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Biology Test Review – Science 8
Introduction to Cells, Tissues, Organs and Systems
304-7 Explain structural and functional relationships between and among cells, tissues, organs and
systems in the human body
110-2 Compare the early idea that living organisms were made of air, fire and water with the modern
cell theory
1. What elements were people believed to be made of in the past?
Aristotle (born in 384 B.C.), a philosopher and scientist of the ancient times thought that all
substances were compounds of four elements: earth, water, air and fire. He thought for
instance that humans were made of earth, which gave material strength and weight; fire, which
provided warmth; water, which accounted for blood and other bodily fluids; and air, which filled
the lungs and provided the breath of life. Of course, some people were more earthly, fiery, airy,
or watery than others.
2. What do we now know that living things are made of?
We now know that living things are made of cells.
3. What is cell theory? The idea that cells are the basic unit of structure of every living thing. (All
living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and all cells
come from existing cells).
4. What is a cell? Cells are the smallest independent units of life, and all life depends on the many
activities of that cells perform.
5. What are tissues? Tissues are made up of many similar cells that perform a specific function.
6. What are organs? Organs are a collection of two or more kinds of tissues that work together to
perform a certain function.
7. What are organ systems? A group of organs that work together to perform a major function.
8. Name two systems and what they do.
9. What are the basic materials that cells need to stay alive? Food, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and
Water
Characteristics of Living Things
304-4 Illustrate and explain that the cell is a living system that exhibits all the characteristics of life
304-5
1. What are the six characteristics of life? 1. Living things are made up of cells 2. Living things
reproduce, grow, and repair themselves. 3. Living things require and use energy. 4. Living things
respond and adapt to their environment. 5. Living things have a life span. 6. Living things
produce waste.
2. What is the function of a cell? A cell takes in fuel and builds material, transforms energy, grows
and reproduces.
3. When do organisms grow? Organisms grow when they eat more food than their body needs
for energy. Their body then may change its form by increasing in size, weight or shape.
4. Where do plants get energy? Animals? Plants get energy from the sun (photosynthesis) and
animals get energy from eating plants and other animals.
5. Why do living things have a lifespan? Old age brings with it certain conditions that vary with
each individual. One thing that happens is our immune systems get weaker.
6. What kind of waste does your body produce? The breakdown of substances in the body are
eliminated through the excretory system (urine).
7. What are the important differences between living and non-living things?
8. Are volcanoes living things? Explain.
9. Name at least one characteristic of living things that is shown in each of the following
examples:
a. A plant bends towards the light.
b. A tadpole develops into a frog.
c. Human lungs breathe out carbon dioxide.
d. A blue jay feeds on sunflower seeds.
e. A cat gives birth to kittens.
10. Give an example of a non-living (abiotic) thing that has one of each of the six characteristics of
living things.
11. How do scientists determine whether to consider something as an organism?
So, what is a cell anyway?
211-3 Work co-operatively with the members to develop and construct models of cells
304-5 Distinguish between plant and animal cells
109-13 Explain that is important to use proper terms when comparing plant and animal cells
1. What are the parts of cellular systems called? The parts of the cellular system are called
organelles.
2. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cells have no
nucleus or organelles enclosed within membranes. Eukaryotic cells have organelles that are
surrounded by membranes. Each organelle does a specific cell function.
3. What are Organelles? Organelles are a specialized subunit within a cell that have specific
functions, and are usually enclosed in a membrane.
4. What is the nucleus? A membrane-enclosed organelle. It contains most of the cell's genetic
material (information that comes from your mom and dad). Genetic material is organized as
DNA which make up chromosomes.
5. What is the cell membrane? A biological membrane that separates the inside of all cells from
the outside.
6. What is the Cell Wall? It is the tough, usually flexible layer that surrounds some types of cells. It
is located outside the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and
protection.
7. What is a Vacuole? Membrane-bound organelle found mainly in plant cells, but also in some
animal cells. They are like storage bubbles found in cells. They store nutrients and waste
products and help keep the shape of the cell.
