth Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. the Name Date Class Lesson Outline continued C. The Hydrosphere 1. The is the system containing all of Earth’s water. 2. The natural locations where water is stored are called Earth’s largest ; is the world ocean, which is salty because it contains dissolved . 3. Most of Earth’s is not liquid, but instead frozen as in glaciers and in ice caps at the and the stored for thousands of years. , where it can be 4. Lakes and rivers hold less than 1% of Earth’s , but this water is easily accessible and so meets the needs of most living things on the planet. 5. About 20% of Earth’s freshwater is stored below Earth’s surface in cracks and pores as . D. The Geosphere 1. The is the solid part of Earth, which includes the soil and rocks on land and beneath the oceans. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. The geosphere is made of rock, soil, and a. . are naturally occurring, inorganic solids that have crystal structures and definite chemical compositions. b. Minerals are identified by their physical properties, including color, (the color of the mineral’s powder), (how easily the mineral can be scratched), (the way the mineral reflects light), and shape. c. A(n) is a naturally occurring solid composed of minerals and sometimes other materials such as organic matter. d. The three kinds of rock are rock, rock, and 3. Earth has three layers: The the is the thin outer layer; is the middle and largest layer; the core of Earth is at the center and is made mainly of Our Planet—Earth rock. . 11 Name Date Class Content Practice A LESSON 1 Earth Systems Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is used only once. 1. system that contains all Earth’s water A. atmosphere 2. naturally occurring solid made mainly of minerals B. biosphere 3. mixture of gases that forms a layer around Earth 4. innermost layer of geosphere C. core D. crust E. geosphere 5. solid part of Earth F. hydrosphere 6. thick, middle layer of geosphere G. mantle 7. most common gas in atmosphere H. mineral 8. Earth system that contains all living things I. nitrogen 9. outermost layer of geosphere J. rock 10. inorganic, naturally occurring solid with crystal Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. structure and definite chemical composition Our Planet—Earth 13 Name Date Class Content Practice B LESSON 1 Earth Systems Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Each term is used only once. exosphere mesosphere thermosphere troposphere stratosphere 1. The contains most of the mass in the atmosphere. 2. The contains the highest concentration of ozone. 3. The extends to 85 km above Earth’s surface. 4. The extends to about 500 km above Earth’s surface. 5. The is the outermost layer of the atmosphere. Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided. 6. What are reservoirs? 8. How would you describe the geosphere? 9. What three materials make up the geosphere? , , and 10. List the three major layers of the geosphere? , , and 14 Our Planet—Earth Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7. Why is ocean water salty? Name Date Class Key Concept Builder LESSON 1 Earth Systems Key Concept What are the composition and the structure of the atmosphere? Directions: Use the table to draw a circle graph showing the composition of gases in the atmosphere. Composition of the Atmosphere Gas Percentage in Atmosphere Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% Trace gases 1% Directions: Label this graph by writing the correct term from the word bank on each line. exosphere mesosphere thermosphere troposphere stratosphere Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. 2. 500 120 110 100 Altitude (km) 90 80 3. 70 60 50 40 Highest 30 concentration of ozone 20 10 0 16 4. 5. –100 –80 –60 –40 –20 0 20 400 600 800 Temperature (°C) Our Planet—Earth Name Date Class Key Concept Builder LESSON 1 Earth Systems Key Concept How is water distributed in the hydrosphere? Directions: Use the diagram to answer each question on the lines provided. Salt water (ocean) 97% Freshwater 3% Groundwater 20% Fresh surface water 1% Swamps 11% Rivers 2% Total water on Earth Ice caps and glaciers 79% Freshwater Lakes 87% Fresh surface water 1. Where is most water on Earth found? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. How much freshwater is underground? 3. About how much freshwater is easily accessible on Earth’s surface? 4. According to the diagram, how much of Earth’s freshwater is frozen? Where is most of this frozen water found? Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided. 5. Which reservoirs store fresh surface water on Earth? 6. How do people reach groundwater? 7. Describe the composition of ocean water. Can it be used by most living things? Explain your answer. Our Planet—Earth 17 Name Date Key Concept Builder Class LESSON 1 Earth Systems Key Concept What are Earth’s systems? Directions: Answer each question in the space provided. Question Answer 1. What is the biosphere? 2. Does the biosphere have clear boundaries? Explain. 3. What is the atmosphere? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. What two gases make up most of the atmosphere? 5. Where does most weather occur in the atmosphere? 6. What is the hydrosphere? 7. What is the geosphere? 8. What are the main layers of the geosphere? 18 Our Planet—Earth Name Date Key Concept Builder Class LESSON 1 Earth Systems Key Concept What are the composition and the structure of the geosphere? Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided. 1. What is a mineral? 