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IPv6 address Unicast and anycast address format
Unicast and anycast addresses are
typically composed of two logical
parts: a 64-bit network prefix used for
routing, and a 64-bit interface
identifier used to identify a host's
network interface.
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IPv6 address Unicast and anycast address format
1
General unicast address
format (routing prefix size
varies)
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IPv6 address Unicast and anycast address format
1
field routing prefix
subnet id interface
identifier
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IPv6 address Unicast and anycast address format
The network prefix (the routing prefix
combined with the subnet id) is contained
in the most significant 64 bits of the
address
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IPv6 address Unicast and anycast address format
1
A link-local address is also based on the
interface identifier, but uses a different
format for the network prefix.
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IPv6 address Unicast and anycast address format
1
The prefix field contains the binary
value 1111111010. The 54 zeroes that
follow make the total network prefix
the same for all link-local addresses
(fe80::/64 link-local address prefix),
rendering them non-routable.
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IPv6 address Solicited-node multicast address
The least significant 24 bits of the
solicited-node multicast address group ID
are filled with the least significant 24 bits of
the interface's unicast or anycast address.
These addresses allow link-layer address
resolution via Neighbor Discovery Protocol
(NDP) on the link without disturbing all
nodes on the local network. A host is
required to join a Solicited-Node multicast
group for each of its configured unicast or
anycast addresses.
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Comcast
1
The 2012-present logo with the NBC
peacock symbol, as a result of
Comcast being the owner of
NBCUniversal.
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Comcast
Industry
Telecommunications
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Comcast
1701 John F Kennedy
Blvd, Philadelphia, PA,
United States, 19103-2838
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Comcast
1
Operating income US$ 12.179
billion (2012)
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Comcast
Total assets US$
164.971 billion (2012)
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Comcast
1
Total equity US$ 49.356
billion (2012
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Comcast
Comcast is an American provider of
entertainment, information and
communications products and services
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Comcast
1
Comcast also has significant holding in
several cable networks (including E!
Entertainment Television, the Golf
Channel, and NBC Sports Network),
distribution (ThePlatform), and related
businesses.
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Comcast
1
Comcast has been the subject of criticism
for activities including its stance on net
neutrality, as well as poor results on
customer satisfaction surveys.
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Comcast History
1
Comcast Cable was originally formed as
American Cable Systems in 1963 and was
founded by Ralph J. Roberts, Daniel
Aaron and Julian A. Brodsky based on a
recommendation from Pete Musser, who
brought the deal to Ralph Roberts to buy
his first cable system in Tupelo,
Mississippi. The company was
incorporated in Pennsylvania in 1969,
under the new name Comcast
Corporation. The name "Comcast" is a
portmanteau of the words
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Comcast History
1
In 2006, Comcast started a new sports
channel—SportsNet New York—in the
greater New York City region, in
partnership with the New York Mets
and Time Warner Cable.
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Comcast History
1
In August 2004, Comcast started a
channel called CET (Comcast
Entertainment Television), available
only to Colorado Comcast
subscribers, and focusing on life in
Colorado
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Comcast History
1
In 1996, Comcast launched Comcast
Online, a broadband Internet service.
Comcast purchased Sarasota Online,
then one of the largest Internet
providers in Florida and owned by
entrepreneur Richard Swier and
quickly expanded Internet service
into over 30 cities. Comcast's Internet
service has 18.582 million customers
as of March 30, 2012.
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Comcast History
The UK division was sold to NTL in
1998. After the sale of their cellular
division to SBC Communications of
San Antonio and the acquisition of
Greater Philadelphia Cablevision in
1999, Comcast and MediaOne
announced a $60 billion merger which
did not occur until three years later (as
AT&T Broadband). In addition, Comcast
rebranded around that time and began
to employ the logo that was used for
over a decade.
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Comcast History
1
In 2002, Comcast paid the University of
Maryland $25 million for naming rights to
the new basketball arena built on the
College Park campus, named Comcast
Center.
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Comcast History
1
On January 3, 2005, Comcast announced
that it would become the anchor tenant in
a new skyscraper in downtown
Philadelphia, to be named the Comcast
Center, not to be confused with the
Maryland arena mentioned above. The
975 ft (297 m) skyscraper is the tallest
building in Pennsylvania.
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Comcast History
1
In December 2005, Comcast announced
the creation of Comcast Interactive Media
(CIM), a new division focused on online
media.
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Comcast History
As of June 30, 2013, Comcast serves a
total of 21.7 million cable customers, 19.9
million high-speed Internet customers, and
10.3 million voice customers. Comcast is
headquartered in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, and also has corporate
offices in Atlanta, Detroit, Denver, and
Manchester, New Hampshire.
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Comcast History
1
The address book is Comcast
Plaxo software.
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Comcast History
1
Comcast announced for the end of
2008 a new network congestion
management technique, after
receiving no complaints over the
summer in five market trials which
were held in Warrenton, Virginia;
Chambersburg, Pennsylvania;
Colorado Springs, Colorado; Lake
View, Florida; and East Orange,
Florida.
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Comcast History
1
The deal was completed in January 2011, with
Comcast taking over as NBC's majority owner.
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Comcast History
On December 3, 2009, General
Electric (GE) and Comcast announced
a buyout agreement for NBCUniversal.
Regulators approved the proposed
sale on January 18, 2011. With the
completion of the sale by January 28,
2011, Comcast owned 51% of
NBCUniversal and GE owned 49%.
Roberts is part of NBCUniversal's
board of directors. On March 19, 2013
Comcast purchased the remaining
49% of NBCUniversal.
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Comcast History
Comcast won the Consumerist Worst
Company In America ("Golden Poo")
award in 2010. A gold trophy in the shape
of a pile of human feces was delivered to
Comcast Corporate Headquarters to
commemorate the unmatched level of
enmity flowing from their customer base
to their business. Competitor Verizon
congratulated Comcast on their award
via the Verizon Twitter feed. Comcast
immediately publicly acknowledged the
award, claiming ongoing efforts to
improve their customer service.
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Comcast History
The company also has a majority
ownership in Comcast-Spectacor,
whose major holdings include the
Philadelphia Flyers NHL hockey
team, the Philadelphia 76ers NBA
basketball team and two large
multipurpose arenas in Philadelphia.
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Comcast Xfinity
1
Xfinity is the name for the re-branded
triple play services in Comcast's
largest markets, which include the
company's digital cable, cable
access, and cable telephone services.
Smaller markets currently will retain
the Comcast branding for all services
until they have been upgraded to full
digital services.
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Comcast Xfinity
1
The company proposed adding more HD
channels, foreign language programming,
video on demand content (especially with
the end of analog cable by 2012), known
as "Xfinity On Demand," and more
programming on its Fancast.com video
portal (now known as simply "XfinityTV
Online")
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Comcast Xfinity
1
According to Comcast, the name Xfinity
stands for infinite content choices and
cross-platform features.
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Comcast Xfinity
The Xfinity rebranding has been
controversial since its introduction, said to
be nothing more than an effort to sidestep
the negativity of the "Comcast" brand
name. In February 2010, TIME listed
Xfinity at number 2 in their Top 10 Worst
Corporate Name Changes list.
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Comcast Xfinity
Comcast Business
Services remain
under the "Comcast"
name.
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Comcast Internet
1
Comcast has 19.986 million high-speed internet
customers as of June 30, 2013.
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Comcast Internet
Currently available
Comcast High-Speed
Internet Plans:
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Comcast Internet
1
Name Download Speed
Upload SpeedDOCSIS
Version
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Comcast "Excessive bandwidth" policy
1
Comcast reserves the
right to do this without
any notification
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Comcast "Excessive bandwidth" policy
1
In September 2007, Comcast spokesman
Charlie Douglas said the company defines
"excessive use" as the equivalent of
30,000 songs, 250,000 pictures or 13
million emails in a month
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Comcast "Excessive bandwidth" policy
1
According to Comcast Customer Central,
enforcement of the 250 GB data
consumption threshold is currently
suspended. However, in a college frathouse setting or other multi-tenant
environment, Comcast Business Class
may still be required for excessive
overages.
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Comcast Features
1
According to the Comcast High Speed
Internet terms of service, residential
customers are provided with dynamic IP
addresses.
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Comcast Features
Comcast's "PowerBoost" delivers
bursts for all but their highest-end and
lowest-end tiers, allowing subscribers
to use all excess cable node capacity
to speed up the first few seconds of
downloads.
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Comcast Internet Essentials
This service, which offers access to a
previously untapped market, is required by
regulations concerning internet access for
the poor imposed by the FCC as condition
of allowing Comcast's acquisition of
NBCUniversal in January, 2011
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Comcast Legal Issues
1
On September 4, 2008 Comcast sued the
FCC over findings that the previous
Network Management policy illegally
interfered with BitTorrent traffic on the
Comcast network.
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Comcast Xfinity Voice
1
At the start of 2012, Comcast stood as the
United States' third-largest residential
telephone provider. At that time the
company supplied 9.34 million residential
telephone lines.
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Comcast Xfinity Home
1
Comcast now offers a home security and
home automation service known as Xfinity
Home, in some of its service areas. This
service provides residential customers a
monitored burglar and fire alarm,
surveillance cameras, and home
automation.
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Comcast Business Services
Comcast offers four types of Metro
Ethernet services: Ethernet Private Line,
Ethernet Virtual Private Line, Ethernet
Network Service, and Ethernet Network
Dedicated Access, that are available in
speeds from one Megabit per second up
to 10 Gigabits per second.
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Comcast Business Services
The head of the Comcast Business
indirect sales channel is Craig
Schlagbaum, former head of the Level 3
Communications channel.
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Comcast Programming
Fully or partially owned Comcast
programming includes Comcast
Newsmakers, Comcast Network,
Comcast SportsNet, SportsNet New
York, MLB Network, Comcast Sports
Southeast/Charter Sports Southeast, E!
Entertainment, Esquire Network, NBC
Sports Network, The Golf Channel, AZN
Television, and FEARnet.
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Comcast Acquisitions and joint ventures
1
Following other acquisitions, Microsoft invested $1
billion in Comcast in 1997.
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Comcast Acquisitions and joint ventures
1
As part of this acquisition, Comcast also
acquired the National Digital Television
Center in Centennial, Colorado as a wholly
owned subsidiary, which is today known
as the Comcast Media Center.
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Comcast Acquisitions and joint ventures
When it was first announced that AT&T
Broadband and Comcast were going to
merge, the chosen name for the new
company was "AT&T Comcast". That
decision was changed so as to not
confuse current and future investors in the
company, and the merged company
retained the Comcast name.
