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Wednesday, January 16th What is a mutation? Reminders: •DNA Test Friday What is the difference between the following mRNA strands? • AUG CCG AUU UAG • AUG CGA UUU AG Mutations What Are Mutations? • Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA • May occur in body cells (aren’t passed to offspring) • May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful? • Mutations happen regularly • Almost all mutations are neutral • Chemicals & UV radiation cause mutations • Many mutations are repaired by enzymes Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful? • Some type of skin cancers and leukemia result from body cell mutations • Some mutations may improve an organism’s survival (beneficial) Types of Mutations • Chromosome • Gene Gene Mutations • Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene • May only involve a single nucleotide • May be due to copying errors, chemicals, viruses, etc. Types of Gene Mutations • Include: – Point Mutations – Frameshift • Insertion • Deletion – Substitutions – Inversion – Translocation Point Mutation • Change of a single nucleotide • Includes the deletion, insertion, or substitution of ONE nucleotide in a gene Point Mutation • Sickle Cell disease is the result of one nucleotide substitution • Occurs in the hemoglobin gene Frameshift Mutation • Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides • Changes the “reading frame” like changing a sentence • Proteins built incorrectly Frameshift Mutation • Original: – The fat cat ate the wee rat. • Frame Shift (“a” added): – The fat caa tet hew eer at. Amino Acid Sequence Changed Substitution Mutation • A nitrogen base is replaced (substituted) with another nitrogen base. Inversion Mutation • An entire section of DNA is reversed! Gene Mutation Animation Translocation Mutation • A segment of DNA moves from one part of the sequence to another part Original CCA TGC ATA CGG ATA CCA TGC CGG DNA Mutation Practice AUG UGG AAC CGC UGC UGA Met Trp Asn Arg Cys Stop