2. How can you identify minerals? 3. What is a rock? 4. What are the three main kinds of rocks? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , , and 5. In addition to rocks, what other kinds of materials are found in the geosphere? Directions: Draw a diagram of Earth’s four major layers using the space provided. Then label your diagram by writing the correct term from the word bank. crust Our Planet—Earth inner core mantle outer core 19 Name Date Class Lesson Quiz A LESSON 1 Earth Systems Matching Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is used only once. 1. includes glaciers, rivers, and the oceans A. atmosphere 2. the thin layer of gases surrounding Earth B. biosphere 3. Earth system that contains all living things C. geosphere 4. the solid part of Earth D. hydrosphere Multiple Choice Directions: On the line before each question or statement, write the letter of the correct answer. 5. Which lists the gases in the air from most to least abundant? A. oxygen, nitrogen, trace gases B. trace gases, oxygen, nitrogen C. nitrogen, oxygen, trace gases Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. Weather takes place because A. gases move in the troposphere. B. the stratosphere contains the ozone layer. C. the thermosphere is the hottest layer of the atmosphere. 7. Most of the water on Earth is A. found underground. B. stored in the oceans. C. present in the atmosphere. 8. Where is most of Earth’s freshwater? A. frozen in glaciers B. in rivers and lakes C. in the cracks and pores of rocks and soil 9. Earth’s geosphere does NOT include A. soil, rocks, and minerals. B. the crust, mantle, and core. C. groundwater, rivers, and lakes. 22 Our Planet—Earth Name Date Class Lesson Quiz B LESSON 1 Earth Systems Completion Directions: On each line, write the term or phrase that correctly completes each sentence. 1. Weather takes place in the . 2. Earth’s geosphere is divided into three layers: the the , , and the 3. Earth’s . contains all living things. 4. The is the layer of the atmosphere that contains ozone. 5. Earth’s hydrosphere includes , , , , and , . Short Answer Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. Describe the composition of the atmosphere. 7. Summarize how water is distributed on Earth. Our Planet—Earth 23 Name Date Class Lesson Outline LESSON 2 Interactions of Earth Systems A. The Water Cycle 1. The continuous movement of water on, above, and below Earth’s surface is called the cycle. 2. The energy to move water and allow it to change a(n) the , from to a gas or a solid ultimately comes from . 3. The process by which a liquid, such as water, changes into a gas is called . 4. About 90% of the water vapor in Earth’s atmosphere enters through from the and other bodies of water. a. About 10% of the water enters the atmosphere through , during which plants release water vapor through leaves. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. b. Water vapor also enters the atmosphere through , which takes place in many cells and produces water and carbon dioxide. 5. As water rises through the troposphere and cools, it changes from a(n) to a(n) through the process of condensation; when the tiny drops of water come together, they form 6. . is moisture that falls to Earth’s surface. B. Changes in the Atmosphere 1. Most changes that take place in the atmosphere take place in the . 2. The state of the atmosphere at a particular time and place is called the . a. The average amount of energy produced by the motion of air molecules is air . b. The force exerted by air molecules in all directions is called air Our Planet—Earth . 27 Name Date Class Lesson Outline continued c. The movement of air caused by differences in air pressure is . d. The amount of water vapor in a given volume of air is ; clouds and precipitation are more likely when high. is 3. The average weather pattern for a region over a long period of time is called a. . can affect the amount of precipitation an area receives by causing the b. effect. blowing the ocean causes currents in the water that flow like rivers, moving the energy in water from place to place. C. The Rock Cycle 1. The series of processes that transport and continually change rocks into different forms is called the cycle. 2. When magma or lava cools and crystallizes, it becomes rock. called . 4. The process by which glaciers, wind, water, and the activities of break down rock into sediments is called ; the process by which glaciers, wind, or water carry sediments to new locations is called 5. Due to erosion, . are deposited in layers, one on top of the other. 6. The weight of upper layers of sediments pushes down on underlying sediment . Water surrounding the sediments often contains dissolved , which crystallize, and cement the sediments together, forming 7. rock forms when any kind of rock is subject to high temperatures and 28 rock. deep below Earth’s surface. Our Planet—Earth Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3. The process that moves large bodies of Earth materials to higher elevations is Name Date Class Content Practice B LESSON 2 Interactions of Earth Systems Directions: On each line, write the term that correctly completes each sentence. 1. Liquid water evaporates into a gas called . 2. About 10 percent of the water that evaporates is produced by plants during . 3. A(n) forms when millions of water droplets in the atmosphere come together. 4. Rain and snow are kinds of . 5. Igneous rocks form when magma Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. and . 