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Comcast Acquisitions and joint ventures
1
Comcast's NHL deal also
obligated them to launch
a U.S
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Comcast Acquisitions and joint ventures
1
Comcast announced on March 25, 2004
that its new gaming-oriented television
network G4 (operated by subsidiary G4
Media, Inc.) would acquire Vulcan
Venture's technology-oriented television
network TechTV. The deal was finalized on
May 10, 2004 – and the two networks
became G4techTV on May 28, 2004. On
January 11, 2005, Comcast announced
that it would drop TechTV from the
station's name and again be known as
"G4".
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Comcast Acquisitions and joint ventures
1
On April 8, 2005, a partnership led by
Comcast and Sony Pictures
Entertainment finalized a deal to
acquire MGM and its affiliate studio,
United Artists, and create an additional
outlet to carry MGM/UA's material for
cable and Internet distribution.
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Comcast Acquisitions and joint ventures
1
Comcast previously owned approximately
30 percent of Susquehanna
Communications through affiliate company
Lenfest.
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Comcast Acquisitions and joint ventures
1
On April 3, 2007, Comcast announced it
had entered into an agreement to
acquire the cable systems owned and
operated by Patriot Media, a privately
held company owned by cable veteran
Steven J. Simmons, Spectrum Equity
Investors and Spire Capital, that serves
approximately 81,000 video
subscribers. Comcast will acquire
Patriot for a net cash investment of
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Comcast Adelphia purchase
1
As part of the same deal, Time Warner
and Comcast would also trade existing
subscribers to create larger clusters of
customers for each company in various
geographical areas.
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Comcast Adelphia purchase
The changes became effective on
August 1, 2006. As an example,
Comcast's systems in the Dallas-Fort
Worth Metroplex were traded to TWC
in exchange for Time Warner's North
Louisiana market, which covers
Shreveport and Monroe. Also,
Comcast in Los Angeles Area was
traded with TWC. Parts of the Orange
County area (Fullerton, Buena Park,
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Comcast Adelphia purchase
1
As of June 19, 2007, the Time Warner name was
officially retired and replaced by Comcast.
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Comcast Adelphia purchase
1
Comcast also took over Adelphia systems
in the State College, Pennsylvania area in
addition to the Lewistown, Pennsylvania
area. The company also took over
Adelphia's systems in the Pittsburgh
market, combining those systems with
Comcast's already-large market share in
the region (Comcast entered Pittsburgh
through the AT&T Broadband deal).
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Comcast Adelphia purchase
1
In early 2007, Comcast took over Adelphia
operations in Palm Beach, Broward,
Hillsborough, and Miami-Dade Counties in
Florida and Bartow, Pickens, Cherokee,
and Forsyth Counties in Georgia, as well
as customers in Colorado.
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Comcast thePlatform purchase
1
In July 2006, Comcast purchased the
Seattle-based software company
thePlatform. This represented an entry
into a new line of business – selling
software to allow companies to manage
their Internet (and IP-based) media
publishing efforts. Customers of
thePlatform include Verizon Wireless,
BBC Worldwide, PBS, CNBC, CBS
College Sports, and HiT Entertainment .
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Comcast Plaxo purchase
1
In May 2008 Comcast purchased Plaxo for a
reported $150 million to $170 million.
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Comcast ESPNU and ESPN3.com
On May 19, 2009, Disney and ESPN
Media Networks and Comcast Corporation
announced an agreement to add ESPNU
to its Digital Classic level of service.
Comcast added ESPNU to a majority of its
cable systems in time for the start of the
2009 college football season. This
includes Comcast's southern systems
which enjoys coverage of ESPNU's new
Saturday game-of-the-week Southeastern
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Comcast ESPNU and ESPN3.com
1
live sports broadband network—would be
made available to all Comcast high speed
Internet subscribers
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Comcast TechTV acquisition
On March 25, 2004, Comcast's G4
gaming channel announced a merger
with TechTV. This move became
hugely controversial among loyal fans
of TechTV and its well known
personality Leo Laporte. Around May
6, G4 announced the termination of
250 employees from the San Francisco
office by July 10, 2004, allowing
approximately 80 to 100 employees to
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Comcast TechTV acquisition
1
On May 10, 2004, G4 Media completed
the acquisition of TechTV from Vulcan.
G4techTV was launched in the U.S. and
Canada on May 28, 2004. This led to the
cancellation of many of the TechTV
channels throughout carriers across the
world. On January 3, 2005, TechTV
International began airing select programs
from G4techTV.
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Comcast TechTV acquisition
On February 15, 2005, the TechTV
brand was dropped from the United
States G4techTV feed, leaving the
network name as G4 – Video Game
Television; since then, G4 has gone
through a rebranding into a male
oriented network. With the departure
of ZDTV-era employee Adam Sessler
in April 2012, Morgan Webb is
currently the sole TechTV-era
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Comcast U.S. Olympic Network
The U.S. Olympic Committee and
Comcast intended to team up to create
The U.S. Olympic Network, which was
slated to launch after the 2010
Vancouver Olympic Games. These
plans were then put on hold by the U.S.
Olympic Committee. The U.S. Olympic
Committee and Comcast have ended
the plans to create The U.S. Olympic
Network.
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Comcast NBCUniversal
1
Bewkes (the CEO) came out and said
"No", leaving it highly unlikely that
Comcast would have any other bids to
worry about.
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Comcast NBCUniversal
On November 1, 2009, The New York
Times reported Comcast had moved
closer to a deal to purchase NBCUniversal
and that a formal announcement could be
made sometime the following week. On
December 3, 2009, the parties announced
that Comcast will take a controlling 51%
stake in NBCUniversal.
1
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Comcast NBCUniversal
On February 12, 2013, Comcast
announced an intention to acquire the
remaining 49% of General Electric's
interest in NBCUniversal. Comcast
completed the purchase on March 19,
2013.
1
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Comcast Financial performance
The book value of the company nearly
doubled from $8.19 a share in 1999 to $15
a share in 2009. Revenues grew sixfold
from 1999's $6 billion to almost $36 billion
in 2009. Net profit margin rose from 4.2%
in 1999 to 8.4% in 2009, with operating
margins improving 31 percent and return
on equity doubling to 6.7 percent in the
same time span. Between 1999 and 2009,
return on capital nearly tripled to 7
1
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Comcast Financial performance
Comcast reported first quarter 2012
profit increases of 30% due to increase
in high-speed internet customers. In
addition to a 7% rate increase on cable
services in 2012, Comcast anticipates a
double digit rate increase in 2013.
1
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Comcast Employee relations
Comcast had been rated highly in "top
places to work" lists. In 2009, it was listed
in CableFAX magazine's "Top 10 Places to
Work in Cable", which cited its "scale,
savvy and vision". Similarly, the
Philadelphia Business Journal awarded
Comcast the silver medal among extralarge companies in Philadelphia, with the
gold medal going to partner organization,
Comcast-Spectacor. The Boston Globe
1
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Comcast Employee relations
1
Employee diversity is also an attribute
upon which Comcast receives strong
marks. In 2008, Black Enterprise
magazine rated Comcast among the
top 15 companies for workforce
diversity.
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Comcast Employee relations
1
In 2011, Comcast received criticism
from Writers Guild of America for its
policies in regards to unions.
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American Broadcasting Company Creating ABC
1
From the organization of the first true
radio networks in the late 1920s,
broadcasting in the United States was
dominated by two companies, CBS
and RCA's NBC
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American Broadcasting Company Creating ABC
1
Consequently, the FCC issued a ruling
that "no license shall be issued to a
standard broadcast station affiliated
with a network which maintains more
than one network." NBC argued this
indirect style of regulation was illegal
and appealed to the courts
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American Broadcasting Company Creating ABC
1
The task of selling of NBC Blue was
given to Mark Woods; throughout 1942
and 1943, NBC Red and NBC Blue
divided their assets
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American Broadcasting Company Creating ABC
1
The new network, known as "The Blue
Network", was owned by the American
Broadcasting System, a company Noble
formed for the deal
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American Broadcasting Company Creating ABC
In September 1944, Noble acquired
the rights to the names "American
Broadcasting Company" (from the
licensee of WOL), "American
Broadcasting Corporation" (from the
licensee of WLAP), and "American
Network" (from a defunct group of FM
broadcasters), clearing the way to
rename the American Broadcasting
System to American Broadcasting
1
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American Broadcasting Company Creating ABC
1
ABC Radio began slowly; with few hit shows or
big-name stars, it had to build an audience
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American Broadcasting Company 1948: Leonard Goldenson and ABC's entry
into television
1
All five requests were for each station
to broadcast on channel 7; Frank
Marx, ABC's vice president in charge
of engineering, thought at the time
that the low-band (channels 2 through
6) television channels would be
reallocated for military use, thus
making these five stations
broadcasting on VHF channel 7 the
lowest on the TV dial and therefore the
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American Broadcasting Company 1948: Leonard Goldenson and ABC's entry into
television
1
The ABC television
network debuted on
April 19, 1948
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American Broadcasting Company 1948: Leonard Goldenson and ABC's entry
into television
For the next few
years, ABC was a
television network
mostly in name
1
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American Broadcasting Company 1948: Leonard Goldenson and ABC's entry
into television
1
Barred from the film business, Goldenson
saw broadcasting as a possibility, and
approached Noble in 1951 about buying
ABC
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American Broadcasting Company 1948: Leonard Goldenson and ABC's entry
into television
1
The corporate name
became American
BroadcastingParamount Theatres,
Inc
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American Broadcasting Company 1948: Leonard Goldenson and ABC's entry
into television
1
Shortly after the ABC–UPT merger, Goldenson
approached DuMont with a merger offer
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American Broadcasting Company 1948: Leonard Goldenson and ABC's entry
into television
1
After its acquisition by UPT, ABC at last
had the means to offer a full-time
television network service on the scale of
CBS and NBC
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American Broadcasting Company 1948: Leonard Goldenson and ABC's entry
into television
In 1955, the network picked up the
national broadcast rights to KTLA's Dodge
Dancing Party, which evolved into The
Lawrence Welk Show, becoming an ABC
fixture throughout the late 1950s and
1960s
1
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American Broadcasting Company 1948: Leonard Goldenson and ABC's entry
into television
In 1955, ABC established a recording
division, the AmPar Record Corporation,
which founded and operated the popular
label ABC-Paramount Records (which
became ABC Records in 1965) and the
noted jazz label Impulse! Records, created
in 1961
1
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American Broadcasting Company 1961–1965: Growth and restructuring
1
While ABC Television continued to
languish in third place nationally, it
often topped local ratings in larger
markets
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American Broadcasting Company 1961–1965: Growth and restructuring
1
Rick Sklar was hired by Neal in 1963 to
program the station, which by the mid1960s featured hourly newscasts,
commentaries and a few long-running
serials, which were all that remained on
the ABC Radio Network schedule
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American Broadcasting Company 1961–1965: Growth and restructuring
On September 23, 1962, ABC began
televising the animated television
series The Jetsons in color. Another
animated show, The Flintstones, had
been filmed in color since its debut in
1960 and was soon shown in color on
the network. In the 1965–66 season,
ABC joined NBC and CBS in televising
most of its shows in color.
