Download Anatomy and Physiology Benchmarks

North Bergen School District Benchmarks
Grade: 10,11, and 12
Subject: Anatomy and Physiology
First Marking Period
Students will be able to:
 Define anatomy and physiology, and describe various subspecialties of each
discipline.
 Describe the five basic functions of living systems. (HS-LS1-3)
 Identify the levels of organization in living systems. (HS-LS1-2)
 Identify the 11 organ systems of the human body, the organs that compose
them, and their main functions. (HSLS1-2)
 Explain the significance of homeostasis. (HSLS1-3)
 Describe negative feedback as the basis of homeostatic regulation. (HSLS1-3)
 Introduce the anatomical terms that describe body sections, body regions,
and relative positions. (CCCS.ELA.LITERACY.RST.9-10.4 ; 11-12.4)
 Identify the main body cavity and its subdivisions. (HSLS1-2)
 Describe an atom and an element. (HS-PS1-3)
 Compare the ways in which atoms combine to form molecules and
compounds. (HS-PS1-2)
 Use chemical notation to symbolize chemical reactions. (HS-PS1-2)
 Distinguish among the three major types of chemical reactions that are
important for studying physiology. (HS-PS1-2)
 Describe the important role of enzymes in metabolism. (HS-LS1-3)
 Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.
 Explain how the chemical properties of water make life possible. (HS-PS1-3)
 Describe the pH scale and the role of buffers in body fluids. (HS-LS1-3)
 Discuss the structure and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic
acids, and high-energy compounds. (HS-PS1-6)
 List the main points of the cell theory. (HS-LS1-2) (CCCS.ELA.LITERACY.RST.
9-10.1 ; 11-12.1)
 Describe the functions of the cell membrane and the structures that enable it
to perform those functions. (HS-LS1-3)
 Describe the various mechanisms that cells use to transport substances
across the cell membrane. (HS-LS1-3)
 Describe the organelles of a typical cell and indicate their specific functions.
(HS-LS1-2)
North Bergen School District Benchmarks
Second Marking Period
Students will be able to:
 Explain the functions of the cell nucleus. (HSLS1-3)
 Summarize the process of protein synthesis. (HSLS1-1)
 Describe the process of mitosis and explain its significance. (HSLS1-4)
 Define differentiation and explain its importance. (HSLS2-2)
 Identify the body’s four major tissue types and describe their roles.
(HSLS1-2)
 Discuss the types and functions of epithelial cells. (HSLS1-2)
 Describe the relationship between form and function for each epithelial type.
 Compare the structures and functions of the various types of connective
tissues. (HSLS1-2)
 Explain how epithelial and connective tissues combine to form four types of
membranes and specify the functions of each.
 Describe the three types of muscle tissue and the special structural features
of each. (HSLS1-2)
 Discuss the basic structure and role of neural tissue.
 Explain how tissues respond in a coordinated manner to maintain
homeostasis. (HSLS1-3) (HSLS1-2)
 Describe how aging affects the tissues of the body.
 Describe the functions of the skeletal system. (HSLS1-2)
 Compare the structures and functions of compact and spongy bone.
 Discuss bone growth and development, and account for variations in the
internal structure of specific bones. (HSLS1-2)
 Describe the remodeling and repair of the skeleton, and discuss homeostatic
mechanisms responsible for regulating mineral deposition and turnover.
 Name the components and functions of the axial and appendicular skeletons.
 Identify the bones of the skull. (HSLS1-2)
 Discuss the differences in structure and function of the various vertebrae.
(HSLS4-1)
 Relate the structural differences between the pectoral and pelvic girdles to
their various functional roles.
 Distinguish among different types of joints, and link structural features to
joint functions. (HSLS4-1)
 Describe the dynamic movements of the skeleton and the structure of
representative articulations.
 Explain the relationship between joint structure and mobility, using specific
examples. (HSLS4-1)
 Discuss the functional relationships between the skeletal system and other
body systems. (CCCS.ELA.LITERACY.RST.9-10.4)
North Bergen School District Benchmarks
Third Marking Period
Students will be able to:
 Describe the functions of skeletal muscle tissue. (HSLS1-2)
 Describe the organization of muscle at the tissue level.