6. The process of breaks down rocks into sediments. 7. The process of carries sediments to new locations. 8. rocks form when high temperatures and pressure change rocks. Our Planet—Earth 31 Name Date Class Language Arts Support LESSON 2 Word-Usage Activity: Adding the Suffix –tion Many verbs can be made into nouns by adding the ending –tion. Verb Noun retract retraction In many cases, the final –e of the verb is dropped. Some verbs will need another letter added before adding the ending –tion. Verb Noun observe observation form formation Directions: Read the following sentences. Change each verb in parentheses to a noun and write the correct form on the line. 1. Some of the water in Earth’s atmosphere is produced by plants through the process of (transpire) . 2. (Evaporate) is the process that changes water into gas. , our soccer game was cancelled. 4. Clouds form when millions of water droplets come together through (condense) . 5. On Earth’s surface, many (interact) among the hydrosphere, the geosphere, and the atmosphere take place. 6. As magma cools below the surface of Earth, (crystallize) takes place and changes the molten material into igneous rock. 7. (Cement) occurs when minerals dissolved in surrounding water crystallize between grains of sediment. 8. The process of uplift has the ability to move a large body of Earth material to a higher (elevate) 32 . Our Planet—Earth Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3. Because of the large amount of (precipitate) Name Date Class Language Arts Support LESSON 2 Word-Usage Activity: Greek Prefixes A prefix is a word part that is used before the main part, called the root, of a word. The prefix can change the meaning of the root word. For example, the words atmosphere and hydrosphere have the same root, but different prefixes. The prefixes give these words different meanings. Many prefixes have Greek origins. The meanings of eight prefixes with Greek origins are given in the table below. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Prefix Greek Origin Meaning atmo– atmos vapor bio– bios life exo– exo- outside geo– geo- Earth hydro– hudro water meso– mesos middle meta– meta beside, after thermo– therme- heat Directions: Study the Greek prefixes above and their meanings. On the line before each phrase, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. 1. all of Earth’s water A. mesosphere 2. air that surrounds Earth B. hydrosphere 3. the last atmospheric layer before outer space C. thermosphere 4. temperature increases in this atmospheric layer D. metamorphic E. exosphere 5. all living things F. atmosphere 6. existing rock changed into new rock G. biosphere 7. the solid part of Earth H. geosphere 8. between the stratosphere and the thermosphere Our Planet—Earth 33 Name Date Class Key Concept Builder LESSON 2 Interactions of Earth Systems Key Concept How does the water cycle show interactions of Earth systems? Directions: Complete the concept map by writing the correct term or phrase from the word bank in the space provided. Each term is used only once. condensation Liquid changes into gas. Plants release water vapor through their leaves. precipitation transpiration The Water Cycle evaporation Moisture falls from clouds. Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided. 1. Use the concepts of transpiration and respiration to show interactions between the atmosphere and the biosphere. 2. Use the concept of precipitation to show interactions between the atmosphere and the geosphere. 36 Our Planet—Earth Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Gas changes to liquid. Name Date Key Concept Builder Class LESSON 2 Interactions of Earth Systems Key Concept How does weather show interactions of Earth systems? Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer. 1. The state of the atmosphere at a given time and place is called A. climate. B. erosion. C. weather. 2. The measure of the average amount of energy produced by the motion of air molecules is A. wind. B. pressure. C. air temperature. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3. The force exerted by air molecules in all directions is A. wind. B. humidity. C. air pressure. 4. Wind is the movement of air caused by differences in A. humidity. B. air pressure. C. temperature. 5. The amount of water vapor in a given amount of air is A. wind. B. humidity. C. temperature. 6. Clouds are more likely to form when A. humidity is high. B. air pressure is high. C. air temperature is high. Our Planet—Earth 37 Name Date Key Concept Builder Class LESSON 2 Interactions of Earth Systems Key Concept How does weather show interactions of Earth systems? Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided. 1. What is climate? 2. What is one reason that climates differ? 3. How can mountains affect climate? 4. How can ocean currents affect climate? 38 Our Planet—Earth Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Directions: Draw a rain-shadow effect in the space provided. Be sure to label your drawing. Use arrows to show the direction of the wind. Name Date Class Key Concept Builder LESSON 2 Interactions of Earth Systems Key Concept How does the rock cycle show interactions of Earth systems? Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Each term is used only once. cemented compacted deposited erode igneous lava metamorphic rock cycle sedimentary uplift weather The (1.) is the series of processes that transport and continually change rocks into different forms. Magma located inside the geosphere can flow onto Earth’s surface, where it is called (2.) crystallizes, it forms (3.) (4.) . When magma cools and rock. is the process that moves large bodies of Earth materials Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. to higher elevations. Rocks that are deep below Earth’s surface can move up to the surface. There, wind and water can (5.) (6.) and the rocks. These processes change the rocks into sediments. Over time, the sediments are (7.) in new places. The weight of overlying sediments pushes down on underlying layers. The sediments are (8.) processes form (10.) and (9.) together. These rocks. Rocks can be buried deep within Earth where pressures and temperatures are extreme. The high pressure and temperatures change the rocks into (11.) Our Planet—Earth rocks. 39 Name Date Class Lesson Quiz A LESSON 2 Interactions of Earth Systems Multiple Choice Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer. 1. Evaporation is an interaction between Earth’s A. geosphere and biosphere. B. hydrosphere and geosphere. C. hydrosphere and atmosphere. 2. Cellular respiration is the interaction between the A. geosphere and biosphere. B. biosphere and atmosphere. C. atmosphere and hydrosphere. 3. A rain shadow forms as the result of interactions between the A. atmosphere and biosphere. B. atmosphere and geosphere. C. geosphere and hydrosphere. 5. Igneous rocks form as the result of interactions A. in the geosphere. B. between the hydrosphere and atmosphere. C. between the atmosphere and the geosphere. Matching Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is used only once. 6. process by which plants release water vapor to the air A. condensation B. evaporation 7. any form of water that falls from clouds C. precipitation 8. process by which a gas changes to a liquid D. transpiration 9. process by which a liquid changes to a gas 42 Our Planet—Earth Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. Weather and climate result from interactions A. in the geosphere. B. between the biosphere and the atmosphere. C. among the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Name Date Class Lesson Quiz B LESSON 2 Interactions of Earth Systems Completion Directions: On each line, write the term that correctly completes each sentence. 1. is the release of water vapor into the air by plant leaves. 2. Clouds form as the result of 3. . is any form of water that falls to Earth form the clouds. 4. The process by which water “disappears” from a puddle and enters the air is . Multiple Choice Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5. An interaction between the biosphere and atmosphere is A. respiration. B. precipitation. C. crystallization. D. metamorphism. 6. An example of a geosphere-atmosphere interaction is A. transpiration. B. condensation. C. a rain shadow. D. the formation of igneous rocks. 7. Weather and climate result from interactions A. within the atmosphere. B. between the atmosphere and hydrosphere. C. between the geosphere and the hydrosphere. D. among the geosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. 8. Sedimentary rocks form as the result of interactions A. in the geosphere. B. between the hydrosphere and atmosphere. C. between the atmosphere and the geosphere. D. among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Our Planet—Earth 43 Lesson Outline for Teaching Lesson 1: Earth Systems A. What is Earth? 1. Scientists divide Earth into four systems that all interact with each other. 2. Surrounding the planet is an invisible layer of gases, which is Earth’s outermost layer. is fresh. 3. The liquid layer is made of Earth’s water, some of which is salty and some of which 4. Earth’s largest system is the solid material, which is made up of a thin layer of soil covering a large sphere of rock. 5. The biosphere is Earth’s system containing all the living things on the planet. three systems of Earth. 6. The biosphere has no clear boundaries because it is found within each of the other B. The Atmosphere 1. A mixture of gases forms a layer around Earth called the atmosphere. 2. The atmosphere is made up of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% trace gases. a. Three trace gases—carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor—are important for regulating Earth’s temperature. b. The atmosphere contains small amounts of solids, such as dust particles. a. The troposphere is the bottom layer of the atmosphere. 3. The atmosphere has different layers, which vary in their temperature. b. The layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere is the stratosphere. thermosphere, and the exosphere, which is the last layer before outer space. c. The upper layers of the atmosphere, in order, include the mesophere, the as groundwater. Our Planet—Earth 5. About 20% of Earth’s freshwater is stored below Earth’s surface in cracks and pores accessible and so meets the needs of most living things on the planet. 4. Lakes and rivers hold less than 1% of Earth’s freshwater, but this water is easily 3. Most of Earth’s freshwater is not liquid, but instead frozen as ice in glaciers and in ice caps at the North Pole and the South Pole, where it can be stored for thousands of years. reservoir is the world ocean, which is salty because it contains dissolved minerals. 2. The natural locations where water is stored are called reservoirs; Earth’s largest 1. The hydrosphere is the system containing all of Earth’s water. C. The Hydrosphere T2 C120_062_065_CRF_AnsOut_892470.i62 62 24/1/10 13:52:23 Lesson Outline continued D. The Geosphere and beneath the oceans. 