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Ch. 4 Notes Earth/Space Matter Matter: anything that takes up space and has mass. Four states of matter: Plasma: is an ionized gas electrons are freed from atoms or molecules. is a cloud of protons, neutrons and electrons the most common state of matter in the universe (more than 99% of our visible universe and most of that not visible). examples: the sun, supernovas, flames, lightning and auroras. Element: a substance made up of only one kind of atom. (examples: oxygen, gold) Atom: smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down and still be the same element Atomic Structure: atoms are made of three particles: Particle 1. Proton 2. Neutron 3. Electron charge found where in the atom positive + no charge (neutral) negative - nucleus (the center of the atom) nucleus outside of nucleus For every proton there is one electron, making atoms neutral (no electrical charge). Electrons are arranged in circles (shells) around nucleus; If an atom’s nucleus were the size of a gumdrop, the atom would be the size of a football stadium. Atomic Number Written above the element = number of protons in the nucleus (is the same as the number of electrons). Elements differ from other elements by the number of protons and are ordered according to their atomic number in the periodic table. (Drawings of atoms) 1 Elements usually occur in combination with other elements. Substances joined by chemical bonds are either compounds (must be different elements) or molecules (can be all the same or different elements). Chemical formulas Shows the arrangement of the elements when two or more atoms bond together. Example: C6H12O6 (sugar) = 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, 6 oxygen atoms Elements and compounds often combine through chemical reactions to form new compounds. The forces that hold together the atoms in molecules are called chemical bonds See Example p.94 Water Facts and Properties Almost 70% of the human body is water. At sea level, water boils at 100° C and freezes at 0° C. Water Properties make life on Earth possible 1. Cohesion = water is attracted to water; forms films and drops. Example: water drops on a waxed car, water forms a surface that insects can walk on; water “bulges” over top of container 2. Adhesion = water is attracted to other substances, cause them to get wet. Examples: water moving up a plant’s stem against gravity; Water in a glass forms a concave shape inside a container 3. High Specific Heat= water resists temperature change 4. High Heat of Vaporization 5. Water is less dense as a solid (ice has more air between molecules) 6. Universal solvent = Water dissolves many things Chemistry of Cells ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: contain carbon Carbon can form many kinds of compounds, which are called organic molecules or macromolecules (large molecules). Polymer: a large molecule that consists of many smaller pieces called monomers Monomer: one part of a polymer Organic compounds include: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids (those are macromolecules) and ATP (a small molecule) Carbohydrates: compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO) For example glucose: C6H12O6 – 6:12:6 = 1:2:1 ratio 2 Another term for carbohydrates is saccharides or sugars. a. Monosaccharides (Mono = one); single molecules. Examples: glucose, fructose b. Disaccharides (Di = two); contain 2 molecules. Examples: glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar) c. Polysaccharides (Poly = three or more) Examples: starches (carbohydrate storage in plants), glycogen (carbohydrate storage in animals), cellulose (cell walls of plants), chitin (exoskeletons of arthropods, crustaceans) Function: immediate source of energy. Food examples: pasta, bread, fruit, and vegetables. The cellulose in vegetables and fruit provides fiber. Lipids: compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and some have phosphorus (CHOP) Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and steroids and phospholipids (in cell walls) They do not dissolve in water. Functions: for energy storage, insulation and protection. Types of fats: a. Saturated fats (animal fats): single bonds between atoms, harder to break. Examples: butter, lard, fat on meat. b. Unsaturated fats (plant fats): have double or triple bonds; easier to break, have fewer hydrogen atoms. Examples: olive, corn, canola oils. Structure: Glycerol backbone, 3 fatty acids 3 Proteins: compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur (CHONS). Function: repair our bodies. Examples: meat, fish, eggs, beans (plant foods have less protein than foods that come from animals) Proteins are made of smaller pieces called amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids. Structures made of protein: muscles (movement), all enzymes, hormones (control and regulate many body functions), hemoglobin (transport oxygen in the blood), antibodies (protect from disease), egg white, hair, and feathers Nucleic Acids: molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus (CHONP). Nucleic acids are made of subunits called nucleotides. Function: Heredity or Code for Protein Nucleotides have three parts: 1. Five-carbon sugar 2. Nitrogen-containing base 3. Phosphate group There are two kinds of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - two strands 4 RNA (ribonucleic acid) - one strand ATP: Single nucleotide with two extra energy-storing phosphate groups Used for temporary storage of energy. Not a macromolecule. 5