1
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American Broadcasting Company 1961–1965: Growth and restructuring
1
In 1967, WLS General Manager, Ralph Beaudin,
was promoted to head up ABC Radio
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American Broadcasting Company 1961–1965: Growth and restructuring
1
In 1969, Neal and Beaudin hired former
programmer for WCFL in Chicago, Allen
Shaw, to program the seven ABC-owned
FM Radio stations
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American Broadcasting Company 1961–1965: Growth and restructuring
During this period of the 1960s, ABC
founded an in-house production unit, ABC
Films, to create new material especially for
the network. Shortly after the death of
producer David O. Selznick, ABC acquired
the rights to a considerable amount of the
Selznick theatrical film library, including
Rebecca and Portrait of Jennie (but not
including Gone with the Wind, which
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer had acquired
1
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American Broadcasting Company 1965–1969: Success
1
By doing so, he helped to make sports broadcasting
into a multi-billion-dollar industry.
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American Broadcasting Company 1965–1969: Success
1
Despite its relatively small size, ABC found
increasing success with television
programming aimed at the emerging
"Baby Boomer" culture. It broadcast
American Bandstand and Shindig!, two
shows that featured new popular and
youth-oriented records of the day.
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American Broadcasting Company 1965–1969: Success
1
The network ran science fiction fare, a
genre that other networks considered
too risky: The Outer Limits, The
Invaders, The Time Tunnel and Land of
the Giants. It also ran the Quinn Martin
action and suspense series The F.B.I.
and The Fugitive.
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American Broadcasting Company 1965–1969: Success
In January 1966, an unheralded mid-season
replacement show became a national pop culture
phenomenon
1
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American Broadcasting Company 1965–1969: Success
1
In 1968, the parent company changed
its name from American BroadcastingParamount Theatres, Inc. to American
Broadcasting Companies, Inc., formally
dropping the Paramount name from the
company and all subsidiaries which
bore that name. The network would
continue to have an association with
Paramount Television in the 1970s,
however – many of its television
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American Broadcasting Company 1965–1969: Success
1
In 1968, Howard Hughes attempted to
purchase two million shares in ABC.
Failing to line up the full number of
shares he wished to buy, he dropped
the offer and instead purchased the
Sports Network.
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American Broadcasting Company 1969–1985: Rising to the top
1
1330 Avenue of Americas,
corporate HQ at this time.
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American Broadcasting Company 1969–1985: Rising to the top
Continuing the network's upswing in the
1960s were highly rated primetime sitcoms
such as That Girl, Bewitched, The
Courtship of Eddie's Father, The Partridge
Family and The Brady Bunch, and dramas
such as Room 222 and The Mod Squad.
Edgar Scherick was Vice President of
Network Programming and responsible for
much of the lineup during this era. Marcus
Welby, M.D. became the network's first
1
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American Broadcasting Company 1969–1985: Rising to the top
1
ABC's daytime lineup became strong
throughout the 1970s and 1980s with
the soap operas General Hospital, One
Life to Live, The Edge of Night (which
had moved to ABC from CBS in late
1975), All My Children, and Ryan's
Hope, and the game shows The Dating
Game, The Newlywed Game, Let's Make
a Deal, Split Second, The $20,000
Pyramid (originally The $10,000
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American Broadcasting Company 1969–1985: Rising to the top
1
By the early 1970s, ABC had formed its
first theatrical division, ABC Pictures (later
renamed ABC Motion Pictures)
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American Broadcasting Company 1969–1985: Rising to the top
1
Furthermore, ABC acquired television
broadcast rights for the annual
Academy Awards ceremony in 1976,
the awards remain with the network
today and is contractually planned to
be carried by ABC through 2014
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American Broadcasting Company 1969–1985: Rising to the top
1
ABC also offered big-budget, extended-length
miniseries, among them QB VII, and Rich Man,
Poor Man
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American Broadcasting Company 1969–1985: Rising to the top
1
ABC Television began the transition
from coaxial cable–microwave
delivery to satellite delivery via
AT&T's Telstar 301
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American Broadcasting Company 1985–1996: The Capital Cities era
1
ABC's dominance carried into
the early 1980s
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American Broadcasting Company 1985–1996: The Capital Cities era
1
Under the circumstances, ABC
was a ripe takeover target
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American Broadcasting Company 1985–1996: The Capital Cities era
As the 1990s began, one could
conclude the company was more
conservative than at other times in its
history
1
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American Broadcasting Company 1996–2003: Disney purchase and network
decline
In 1996, The Walt Disney Company
acquired Capital Cities/ABC, and renamed
the broadcasting entity ABC, Inc., although
the network continues to also use
American Broadcasting Companies, such
as on television productions it owns.
1
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American Broadcasting Company 1996–2003: Disney purchase and network decline
1
ABC's relationship with Disney dates back
to 1953, when Leonard Goldenson
pledged enough money so that the
Disneyland theme park could be
completed
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American Broadcasting Company 1996–2003: Disney purchase and network
decline
1
Despite intense micro-managing on
the part of Disney management, the
flagship television network was slow
to turn around
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American Broadcasting Company 1996–2003: Disney purchase and network
decline
1
However it was not the first network to
carry its programming in HD, CBS
began broadcasting its first high
definition programs a year earlier
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American Broadcasting Company 1996–2003: Disney purchase and network
decline
1
NR's biggest error, to date, is the loss of
several minutes of the Dancing with the
Stars results show live telecast on March
27, 2007 to 104 affiliates
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American Broadcasting Company 1996–2003: Disney purchase and network
decline
1
Still one asset that ABC lacked in the
early 2000s that most other networks
had was popularity in reality
television. ABC's briefly lived reality
shows Are You Hot? and the first
American iteration of I'm a
Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
proved to be an embarrassment for
the network. By end of the 2003–2004
television season, ABC slumped to
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American Broadcasting Company 2004–2007: Resurgence
1
Determined not to lose its prominence on
television, ABC was able to find ratings
success beginning in 2004
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American Broadcasting Company 2004–2007: Resurgence
ABC finally found reality television
prosperity unexpectedly with the Extreme
Makeover spin-off Extreme Makeover:
Home Edition in 2003 proving to be more
successful than the former, and then with
Dancing with the Stars in the summer of
2005
1
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American Broadcasting Company 2004–2007: Resurgence
Beginning that fall, all sports
broadcasts on ABC would be
presented under the "ESPN on ABC"
banner, with ESPN graphics and
announcers (including both the ESPN
and ABC logos on-screen; ESPN in the
presentation graphics with an ABC
bug in the corner of the screen).
1
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American Broadcasting Company 2004–2007: Resurgence
1
ABC aired the miniseries The Path to 9/11
in September 2006 on the fifth anniversary
of the September 11 attacks. The
docudrama was widely criticized,
especially from the left, for its alleged
inaccuracies.
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American Broadcasting Company 2004–2007: Resurgence
1
Borrowing a proven Disney formula, there
have been attempts to broaden the ABC
brand name. In 2004, ABC launched a
news channel called ABC News Now. Its
aim is to provide round-the-clock news on
over-the-air digital television, cable
television, the Internet, and mobile
phones.
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American Broadcasting Company 2004–2007: Resurgence
Also in 2007, ABC unveiled a new,
glossier logo and a new imaging
campaign, revolving around the
slogan "Start Here", which signifies
the network's news content and
entertainment programming being
accessible through not only television,
but also the Internet, portable media
devices, podcasting, and mobile
device-specific content from the
1
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American Broadcasting Company 2007–present: The writers' strike, decline
1
While the writer's strike of 2007–2008 put
a damper on ABC's schedule during this
season as with other networks, it was
particularly bad on most of the network's
new pilots, with many of them (Dirty Sexy
Money, Pushing Daisies, Eli Stone and
Samantha Who? among others) not living
to see a third season after the 2008–2009
season.
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American Broadcasting Company 2007–present: The writers' strike, decline
Although to a lesser extent, the writers'
strike continued to affect the network in
the 2008–2009 season, as more series
such as Boston Legal and the U.S. version
of Life on Mars suffered from low
viewership, despite the former being a
once-highlighted breakout show on the
network.
1
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American Broadcasting Company 2007–present: The writers' strike, decline
In early 2009, Disney–ABC Television
Group merged ABC Entertainment and
ABC Studios into a new division called
ABC Entertainment Group, which would
be responsible for both production and
broadcasting. Disney-ABC Television
Group planned to reduce its workforce by
5% during this reorganization.
1
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American Broadcasting Company 2007–present: The writers' strike, decline
1
On the flip side however, by the end of
the season, the network ultimately
cancelled every single new drama that
season except for V, although Castle, a
midseason replacement from the
previous season and one of ABC's only
successful procedurals to date, was
also renewed.
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American Broadcasting Company 2007–present: The writers' strike, decline
In March 2010, Disney considered
spinning ABC off into an independent
broadcasting company because, "it
doesn't add a lot of value to Disney's
other divisions." They entered
advanced negotiations with two
private equity firms to sell ABC;
however, the sale was cancelled
because of an attempted insider trade
to the FBI by an ex-employee.
1
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American Broadcasting Company 2007–present: The writers' strike, decline
1
In 2010, Lost ended after six seasons,
the last of which was its lowest rated
since its debut in 2004
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American Broadcasting Company 2007–present: The writers' strike, decline
With the combination of relatively little
buzz surrounding its 2010–2011 pilots,
compounded by a sexual harassment suit
against him, Stephen McPherson resigned
as ABC Entertainment Group president on
July 27, 2010. His replacement, Paul Lee
(previously the president of sister cable
channel ABC Family), was announced the
same day.
1
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American Broadcasting Company 2007–present: The writers' strike, decline
1
With the cancellation of Supernanny in
2011, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
was the only series on the network's
schedule to be broadcast in 4:3 standard
definition until the program ended its run
as a regular series in January 2012
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American Broadcasting Company 2007–present: The writers' strike, decline
In 2012, Spanish-language network
Univision and ABC News announced a
partnership to launch an English-language
news channel primarily aimed at Hispanic
audiences; in February 2013, it was
revealed that the new network would be
known as Fusion, and would launch later
that year.