8. What are Ribosomes? The part of the cell that helps to make proteins
9. What is the Golgi Apparatus? An organelle that packages proteins and fats before they get
shipped off to their destination
10. What is the Chloroplast? Organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that
perform photosynthesis (take energy from the sun, water and carbon dioxide and make sugar
and oxygen).
11. What is the Cytoplasm? A thick liquid residing between the cell membrane holding all
organelles, except for the nucleus.
12. What are Mitochondria? Membrane-enclosed organelle. Mitochondria are sometimes
described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of energy.
13. What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum? The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum makes proteins. The
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum makes fats, steroids, and breakdowns sugars.
14. What are Lysosomes? An organelle that breaks down waste material in the cell.
15. How do cells move? Some cells have tails called flagellum. Flagellum is a whip-like tail that helps
some cells move. Other cells move with cilia. Cilia are tiny hairs surrounding the cells. These
short hairs moving together allow the cell to move around.
16. What are the differences between plant and animal cells?
Cell Growth
304-6 explain that growth and reproduction depend on cell division
209-3 Use a light microscope or micro-viewer correctly to produce a clear image of cells
1. What is Cell Division? The process by which two cells are formed from one.
2. What is mitosis? Mitosis is also known as cell division. It is basically, when one cell becomes
two. We grow and replace dead cells by making more cells through mitosis. Mitosis is the
reproduction of skin, heart, stomach, cheek, hair cells, etc.
3. What is Meiosis? All cells in the body are made by mitosis except sperm cells and egg cells.
Sperm and eggs are known as “gametes” or “sex” cells and are special because they only have
half the information of other cells. When a sperm and egg come together they have the
information of a normal whole cell.
Comparing a Cell to the Human Body
1. Be able to give a body part that has a similar function to an organelle.
Nucleus/Brain - The brain is the control center of the body. The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
Cytoplasm/Blood - Blood cells carry information. Cytoplasm also carries information. It’s a jelly like
substance.
Cell Membrane/Bones - The cell membrane holds the cell together and somewhat protects the cell.
Also, the bones hold the human body together.
Cell Wall/ Skin - The Cell Wall protects the plant cell. Also, the skin protects the human body.
…
Organs and Systems
304-8 relate the needs and functions of various cells and organs to the needs and functions of the
human organism as a whole
304-9 describe the basic functions and efficiency of the human respiratory, circulatory, digestive,
excretory and nervous systems
211-4 Evaluate individual and group processes used in researching the roles of the main organ systems
1. What does your body need to stay alive? Oxygen, Nutrients (food), Water
2. How does your body get what it needs to stay alive? Eating (nutrients, sugar, fats, proteins: all
of these things are needed to make energy at the cellular level and to keep our body functioning
properly). Breathing (your cells use oxygen when they make energy, that is why it is so
important. If you did not have oxygen, you wouldn’t have energy to live). Drinking (water, your
body needs this to make energy and keep your cells alive).
3. What wastes does your body produce? How does your body get rid of wastes? Feces (The
matter discharged from the bowel during defecation, consisting of the undigested residue of
food, epithelium, intestinal mucus, bacteria, and waste material). Urine (your cells produce
waste products when they make energy. These wastes go through the blood stream to the
kidneys and then get peed out). Carbon Dioxide (your cells make carbon dioxide as a waste
product when making energy and your body has to get rid of it).
4. You are going to be responsible to know the functions and parts of the respiratory system,
circulatory system, and nervous systems
How do your organ systems work together
304-10 Describe examples of the interdependence of various systems of the human body
110-5 Illustrate examples of conflicting evidence related to how we should maintain and/or treat our
body systems
111-5 Describe the science underlying various technologies used to assist or replace unhealthy organs or
systems
112-10 Provide examples of careers that are associated with the health of body systems
1. Give two examples of how systems work together. The kidneys get rid of wastes, but in order
to get oxygen to do work, they rely on the cardiovascular system to provide oxygen and take
away the carbon dioxide. The respiratory system brings in oxygen and then the cardiovascular
system takes the oxygen throughout the body and brings back carbon dioxide, which the
respiratory system exhales.
2. Provide examples of careers that are associated with the health of body systems