1. The geosphere is the solid part of Earth, which includes the soil and rocks on land 2. The geosphere is made of rock, soil, and metal. definite chemical compositions. a. Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solids that have crystal structures and b. Minerals are identified by their physical properties, including color, streak (the color of the mineral’s powder), hardness (how easily the mineral can be scratched), luster (the way the mineral reflects light), and crystal shape. other materials such as organic matter. c. A(n) rock is a naturally occurring solid composed of minerals and sometimes rock. d. The three kinds of rock are igneous rock, sedimentary rock, and metamorphic and largest layer; the core of Earth is at the center and is made mainly of metal. 3. Earth has three layers: The crust is the thin outer layer; the mantle is the middle Discussion Question Name and describe Earth’s five systems. Earth’s systems include the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, and biosphere. 24/1/10 13:52:24 T3 The force of Earth’s gravity pulls molecules of gases into a layer of mostly nitrogen gas and oxygen gas around Earth called the atmosphere. The hydrosphere contains all Earth’s water, both freshwater and salt water. The geosphere is the solid part of Earth, including soil, rock, and metal. The hydrosphere contains all living things, and is found within the other three Earth systems. Our Planet—Earth C120_062_065_CRF_AnsOut_892470.i63 63 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Lesson Outline for Teaching Lesson 2: Interactions of Earth Systems A. The Water Cycle 1. The continuous movement of water on, above, and below Earth’s surface is called the water cycle. a solid ultimately comes from the Sun. 2. The energy to move water and allow it to change state, from a(n) liquid to a gas or 3. The process by which a liquid, such as water, changes into a gas is called evaporation. from the oceans and other bodies of water. 4. About 90% of the water vapor in Earth’s atmosphere enters through evaporation which iplants release water vapor through leaves. a. About 10% of the water enters the atmosphere through transpiration, during place in many cells and produces water and carbon dioxide. b. Water vapor also enters the atmosphere through cellular respiration, which takes 5. As water rises through the troposphere and cools, it changes from a(n) gas to a(n) liquid through the process of condensation; when the tiny drops of water come together, they form clouds. 6. Precipitation is moisture that falls to Earth’s surface. B. Changes in the Atmosphere 1. Most changes that take place in the atmosphere take place in the troposphere. 2. The state of the atmosphere at a particular time and place is called the weather. temperature. a. The average amount of energy produced by the motion of air molecules is air b. The force exerted by air molecules in all directions is called air pressure. c. The movement of air caused by differences in air pressure is wind. precipitation are more likely when humidity is high. d. The amount of water vapor in a given volume of air is humidity; clouds and 3. The average weather pattern for a region over a long period of time is called climate. the rain-shadow effect. a. Mountains can affect the amount of precipitation an area receives by causing moving the thermal energy in water from place to place. b. Wind blowing the ocean causes surface currents in the water that flow like rivers, forms is called the rock cycle. 2. When magma or lava cools and crystallizes, it becomes igneous rock. Our Planet—Earth 1. The series of processes that transport and continually change rocks into different C. The Rock Cycle T4 C120_062_065_CRF_AnsOut_892470.i64 64 24/1/10 13:52:25 Lesson Outline continued uplift. 3. The process that moves large bodies of Earth materials to higher elevations is called 4. The process by which glaciers, wind, water, and the activities of organisms break down rock into sediments is called weathering; the process by which glaciers, wind, or water carry sediments to new locations is called erosion. 5. Due to erosion, sediments are deposited in layers, one on top of the other. 6. The weight of upper layers of sediments pushes down on underlying sediment layers. Water surrounding the sediments often contains dissolved minerals, which crystallize, and cement the sediments together, forming sedimentary rock. pressures deep below Earth’s surface. 7. Metamorphic rock forms when any kind of rock is subject to high temperatures and Discussion Question Name the three main types of rock and discuss how each takes part in the rock cycle. 24/1/10 13:52:26 T5 The three main kinds of rock are sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic. Igneous rock forms when molten rock (magma) crystallizes and hardens at or beneath Earth’s surface; igneous rock below Earth’s surface can be brought to the surface due to uplift. Metamorphic rock forms deep below Earth’s surface, when any of the three main kinds of rock are subject to high temperatures and pressures; like igneous rock, metamorphic rock can be brought to the surface due to uplift. Sedimentary rock forms at Earth’s surface when any kind of rock is subject to weathering and erosion; layers of sediments are deposited one on top of the other, the lower layers become compacted, and minerals crystallize between the sediments, cementing the sediments together. Our Planet—Earth C120_062_065_CRF_AnsOut_892470.i65 65 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.