 Identify the structural components of a sarcomere.
 Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber.
(HSLS2-3)
 Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (HSLS2-3)
 Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use energy to power
contractions. (HSLS1-7)
 Relate the types of muscle fibers to muscular performance. Distinguish
between aerobic and anaerobic endurance, and explain their implications for
muscular performance. (HSLS2-3)
 Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and
function. (HSLS4-1)
 Identify the main axial muscles of the body, along with their actions.
 Identify the main appendicular muscles of the body, along with their actions.
 Describe the effects of aging on muscle tissue. (HSLS4-1)
 Discuss the functional relationships between the muscular system and other
body systems. (HSLS1-3)
 Describe the two anatomical divisions of the nervous system and their
general functions.
 Distinguish between neurons and neuroglia on the basis of their structure
and function. (HSPS2-6)
 Describe the three meningeal layers that surround the central nervous
system.
 Discuss the structure and functions of the spinal cord.
 Name the major regions of the brain and describe their functions. (HSLS1-2)
 Identify the cranial nerves, and relate each pair of cranial nerves to its
principal functions. (HSLS1-2)
 Describe the components of a reflex arc.
 Summarize the effects of aging on the nervous system. (HSLS1-2)
 Discuss the interrelationships between the nervous system and other organ
systems.
North Bergen School District Benchmarks
Fourth Marking Period
Students will be able to:
 Distinguish between the general senses and the special senses.
 Identify the receptors for the general senses, and describe how they function.
 Describe the receptors and processes involved in the sense of smell.
 Describe the receptors and processes involved in the sense of taste.
 Identify the parts of the eye and their functions.
 Explain how we are able to see objects and distinguish colors. (HSPS4-4)
 Discuss how the central nervous system processes information related to
vision.
 Discuss the receptors and processes involved in the sense of equilibrium.
 Describe the parts of the ear and their roles in the process of hearing.
 Describe the effects of aging on smell, taste, vision, and hearing.
 Describe the location and general features of the heart. (HSLS1-2)
 Identify the layers of the heart wall.
 Trace the flow of blood through the heart, identifying the major blood
vessels, chambers, and heart valves. (HSLS1-3)
 Describe the primary functions of the respiratory system. (HSLS1-6)
 Explain how the delicate respiratory exchange surfaces are protected from
pathogens, debris, and other hazards. (HSLS1-6)
 Relate respiratory functions to the structural specializations of the tissues
and organs in the respiratory system. (HSLS1-6)
 Describe the physical principles governing the movement of air into the
lungs and the diffusion of gases into and out of the blood. (HSLS1-6)
 Describe the actions of respiratory muscles on respiratory movements.
(HSLS1-2)
 Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.
(CCCS.ELA.LITERACY.RST.9-10.7 ; 11-12.7)
 Describe the major factors that influence the rate of respiration.
 Identify the reflexes that regulate respiration. (HSLS4-5)
 Describe the changes that occur in the respiratory system at birth and with
aging. (HSLS1-3)
 Discuss the interrelationships between the respiratory system and other
systems. (HSLS1-2)
 Identify the organs of the digestive tract and the accessory organs of
digestion.
 List the functions of the digestive system. (HSLS1-3)
 Explain how ingested materials are propelled through the digestive tract.
(HSLS1-2)(HSLS1-3)
 Describe how food is processed in the mouth and describe the key events of
the swallowing process.
 Describe the structure and functions of the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder,
and explain how their activities are regulated. (HSLS1-2) (HSLS1-3)
North Bergen School District Benchmarks




Describe the structure of the large intestine, its movements, and its
absorptive functions. (HSLS1-2) (HSLS1-3)
Describe the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
(HSLS1-7)
Describe the changes in the digestive system that occur with aging.
Discuss the interactions between the digestive system and other organ
systems. (HSLS1-3)
Laboratory experiments are completed generally once a week for the school year.
Each Lab generally contains a written report/mathematical graph. The English
language standards that are touched upon are (CCCS.ELA.LITERACY.RST.9-10.3; 910.4; 9-10.7; 9-10.9; 11-12.3 ; 11-12.4 ; 11-12.6 ; 11-12.8; 11-12.9)