1
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American Broadcasting Company 2007–present: The writers' strike, decline
1
On May 14, 2013, with the launch of its
Watch ABC apps, ABC became the first
U.S. television network to introduce a
service providing live, online streaming
of programming from its affiliates to
authenticated subscribers of cable and
satellite services. The Watch ABC
streaming service first became
available in New York City and
Philadelphia, and will expand into other
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American Broadcasting Company History with Disney
In 1954, the Walt Disney anthology
television series, under the title
Disneyland, began showing not only
programs made exclusively for
television by the Disney studio, but
also edited versions of some of the
studio's theatrical films, such as Alice
in Wonderland
1
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American Broadcasting Company History with Disney
1
The show moved in the fall of 1961 and
was renamed Walt Disney's Wonderful
World of Color allowing Disney to
broadcast in color, including shows
that had previously been shown in
black-and-white on ABC
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American Broadcasting Company Sale of ABC Radio
1
In 2005, Disney CEO Bob Iger sought
to sell the ABC Radio division, having
declared it a "non-core asset." On
February 6, 2006, Disney announced
that all ABC Radio properties (with the
exceptions of Radio Disney and ESPN
Radio) would be spun off and merged
with Citadel Broadcasting
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American Broadcasting Company Sale of ABC Radio
1
With the sale of ABC Radio, ABC became
the second heritage American television
network to sell its original radio properties.
NBC sold its radio network to Westwood
One in 1987, and its stations to various
companies through 1988. CBS is now the
only broadcast television network with its
original radio link, though both Fox News
and Fox Sports (through Clear Channel
Communications) have a significant radio
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American Broadcasting Company Sale of ABC Radio
On March 10, 2011, Cumulus Media
announced that it would purchase Citadel
Broadcasting. After receiving conditional
regulatory approval from the Department
of Justice and the Federal
Communications Commission, the deal
was approved by Citadel shareholders on
September 15, 2011. The merger of the
two companies closed on September 16,
2011, and Citadel became an indirect
1
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American Broadcasting Company ABC's library
1
Today, ABC owns nearly all its in-house
television and theatrical productions made
from the 1970s onward, with the exception
of certain co-productions with producers
(for example, The Commish is now owned
by the estate of its producer, Stephen
Cannell).
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American Broadcasting Company ABC's library
Also part of the library is the
aforementioned Selznick library, the
Cinerama Releasing/Palomar theatrical
library and the Selmur Productions catalog
that the network acquired some years
back, and the in-house productions it
continues to produce (such as America's
Funniest Home Videos, General Hospital,
and ABC News productions), although
Disney-ABC Domestic Television (formerly
1
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American Broadcasting Company ABC's library
Worldwide video rights are currently
owned by various companies, for example,
MGM Home Entertainment via 20th
Century Fox Home Entertainment owns
U.S. video rights to many of ABC's feature
films.
1
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American Broadcasting Company ABC's library
Most of the in-house ABC shows
produced before 1973 are now the
responsibility of CBS Television
Distribution (via predecessor
company Paramount Television's
acquisition of Worldvision Enterprises
in 1999).
1
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American Broadcasting Company Programming
1
Times Square Studios,
home of Good Morning
America.
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American Broadcasting Company Programming
1
At present, ABC provides a schedule
of 86 regular weekly hours of network
programming. The network provides
22 hours of prime time programming
to affiliated stations: 8–11 p.m.
Monday to Saturday (all times ET/PT)
and 7–11 p.m. on Sundays.
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American Broadcasting Company Programming
weekdays (along with one-hour
weekend editions); nightly editions of
ABC World News (whose weekend
editions are occasionally subject to
abbreviation or preemption due to
sports telecasts overrunning into the
program's timeslot), the Sunday
political talk show This Week, early
morning news programs World News
Now and America This Morning and
1
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American Broadcasting Company Programming
The network's Saturday morning
children's programming timeslot,
consisting of three hours, is filled by
syndicator Litton Entertainment, which
produces the E/I-compliant Litton's
Weekend Adventure block of
programming under an arrangement
where the programming is syndicated
out exclusively to ABC stations, rather
than being leased out directly by the
1
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American Broadcasting Company Programming
1
Due to the erratic and (outside of college
football season) inconsistent scheduling of
sports programming on weekend
afternoons, ABC carries the ESPN Sports
Saturday block on Saturdays, and on
Sunday either encores of primetime reality
series, burned off series which had no
room in the primetime schedule, or
occasional theatrical films which were
acquired in the early to mid-2000s that no
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American Broadcasting Company Specials
1
The pageant will return to Atlantic City in
2013 after being held in Las Vegas since
2006, ABC will continue to broadcast the
pageant through 2016.
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American Broadcasting Company Daytime
ABC Daytime is the network's daytime
programming block. ABC Daytime
currently airs the soap opera General
Hospital, and talk shows The View and
The Chew. General Hospital is the
longest-running entertainment program in
the entire history of the ABC television
network, having aired since 1963. ABC
also broadcasts the morning news
program Good Morning America and has
1
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American Broadcasting Company Daytime
Notable soap operas seen on the
network in the past include All My
Children, One Life to Live, Ryan's Hope,
Dark Shadows, Loving, The City and
Port Charles. ABC also aired the last
nine years of the Procter & Gambleproduced The Edge of Night.
1
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American Broadcasting Company Daytime
1
During the 1990–91 season, a short-lived
revival of Match Game became the last
game show to be broadcast on ABC's
daytime lineup (although several local
ABC stations currently air the syndicated
program Who Wants To Be A Millionaire
which is distributed by the network's
corporate sister Disney–ABC Domestic
Television).
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American Broadcasting Company Children's programming
One of ABC's first Saturday morning
children's shows was Acrobat Ranch in
1950, but ABC's first big break into
children's television was with Walt Disney
and the The Mickey Mouse Club
1
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American Broadcasting Company Children's programming
1
On September 13, 1997, ABC relaunched
its Saturday morning lineup as Disney's
One Saturday Morning, which prominently
featured animated series from Disney
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American Broadcasting Company Episode streaming and Watch ABC
Beginning with the 2006–2007
television season, ABC has regularly
begun uploading full length episodes of
most of the network's shows on its
website the day after they air on the
television network, with some
advertisements (though at a lesser
among than those featured when the
programs were broadcast on television)
1
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American Broadcasting Company Episode streaming and Watch ABC
1
broadcast network to
offer this ability
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American Broadcasting Company ABC On Demand
On November 20, 2006, ABC and
Comcast reached a landmark deal to offer
hit shows (Lost and Desperate
Housewives) through video on demand.
1
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American Broadcasting Company ABC On Demand
On February 25, 2008, ABC stated it
would release its hit shows for over
video on demand for free on cable
providers, including Comcast; however
fast forwarding capability for supported
commercial advertisements would be
disabled (fast forwarding was later
disabled during programs, a method
which has become commonplace with
VOD offerings from the U.S. broadcast
1
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American Broadcasting Company ABC On Demand
1
On September 22, 2009, ABC On Demand
was introduced on RCN. ABC on Demand
is also available on DirecTV channel 1007;
all ABC shows are available for download
through DirecTV's On Demand service,
free of charge. ABC on Demand launched
on TalkTalk TV in the UK via channel 6,
previously home to C1, in December 2011.
C1 closed down on October 31, 2011, to
clear space for ABC.
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American Broadcasting Company Canada
1
Like Fox, CBS and NBC, ABC stations are
carried on cable, satellite and IPTV
providers across Canada, as well as overthe-air from U.S. cities located near the
Canada–United States border (via stations
such as KOMO-TV in Seattle, WKBW-TV
in Buffalo, New York and WXYZ-TV in
Detroit); programming is generally the
same, aside from simsubbing, where the
American signal is replaced with the
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American Broadcasting Company Caribbean
In the Caribbean, many cable and
satellite television providers carry local
ABC affiliates from the U.S., or the main
network feed from WABC-TV in New
York City or WPLG in Miami. A few
locally-owned ABC affiliates do exist, in
Puerto Rico via WPRU-LP, and the U.S.
Virgin Islands, which is served by
WSVI. Both areas are the main
receivers of ABC programs available in
1
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American Broadcasting Company Bahamas
1
ABC programming is available in the
Bahamas on cable from over-the-air
affiliates in the United States.
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American Broadcasting Company Bermuda
1
ABC programming is
available in
Bermuda through
local affiliate ZFBTV.
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American Broadcasting Company Netherlands Antilles
ABC programming is shown in the
Netherlands Antilles through affiliate PJFTV in Saba and Sint Eustatius.
1
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American Broadcasting Company Guam
1
ABC programming is shown in Guam on
affiliate KTGM. Entertainment and nonbreaking news programming is shown day
and date on a one-day tape delay due to
Guam being on the west side of the
International Date Line (for example,
Grey's Anatomy and Scandal air Friday
evenings on KTGM and are promoted as
such), with live programming and breaking
news airing as scheduled, meaning live
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American Broadcasting Company Northern Mariana Islands
1
KPPI-LP (channel 7) in Saipan, Northern
Mariana Islands airs ABC programming,
as a full-time repeater of KTGM-TV in
Guam.
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American Broadcasting Company Federated States of Micronesia
1
ABC is available on cable television in the
Federated States of Micronesia, via the
network's Honolulu, Hawaii affiliate, KITV.
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American Broadcasting Company Australia
1
Nine's news division has maintained a
longtime news-sharing agreement with
ABC News, which includes the network's
news theme being the Cool Hand Luke
"Tar Sequence", the longtime theme for
many of the local newscasts on ABC's
owned-and-operated stations up until the
mid-1990s.
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American Broadcasting Company ABC1
1
Launched on September 27, 2004, ABC1
was a British digital channel available on
the Freeview (digital terrestrial), Sky
Digital (satellite) and Virgin Media (cable)
services that was owned and operated by
ABC Inc
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Castle in the Sky
1
Japanese theatrical
poster for Laputa:
Castle in the Sky
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Castle in the Sky
1
Hepburn Tenkū no Shiro
Rapyuta
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Castle in the Sky
1
Produced by Isao Takahata
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Castle in the Sky
1
Kotoe Hatsui
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Castle in the Sky
1
Music by Joe Hisaishi
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Castle in the Sky
1
Laputa: Castle in the Sky (天空の城ラピュ
タ Tenkū no Shiro Rapyuta?) (or simply
Laputa) (re-titled Castle in the Sky for
release in the United States) is a 1986
animated adventure feature film written
and directed by Hayao Miyazaki. It is the
first film produced and released by Studio
Ghibli. The film was distributed by Toei
Kabushiki Kaisha. Laputa: Castle in the
Sky won the Animage Anime Grand Prix in
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Castle in the Sky Plot
1
In the film's backstory, human civilizations
built flying cities later destroyed by an
unspecified catastrophe, forcing the
survivors to live on the ground while the
sole exception Laputa remains in the sky,
concealed within a powerful thunderstorm
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Castle in the Sky Plot
Upon leaving the mines, Sheeta
reveals her full name of 'Lusheeta Toel
Ul Laputa'; whereupon they are
captured by Muska
1
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Castle in the Sky Plot
1
In the center of Laputa, containing the
immense 'volucite' crystal keeping the
city aloft, Muska identifies himself as
one of the "Romuska Palo Ul Laputa",
another royal line, and uses Laputan
technology to destroy the soldiers
accompanying him; whereupon Sheeta
seizes her crystal amulet and flees,
prompting him to pursue her
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Castle in the Sky Soundtrack
1
"Discouraged Pazu" –
1:46
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Castle in the Sky Soundtrack
1
"Carrying You" – 2:02
(Chorus: Suginami
Children's Choir)
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Castle in the Sky Soundtrack
1
"An Omen to Ruin" –
2:18
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Castle in the Sky Soundtrack
"The Sea of Cloud
Under the Moonlight" –
2:33
1
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Castle in the Sky Soundtrack
"The Collapse of
Laputa" – 2:00
(Chorus: Suginami
Children's Choir)
1
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Castle in the Sky Soundtrack
1
"Carrying You" – 4:07
(sung by Azumi Inoue)
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Castle in the Sky Influences
The name 'Laputa' is derived from
Jonathan Swift's novel Gulliver's
Travels, wherein Swift's Laputa is also
a flying island controlled by its
citizens. Anthony Lioi feels that
Miyazaki's Laputa: Castle in the Sky is
similar to Swift's Laputa, where the
technological superiority of the castle
in the sky is used for political ends.
1
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Castle in the Sky Influences
1
Laputa is credited by Colonel Muska with
having informed Biblical and Hindu
legends — thus tying the world of Laputa
to our Earth (and to western European
civilization) — as do the medieval castle
architecture on the ground; the Gothic and
half-timbered buildings in the village near
the fort; the Welsh mining-town
architecture, clothing, and ground vehicles
of Pazu's homeland; and the Victorian
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Castle in the Sky Influences
1
Some of the architecture seen in the film was
inspired by a Welsh mining town
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Castle in the Sky Distribution and reception
1
In the late 1980s, an English version of Laputa was
briefly shown in the US by Streamline Pictures
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Castle in the Sky Distribution and reception
1
The Disney-produced English dub was
recorded in 1998 and planned for release
on video in 1999, but Disney eventually
decided to release it to theaters instead.
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Castle in the Sky Distribution and reception
After Princess Mononoke flopped
financially in the US, Laputa's release
date was pushed back yet again; on
occasion the completed dub was
screened at select children's festivals
1
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Castle in the Sky Distribution and reception
The film currently holds a 94%
"Fresh" rating at Rotten Tomatoes. In
an audience poll (with 80,402 voters)
of 100 best animations of all time,
conducted by Japan's Agency for
Cultural Affairs in 2007, Castle in the
Sky was the second highest-ranked
animated film, and third highestranked animation overall on the list.
1
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Castle in the Sky Distribution and reception
The film received a re-screening on
May 22, 2011 in Aberystwyth as part of
a charity fund for Japan. The print
shown was the original theatrical
Japanese print with English subtitles.
1
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Castle in the Sky Awards
1
First Place; Japanese Movies; Eiga
Geijutsu (Movie Art)
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Castle in the Sky Awards
Eighth Place;
Japanese Films;
Kinema Junpo Best
10
1
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Castle in the Sky Awards
1
Second Place; Readers' Choice;
Kinema Junpo Best 10
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Castle in the Sky Title
1
Although meaningless in Japanese, the
name "Laputa" comes from Jonathan
Swift's Gulliver's Travels. English
language dubs of Laputa have been
released under three different titles by
three separate distributors, which is
largely due to an unintended similarity
to the Spanish slang "la puta" (lit. "the
whore"), which would be offensive to
many.
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Castle in the Sky Title
1
In 2003, the film's title was shortened from
Laputa: Castle in the Sky to Castle in the
Sky in several countries, including the
United States, Mexico, and Spain. In
Spain the castle was named Lapuntu. This
change was carried to a number of nonSpanish speaking countries, including
Britain and France, under Disney's Buena
Vista Home Entertainment label. Although
"Laputa" was removed from the title, it
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Castle in the Sky Title
1
The film's full name was later restored
in Britain, in February 2006, when
Optimum Asia – a division of Londonbased Optimum Releasing – acquired
the UK distribution rights to the Studio
Ghibli collection.
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Castle in the Sky Title
1
Additionally, during the late 1980s and
early 1990s, the original English dub
(the older, non-Streamline dub, or the
pre-Disney dub) was screened in the
UK, as an art house film, under the
alternative title Laputa: The Flying
Island. It was shown at least twice on
British television, but some scenes
were cut.
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Castle in the Sky Differences between versions
1
Although the plot and much of the script
was left intact, Disney's English dub of
Laputa: Castle in the Sky contains some
changes. These differences do not appear
in the original dub.
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Castle in the Sky Differences between versions
A significant quantity of background
chatter and one-liners were added (even
more so than in Disney's dub of Kiki's
Delivery Service), filling in moments of
silence and increasing the frenetic effect of
certain scenes.
1
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Castle in the Sky Differences between versions
Composer Joe Hisaishi was
commissioned to rework and extend
his original synthesizer-composed 39minute soundtrack into a 90-minute
piece for symphony orchestra in an
effort to make the film more accessible
to US audiences who are accustomed
to a more substantial musical
accompaniment. Newer sound effects
were included as well, presumably to
1
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Castle in the Sky Differences between versions
1
Pazu and Sheeta, as portrayed by James
Van Der Beek and Anna Paquin, are made
to sound several years older, placing them
in their mid-teens, rather than their preteens.
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Castle in the Sky Differences between versions
Several modifications were made to
dialogue spoken to/about Sheeta by
members of the Dola gang, including a
declaration of love by one of the
pirates. In the original Japanese
version, the dialogue presented Sheeta
as a potential mother figure to the
pirates, instead of a potential romantic
interest.
1
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Castle in the Sky Differences between versions
References to Robert Louis
Stevenson's Treasure Island were
removed (kept in the original dub), as
was the reference to Jonathan Swift's
Gulliver's Travels (removed in the
original dub).
1
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Castle in the Sky Differences between versions
Although all these alterations were
approved by Studio Ghibli and Miyazaki,
there have been a number of critics who
called them into question
1
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Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN and broadcast industry
1
It's also common to use ISDN for the return
audio links to remote satellite broadcast
vehicles.
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Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN and broadcast industry
1
In many , such as the UK and Australia,
ISDN has displaced the older technology
of equalised analogue landlines, with
these circuits being phased out by
telecommunications providers. IP based
streaming codecs are starting to gain a
foothold in the broadcast sector, using
broadband internet to connect remote
studios. However reliability and latency is
crucially important for broadcasters and
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BitTorrent Broadcasters
In 2008, the CBC became the first
public broadcaster in North America to
make a full show (Canada's Next Great
Prime Minister) available for download
using BitTorrent.
1
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BitTorrent Broadcasters
The Norwegian Broadcasting
Corporation (NRK) has since March
2008 experimented with bittorrent
distribution, available online. Only
selected material in which NRK owns
all royalties are published. Responses
have been very positive, and NRK is
planning to offer more content.
1
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BitTorrent Broadcasters
The Dutch VPRO broadcasting
organization released four
documentaries in 2009 and 2010 under
a Creative Commons license using the
content distribution feature of the
Mininova tracker.
1
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Analog television Transition to digital broadcasts
The first country to make a wholesale
switch to digital over-the-air (terrestrial
television) broadcasting was Luxembourg
in 2006, followed later in 2006 by the
Netherlands; in 2007 by Finland, Andorra,
Sweden and Switzerland; in 2008 by
Belgium (Flanders) and Germany; in 2009
by the United States (high power
stations—the important ones), southern
Canada, the Isle of Man, Norway, and
1
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Analog television Transition to digital broadcasts
There is presently no deadline for
these stations, about 7100 in number,
to convert to digital broadcasting.
1
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Analog television Transition to digital broadcasts
1
In broadcasting, whatever happens in
the United States also influences
southern Canada and northern
Mexico because those areas are
covered by television stations in the
U.S.
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Analog television Transition to digital broadcasts
In Japan, the switch to digital
occurred on the 24th of July, 2011 (with
the exception of Fukushima, Iwate,
and Miyagi prefectures, where
conversion was delayed one year due
to complications from the 2011 Tōhoku
earthquake and tsunami). In Canada,
it is scheduled to happen 31 August
2011. China is scheduled to switch in
2015.
1
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Analog television Transition to digital broadcasts
1
Brazil switched to digital television on
2 December 2007 in its major cities,
and now it is estimated that it will take
about seven years for complete
conversion over all of Brazil. Australia
will turn off analog television in steps,
network by network, between 2010 and
2013, region by region.
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Analog television Transition to digital broadcasts
1
Large portions of Malaysia are covered by
television broadcasts from Singapore,
Thailand, Brunei, and/or Indonesia (from
Borneo and Batam)
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Analog television Transition to digital broadcasts
1
Users may then encode and transmit their
television programs on this channel's
digital data stream. The winner will be
announced at the end of 2012 or early
2013. A condition of the award is that
digital transmission must start as soon as
possible, and analog switch-off is
proposed for 2015 or later, which means
that analog television may continue for
longer than originally planned.
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Anycast
Anycast is a network addressing and
routing methodology in which datagrams
from a single sender are routed to the
topologically nearest node in a group of
potential receivers, though it may be sent
to several nodes, all identified by the same
destination address.
1
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Anycast Addressing methodologies
1
Unicast addressing uses a one-to-one
association between destination address
and network endpoint: each destination
address uniquely identifies a single
receiver endpoint.
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Anycast Addressing methodologies
Broadcast or multicast addressing
uses a one-to-many association,
datagrams are routed from a single
sender to multiple endpoints
simultaneously in a single
transmission. The network
automatically replicates datagrams as
needed for all network segments (links)
that contain an eligible receiver.
1
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Anycast Addressing methodologies
1
Anycast addressing routes datagrams to a
single member of a group of potential
receivers that are all identified by the
same destination address. This is a oneto-one-of-many association.
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Anycast Details
1
For this reason, anycast is generally used
as a way to provide high availability and
load balancing for stateless services such
as access to replicated data; for example,
DNS service is a distributed service over
multiple geographically dispersed servers.
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Anycast Applications
With the growth of the Internet,
network services increasingly have
high-availability requirements. As a
result, operation of anycast services
(RFC 4786) has grown in popularity
among network operators.
1
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Anycast Domain Name System
1
Many commercial DNS providers have
switched to an IP anycast environment
to increase query performance,
redundancy, and to implement load
balancing.
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Anycast Content delivery networks
1
Content delivery networks may use
anycast for actual HTTP connections
to their distribution centers, or for
DNS. Because most HTTP connections
to such networks request static
content such as images and style
sheets, they are short-lived and
stateless. The general stability of
routes and statelessness of
connections makes anycast suitable
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Anycast Security
Anycast allows any operator whose
routing information is accepted by an
intermediate router to hijack any
packets intended for the anycast
address. While this at first sight
appears insecure, it is no different
from the routing of ordinary IP
packets, and no more or less secure.
As with conventional IP routing,
careful filtering of who is and is not
1
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Anycast Reliability
Anycast is normally highly reliable, as it
can provide automatic failover. Anycast
applications typically feature external
"heartbeat" monitoring of the server's
function, and withdraw the route
announcement if the server fails. In some
cases this is done by the actual servers
announcing the anycast prefix to the router
over OSPF or another IGP. If the servers
die, the router will automatically withdraw
1
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Anycast Reliability
1
"Heartbeat" functionality is important
because, if the announcement
continues for a failed server, the
server will act as a "black hole" for
nearby clients; this failure mode is the
most serious mode of failure for an
anycast system. Even in this event,
this kind of failure will only cause a
total failure for clients that are closer
to this server than any other, and will
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Anycast Reliability
Because it generally results in a
several-fold increase in total network
utilization, particularly when used by
multiple sources, the reliability of
conventional packet transmission may
be compromised if sufficient
upgrades are not made to allow for
additional bandwidth.
1
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Anycast Local and global nodes
Some anycast deployments on the
Internet distinguish between local and
global nodes to benefit the local
community, by addressing local nodes
preferentially
1
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Multicast
1
In computer networking, multicast is the
delivery of a message or information to a
group of destination computers
simultaneously in a single transmission
from the source. Copies are automatically
created in other network elements, such
as routers, but only when the topology of
the network requires it.
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Multicast
Multicast is most commonly
implemented in , which is often
employed in Internet Protocol (IP)
applications of streaming media and
Internet television. In the
implementation of the multicast
concept occurs at the IP routing level,
where routers create optimal
distribution paths for datagrams sent
to a multicast destination address.
1
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Multicast
1
At the Data Link Layer, multicast describes
one-to-many distribution such as Ethernet
multicast addressing, Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (ATM) point-to-multipoint
virtual circuits (P2MP) or Infiniband
multicast.
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Multicast IP multicast
1
IP multicast is a technique for one-to-many
communication over an IP infrastructure in
a network. It scales to a larger receiver
population by not requiring prior
knowledge of who or how many receivers
there are. Multicast uses network
infrastructure efficiently by requiring the
source to send a packet only once, even if
it needs to be delivered to a large number
of receivers. The nodes in the network
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Multicast IP multicast
The most common transport layer
protocol to use multicast addressing is
User Datagram Protocol (UDP). By its
nature, UDP is not reliable—messages
may be lost or delivered out of order.
Reliable multicast protocols such as
Pragmatic General Multicast (PGM)
have been developed to add loss
detection and retransmission on top of
IP multicast.
1
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Multicast IP multicast
1
IP multicast is widely deployed in
enterprises, commercial stock
exchanges, and multimedia content
delivery networks. A common
enterprise use of IP multicast is for
IPTV applications such as distance
learning and televised company
meetings.
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Multicast IP multicast
As of 2006, most effort at scaling
multicast up to large networks have
concentrated on the simpler case of
single-source multicast, which seems
to be more computationally tractable.
1
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Multicast IP multicast
1
For these reasons, and also reasons of
economics, IP multicast is not, in
general, used in commercial Internet
backbones.
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Multicast Other multicast technologies
Also some peer-to-peer technologies
employ the multicast concept when
distributing content to multiple recipients,
known as peercasting.
1
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Multicast Other multicast technologies
1
Explicit Multi-Unicast (Xcast) is an
alternate multicast strategy that
provides reception addresses of all
destinations with each packet. As
such, since the IP packet size is
limited in general, Xcast cannot be
used for multicast groups with many
destinations. The Xcast model
generally assumes that stations
participating in the communication
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Multicast Other multicast technologies
In an optical mesh network,
protecting multicast lightpaths is one
of the key concerns.| The most
straight forward approach to protect a
multicast tree is to establish a linkdisjoint backup tree which establishes
dedicated protection. It is much easier
to find an arc-disjoint path for each
leaf node in a light tree. The essence
of protecting a multicast session is to
1
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Cellular network Broadcast messages and paging
1
Practically every cellular system has
some kind of broadcast mechanism.
This can be used directly for
distributing information to multiple
mobiles, commonly, for example in
mobile telephony systems, the most
important use of broadcast
information is to set up channels for
one to one communication between
the mobile transceiver and the base
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Cellular network Broadcast messages and paging
1
Paging takes place by
sending the broadcast
message to all of those
cells
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ALGOL 68 Coercions: casting
1
The coercions produce a coercend from a
coercee according to three criteria: the a
priori mode of the coercend before the
application of any coercion, the a
posteriori mode of the coercee required
after those coercions, and the syntactic
position or "sort" of the coercee. Coercions
may be cascaded.
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ALGOL 68 Coercions: casting
There are six possible coercions,
termed "deproceduring",
"dereferencing", "uniting",
"widening", "rowing" and "voiding".
Each Coercion, except "uniting",
prescribes a corresponding dynamic
effect on the associated values. Hence,
a number of primitive actions can be
programmed implicitly by coercions.
1
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ALGOL 68 Coercions: casting
weak - dereferencing or
deproceduring, yielding a name
1
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2010 NBA Finals Broadcasting
1
In Boston, WEEI carried the Celtics'
English broadcasts with Sean Grande
and Cedric Maxwell announcing.
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2010 NBA Finals Broadcasting
(households)
American audience
1
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Multicast address IPv4
1
IPv4 multicast addresses are defined by
the leading address bits of 1110,
originating from the classful network
design of the early Internet when this
group of addresses was designated as
Class D. The Classless Inter-Domain
Routing (CIDR) prefix of this group is
224.0.0.0/4. The group includes the
addresses from 224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255. Address assignments
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Multicast address IPv4
1
The following table is a list of notable wellknown IPv4 addresses that are reserved
for IP multicasting and that are registered
with the Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority (IANA).
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Multicast address IPv4
1
IP multicast address
Description
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Multicast address IPv4
1
224.0.0.1 The All Hosts multicast group
addresses all hosts on the same network
segment.
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Multicast address IPv4
1
224.0.0.2 The All Routers multicast group addresses
all routers on the same network segment.
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Multicast address IPv4
224.0.0.4 This address is used in the
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
(DVMRP) to address multicast routers.
1
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Multicast address IPv4
1
224.0.0.5 The Open Shortest Path First
(OSPF) All OSPF Routers address is used
to send Hello packets to all OSPF routers
on a network segment.
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Multicast address IPv4
1
224.0.0.6 The OSPF All Designated
Routers ""(DR)"" address is used to
send OSPF routing information to
designated routers on a network
segment.
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Multicast address IPv4
224.0.0.9 The Routing Information
Protocol (RIP) version 2 group address
is used to send routing information to
all RIP2-aware routers on a network
segment.
1
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Multicast address IPv4
1
224.0.0.10 The Enhanced Interior
Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
group address is used to send routing
information to all EIGRP routers on a
network segment.
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Multicast address IPv4
1
224.0.0.13 Protocol Independent
Multicast (PIM) Version 2
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Multicast address IPv4
224.0.0.18 Virtual Router
Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)
1
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Multicast address IPv4
1
224.0.0.22 Internet
Group Management
Protocol (IGMP)
Version 3
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Multicast address IPv4
224.0.0.102 Hot Standby Router Protocol
version 2 (HSRPv2) / Gateway Load Balancing
Protocol (GLBP)
1
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Multicast address IPv4
1
224.0.0.107 Precision Time Protocol version 2 peer
delay measurement messaging
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Multicast address IPv4
1
224.0.0.252 Linklocal Multicast
Name Resolution
(LLMNR) address
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Multicast address IPv4
224.0.1.1 Network Time Protocol
clients listen on this address for
protocol messages when operating in
multicast mode.
1
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Multicast address IPv4
1
224.0.1.39The Cisco multicast router
AUTO-RP-ANNOUNCE address is used
by RP mapping agents to listen for
candidate announcements.
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Multicast address IPv4
1
224.0.1.40The Cisco multicast router
AUTO-RP-DISCOVERY address is the
destination address for messages from
the RP mapping agent to discover
candidates.
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Multicast address IPv4
224.0.1.129 - 132
Precision Time
Protocol version 1 time
announcements
1
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Multicast address IPv4
1
224.0.1.129 Precision
Time Protocol
version 2 time
announcements
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Multicast address Local subnetwork
Addresses in the range 224.0.0.0 to
224.0.0.255 are individually assigned by
IANA and designated for multicasting
on the local subnetwork only. For
example, the Routing Information
Protocol (RIPv2) uses 224.0.0.9, Open
Shortest Path First (OSPF) uses
224.0.0.5 & 224.0.0.6, and Zeroconf
mDNS uses 224.0.0.251. Routers must
not forward these messages outside
the subnet in which they originate.
1
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Multicast address Internetwork control block
Addresses in the range 224.0.1.0 to
224.0.1.255 are individually assigned
by IANA and designated the
Internetwork Control Block. This
block of addresses is used for traffic
that must be routed through the public
Internet, such as for applications of
the Network Time Protocol (224.0.1.1).
1
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Multicast address AD-HOC block
1
Addresses in the ranges 224.0.2.0 to
224.0.255.255, 224.3.0.0 to
224.4.255.255 and 233.252.0.0 to
233.255.255.255 are individually
assigned by IANA and designated the
AD-HOC block. These addresses are
globally routed and are used for
applications that don't fit either of the
previously described purposes.
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Multicast address GLOP addressing
1
Unfortunately, with only 256 multicast
addresses available to each
autonomous system, GLOP is not
adequate for large-scale broadcasters.
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Multicast address Administratively Scoped IPv4 Multicast addresses
1
The 239.0.0.0/8 range is assigned by RFC
2365 for private use within an
organization. From the RFC, packets
destined to administratively scoped IPv4
multicast addresses do not cross
administratively defined organizational
boundaries, and administratively scoped
IPv4 multicast addresses are locally
assigned and do not have to be globally
unique. The RFC also discusses
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Multicast address Notes
1
Jump up ^ x is a place holder indicating
that the value of the flags field is
unimportant in the current discussion.
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Multicast address Notes
Jump up ^ On Ethernet, the leastsignificant bit of an octet is the first to be
transmitted. A multicast is indicated by the
first transmitted bit of the destination
address being 1.
1
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1seg - Broadcast Markup Language
1
Broadcast Markup Language (BML), is
a data-transmission service allowing
text to be displayed on a 1seg TV
screen.
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1seg - Broadcast Markup Language
The text contains news, sports,
weather forecasts, "Earthquake Early
Warning", etc. free of charge. Further
information can be found through
links to content on websites,
frequently those belonging to the
television station itself.
1
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1seg - Broadcast Markup Language
1
EPG (program guides) is not included, but
transmitted in separate stream (EIT).
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Broadcasting
Broadcasting has been used for
purposes of private recreation, noncommercial exchange of messages,
experimentation, self-training, and
emergency communication such as
amateur (ham) radio and amateur
television (ATV) in addition to
commercial purposes like popular radio
or TV stations with advertisements.
1
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Broadcasting - History
1
The term broadcast was first adopted
by early radio engineers from the
Midwestern United States, treating
broadcast sowing as a metaphor for the
dispersal inherent in omnidirectional
radio signals.Broadcasting is a very
large and significant segment[quantify]
of the mass media.
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Broadcasting - History
Originally all broadcasting was
composed of analog signals using
analog transmission techniques and
more recently broadcasters have
switched to digital signals using
digital transmission.
1
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Broadcasting - History
The world's technological capacity to
receive information through one-way
broadcast networks more than quadrupled
during the two decades from 1986 to
2007, from 432 exabytes of (optimally
compressed) information, to 1.9
zettabytes. This is the information
equivalent of 55 newspapers per person
per day in 1986, and 175 newspapers per
person per day by 2007.
1
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Broadcasting - Methods of broadcasting
1
Historically, there have been several methods
used for broadcasting electronic media:
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Broadcasting - Methods of broadcasting
1
These telephone-based subscription
services were the first examples of
electrical/electronic broadcasting and
offered a wide variety of programming.
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Broadcasting - Methods of broadcasting
Radio broadcasting (experimentally
from 1906, commercially from 1920);
audio signals sent through the air as
radio waves from a transmitter, picked
up by an antenna and sent to a
receiver. Stations can be linked in radio
networks to broadcast common radio
programs, either in broadcast
syndication, simulcast or subchannels.
1
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Broadcasting - Methods of broadcasting
Television broadcasting (telecast),
experimentally from 1925, commercially
from the 1930s: an extension of radio to
include video signals.
1
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Broadcasting - Methods of broadcasting
1
Cable radio (also called "cable FM",
from 1928) and cable television (from
1932): both via coaxial cable, serving
principally as transmission mediums
for programming produced at either
radio or television stations, with
limited production of cable-dedicated
programming.
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Broadcasting - Methods of broadcasting
1
Direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) (from
circa 1974) and satellite radio (from
circa 1990): meant for direct-to-home
broadcast programming (as opposed to
studio network uplinks and downlinks),
provides a mix of traditional radio or
television broadcast programming, or
both, with dedicated satellite radio
programming. (See also: Satellite
television)
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Broadcasting - Methods of broadcasting
1
Webcasting of video/television (from
circa 1993) and audio/radio (from
circa 1994) streams: offers a mix of
traditional radio and television station
broadcast programming with
dedicated internet radio–webcast
programming.
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Broadcasting - Economic models
1
There are several means of providing financial
support for continuous broadcasting:
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Broadcasting - Economic models
1
Commercial broadcasting: selling radio or
television advertisements accompanying
the programming (the dominant form in the
United States as measured by audience
numbers)
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Broadcasting - Economic models
1
voluntary membership
subscriptions from
individual audience
members
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Broadcasting - Economic models
grants from charitable
foundations or business entities
1
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Broadcasting - Economic models
1
State-sponsored: a higher degree of state
involvement than in public broadcasting
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Broadcasting - Economic models
1
direct government payments or
operation of public broadcasters
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Broadcasting - Economic models
1
indirect government payments, such as radio and
television license fees collected from receivers
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Broadcasting - Economic models
1
Volunteer: in-kind donations of time
and skills by community radio and
community television broadcasters
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Broadcasting - Economic models
Broadcasters may rely on a
combination of these business
models. For example, in the United
States, National Public Radio (NPR)
and the Public Broadcasting Service
(PBS, television) supplement public
membership subscriptions and
corporate grants with grants from the
Corporation for Public Broadcasting
(CPB), which is funded by the federal
1
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Broadcasting - Economic models
1
US public broadcasting corporate and
charitable grants are generally given
in consideration of underwriting spots
which differ from commercial
advertisements in that they are
governed by specific FCC restrictions,
which prohibit the advocacy of a
product or a "call to action".
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Broadcasting - Recorded broadcasts and live broadcasts
The first regular television broadcasts
started in 1937. Broadcasts can be
classified as "recorded" or "live". The
former allows correcting errors, and
removing superfluous or undesired
material, rearranging it, applying slowmotion and repetitions, and other
techniques to enhance the program.
However, some live events like sports
television can include some of the aspects
1
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Broadcasting - Recorded broadcasts and live broadcasts
1
During World War II, prerecorded broadcasts
from war correspondents were allowed on U.S
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Broadcasting - Recorded broadcasts and live broadcasts
A disadvantage of recording first is
that the public may know the outcome
of an event from another source,
which may be a "spoiler". In addition,
prerecording prevents live radio
announcers from deviating from an
officially approved script, as occurred
with propaganda broadcasts from
Germany in the 1940s and with Radio
Moscow in the 1980s.
1
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Broadcasting - Recorded broadcasts and live broadcasts
1
Many events are advertised as being live,
although they are often "recorded live"
(sometimes called "live-to-tape"). This is
particularly true of performances of
musical artists on radio when they visit for
an in-studio concert performance. Similar
situations have occurred in television
production ("The Cosby Show is recorded
in front of a live television studio
audience") and news broadcasting.
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Broadcasting - Recorded broadcasts and live broadcasts
1
Networks of stations may simulcast
the same programming at the same
time, originally via microwave link,
now usually by satellite.
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Broadcasting - Recorded broadcasts and live broadcasts
1
Distribution to stations or networks may
also be through physical media, such as
magnetic tape, compact disc (CD), DVD,
and sometimes other formats. Usually
these are included in another broadcast,
such as when electronic news gathering
(ENG) returns a story to the station for
inclusion on a news programme.
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Broadcasting - Recorded broadcasts and live broadcasts
The final leg of broadcast distribution is
how the signal gets to the listener or
viewer. It may come over the air as with a
radio station or television station to an
antenna and radio receiver, or may come
through cable television or cable radio (or
"wireless cable") via the station or directly
from a network. The Internet may also
bring either internet radio or streaming
media television to the recipient, especially
1
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Broadcasting - Recorded broadcasts and live broadcasts
1
The term "broadcast network" is often
used to distinguish networks that
broadcast an over-the-air television
signals that can be received using a
tuner (television) inside a television
set with a television antenna from socalled networks that are broadcast
only via cable television (cablecast) or
satellite television that uses a dish
antenna. The term "broadcast
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Broadcasting - Social impact
Television and radio programs are
distributed through radio broadcasting
or cable, often both simultaneously
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Broadcasting - Social impact
Dissemination in
communication is
widely used in the
world of broadcasting.
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Broadcasting - Social impact
Broadcasting focuses on getting one
message out and it is up to the general
public to do what they wish with it. Durham
also states that broadcasting is used to
address an open ended destination
(Durham, 212). There are many forms of
broadcast, but they all aim to distribute a
signal that will reach the target audience.
Broadcasting can arrange audiences into
entire assemblies (Durham, 213).
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Broadcasting - Social impact
The message is broadcast across
airwaves throughout the community, but
there the listeners cannot always respond
immediately, especially since many radio
shows are recorded prior to the actual air
time.
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Broadcasting - List of over-the-air broadcasters (English-speaking countries)
1
Australian Radio Network
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Broadcasting - Bibliography
Carey, James (1989) Communication as
Culture, Routledge, New York and London, pp.
201–30
1
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Broadcasting - Bibliography
Kahn, Frank J., ed. Documents of American
Broadcasting, fourth edition (Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
1984).
1
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Broadcasting - Bibliography
1
Lichty Lawrence W., and Topping
Malachi C., eds. American
Broadcasting: A Source Book on the
History of Radio and Television
(Hastings House, 1975).
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Broadcasting - Bibliography
Meyrowitz, Joshua., Mediating
Communication: What Happens? in
Downing, J., Mohammadi, A., and
Sreberny-Mohammadi, A., (eds)
Questioning The Media (Sage,
Thousand Oaks, 1995) pp. 39–53
1
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Broadcasting - Bibliography
Peters, John Durham.
"Communication as Dissemination."
Communication as…Perspectives on
Theory. Thousand Oakes, CA: Sage,
2006. 211-22.
1
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Broadcasting - Bibliography
Thompson, J., The Media and
Modernity, in Mackay, H and
O'Sullivan, T (eds) The Media Reader:
Continuity and Transformation.,
(Sage, London, 1999) pp. 12–27
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Broadcasting - Further reading
Gilbert, Sean; Nelson, John; Jacobs,
George, World Radio TV Handbook 2007,
Watson-Guptill, 2006. ISBN 0-9535864-99. The 2007 edition of the World Radio TV
Handbook.
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Broadcasting - Further reading
Wells, Alan, World Broadcasting: A
Comparative View, Greenwood
Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN 1-56750245-8
1
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Broadcast engineering - Duties
Modern duties of a broadcast engineer
include maintaining broadcast automation
systems for the studio and automatic
transmission systems for the transmitter
plant. There are also important duties
regarding radio towers, which must be
maintained with proper lighting and
painting. Occasionally a station's engineer
must deal with complaints of RF
interference, particularly after a station has
1
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Broadcast engineering - Titles
Broadcast engineers may have
varying titles depending on their level
of expertise and field specialty. Some
widely used titles include:
1
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Broadcast engineering - Titles
1
TV studio broadcast engineer
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Broadcast engineering - Qualifications
1
Broadcast engineers may need to possess
some or all of the following degrees,
depending on the broadcast technical
environment. If one of the formal
qualifications is not present, a related
degree or equivalent professional
experience is desirable.
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Broadcast engineering - Qualifications
1
Degree in telecommunications
engineering
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Broadcast engineering - Knowledge
1
Broadcast engineers are generally
required to have knowledge in the
following areas, from conventional
video broadcast systems to modern
Information Technology:
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Broadcast engineering - Knowledge
Audio/Video
instrumentation
measurement
1
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Broadcast engineering - Knowledge
Television studios broadcast video cameras
and camera lenses
1
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Broadcast engineering - Knowledge
1
Digital server playout technologies. - VDCP, Louth,
Harris, control protocols
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Broadcast engineering - Knowledge
Operating systems – Microsoft
Windows / Mac OS / Linux / RTOS
1
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Broadcast engineering - Knowledge
1
Post production – video
capture and non-linear
editing systems (NLEs).
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Broadcast engineering - Knowledge
1
RF satellite uplinking –
High-powered
amplifiers (HPA)
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Broadcast engineering - Knowledge
1
RF communications satellite downlinking – Band
detection, carrier detection and IRD tuning, etc.
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Broadcast engineering - Knowledge
1
RF transmitter maintenance - IOT UHF
transmitters, solid state VHF
transmitters, solid state MF
transmitters (AM radio), tube type VHF
and MF transmitters. antennas,
transmission line, high power filters,
digital modulators, towers, tower
lighting systems, backup generators.
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Broadcast engineering - Knowledge
1
Occupational safety and
health
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Broadcast engineering - Knowledge
Above mentioned
requirements vary from
station to station.
1
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Broadcast engineering - Digital engineering
The conversion to digital broadcasting
means broadcast engineers must now be
well-versed in digital television and digital
radio, in addition to analogue principles.
New equipment from the transmitter to the
radio antenna to the receiver may be
encountered by engineers new to the field.
Furthermore, modern techniques place a
greater demand on an engineer's
expertise, such as sharing broadcast
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Broadcast engineering - Digital engineering
1
Broadcast studios and control rooms
are now already digital in large part,
using non-linear editing and digital
signal processing for what used to
take a great deal of time or money, if it
was even possible at all
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Broadcast engineering - Digital engineering
Other devices used in broadcast
engineering are telephone hybrids,
broadcast delays, and dead air
alarms. See the glossary of broadcast
engineering terms for further
explanations.
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Broadcast engineering - Engineering services
1
Broadcast stations often call upon outside
engineering services for certain needs. For
example, because structural engineering
is generally not a direct part of broadcast
engineering, tower companies usually
design broadcast towers.
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Broadcast engineering - Engineering services
1
Other companies specialize in both
broadcast engineering and broadcast
law, which are both essential when
making an application to a national
broadcasting authority for a
construction permit or broadcast
license
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Broadcast engineering - Brazil
SET – Sociedade Brasileira de
Engenharia de Televisão e
Telecomunicações, Brazilian Society of
Television and Telecommunications
Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
1
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Broadcast engineering - Canada
1
Western Association of Broadcast Engineers
(WABE), Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Broadcast engineering - Germany
FKTG – Fernseh- und
Kinotechnische Gesellschaft
e.V., Germany
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Broadcast engineering - Japan
Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers - Japan
Council
1
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Broadcast engineering - Mexico
Asociación Mexicana de Ingenieros y
Técnicos en Radiodifusión A.C. (AMITRA),
Delegación Benito Juárez, México
1
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Broadcast engineering - People's Republic of China (PRC)
1
This article contains Chinese text. Without
proper rendering support, you may see
question marks, boxes, or other symbols
instead of Chinese characters.
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Broadcast engineering - People's Republic of China (PRC)
1
China Society of Motion Picture
and Television Engineers, China
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Broadcast engineering - Philippines
1
Society of Broadcast Engineers and
Technicians of the Philippines, Inc.
(SBETP), Quezon City, Philippines
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Broadcast engineering - South Korea
Korean Broadcast Engineers & Technicians
Association (KOBETA), Seoul, South Korea (ROK)
1
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Broadcast engineering - United States
1
In the United States, many broadcast
engineers belong to the Society of
Broadcast Engineers (SBE). Some may
also belong to the Society of Motion
Picture and Television Engineers
(SMPTE), or to organizations of
related fields, such as the Audio
Engineering Society or Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) - IEEE Broadcast Technology
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Broadcast engineering - United States
1
For public radio, the Association of Public Radio
Engineers was created in late May 2006.
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Broadcast engineering - Uruguay
1
ANDEBU – Asociación Nacional de
Broadcasters Uruguayos,
Montevideo, Uruguay
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Broadcast engineering - Uruguay
1
This list is incomplete;
you can help by
expanding it.
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Broadcast engineering - Notable publications
1
Broadcast Engineering [defunct as
of October 31, 2013]
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Direct marketing - Broadcast faxing
1
Broadcast faxing, in which faxes are
sent to multiple recipients, is now less
common than in the past
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1080p - Broadcasting standards
Any display device that advertises
1080p typically refers to the ability to
accept 1080p signals in native
resolution format, which means there
are a true 1920 pixels in width and
1080 pixels in height, and the display
is not overscanning, underscanning,
or reinterpreting the signal to a lower
resolution
1
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1080p - Broadcasting standards
1
It is one of the more universally
accepted video standards.
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1080p - Broadcasting standards
For live broadcast applications, a
high-definition progressive scan
format operating at 1080p at 50 or 60
frames per second is currently being
evaluated as a future standard for
moving picture acquisition. EBU has
been endorsing 1080p50 as a futureproof production format because it
improves resolution and requires no
deinterlacing, allows broadcasting of
1
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1080p - Broadcasting standards
1
1080p50/p60 production format will require
a whole new range of studio equipment
including cameras, storage and editing
systems, and contribution links (such as
Dual-link HD-SDI and 3G-SDI) as it has
doubled the data rate of current 50 or 60
fields interlaced 1920×1080 from 1.485
Gbit/s to nominally 3 Gbit/s using
uncompressed RGB encoding
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1080p - Broadcasting standards
Recent studies show that for digital
broadcasts compressed with
H.264/AVC, transmission bandwidth
savings of interlaced video over fully
progressive video are minimal even
when using twice the frame rate, i.e.,
1080p50 signal (50 progressive frames
per second) actually produces the
same bit rate as 1080i50 signal (25
interlaced frames or 50 sub-fields per
1
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1080p - Broadcasts
1
In the United States, 1080p over-the-air
broadcasts still do not exist as of January
2013; all major networks use either
720p60 or 1080i60 encoded with MPEG-2
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1080p - Broadcasts
1
While the formal output of the MPEG-2
decoding process from such stations is
1080i60, the actual content is coded as
1080p24 and can be viewed as such
(using a process known as inverse
telecine) since no information is lost even
when the broadcaster performs the 3:2
pulldown.
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Columbia University - Broadcasting
1
As membership grew, however, the nascent club
turned its efforts to broadcasting
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Broadcast law
The examples and perspective in this
article deal primarily with the United States
and do not represent a worldwide view of
the subject.
1
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Broadcast law
Broadcast law is the field of law that
pertains to broadcasting. These laws and
regulations pertain to radio stations and
TV stations, and are also considered to
include closely related services like cable
TV and cable radio, as well as satellite TV
and satellite radio. Likewise, it also
extends to broadcast networks.
1
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Broadcast law
Broadcast law includes technical
parameters for these facilities, as well as
content issues like copyright, profanity,
and localism or regionalism.
1
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Broadcast law - US
1
In the US, broadcasting falls under the jurisdiction of
the Federal Communications Commission.
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Broadcast law - US
frequency allocation: The division of
the spectrum into unlicensed frequency
bands -- ISM band and U-NII—and
licensed frequency bands -- television
channel frequencies, FM broadcast
band, amateur radio frequency
allocations, etc.
1
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Broadcast law - History
1
Concerns that, without mandated
equal opportunity for candidates,
some broadcasters might try to
manipulate elections led to its
creation by legislators(1)
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Broadcast law - History
1
." (In this context, the word "radio" covers
both broadcast radio and television.) The
FCC has the authority to "make such
regulations not inconsistent with law as it
may deem necessary to prevent
interference between stations and to carry
out the provisions of [the] Act(2)."
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Broadcast law - History
1
The FCC adopted the view that station
licensees were "public trustees," and,
therefore, had an obligation to
broadcast discussion of contrasting
viewpoints on controversial issues of
public importance
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Broadcast law - UK
1
In the UK, broadcasting has been regulated by the
Office of Communications (Ofcom) since 2002.
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Broadcast law - UK
Scheduled radio and television
broadcasting services need a licence from
Ofcom under the Broadcasting Act 1990 or
1996, and must comply with the Ofcom
Broadcasting Code made under section
319 of the Communications Act 2003,
together with a number of other codes
relating to access, electronic programme
guides, advertising, and so on. The BBC is
subject to some but not all of the
1
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Broadcast law - UK
On-demand television services are
regulated by the Authority for Video on
Demand, so long as they fall within the
definition of regulated services in section
368A(1) of the Communications Act, and
must comply with the programme
standards set out in Part 4A of the
Communications Act.
1
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IPv6 - Multicasting
1
IPv6 also provides for new multicast
implementations, including
embedding rendezvous point
addresses in an IPv6 multicast group
address, which simplifies the
deployment of inter-domain solutions.
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IPv6 - Multicasting
1
Thus each user of an IPv6 subnet
automatically has available a set of
globally routable source-specific
multicast groups for multicast
applications.
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Anycast - IPv6 transition
In IPv4 to IPv6 transitioning, anycast
addressing may be deployed to provide
IPv6 compatibility to IPv4 hosts. This
method, 6to4, uses a default gateway with
the IP address 192.88.99.1, as described
in RFC 3068. This allows multiple
providers to implement 6to4 gateways
without hosts having to know each
individual provider's gateway addresses.
1
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Anycast - Mitigating denial-of-service attacks
In denial-of-service attacks, a rogue
network host may advertise itself as an
anycast server for a vital network service,
to provide false information or simply block
service.
1
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Anycast - Mitigating denial-of-service attacks
Anycast methodologies on the Internet
may be exploited to distribute DDoS
attacks and reduce their effectiveness: As
traffic is routed to the closest node, a
process over which the attacker has no
control, the DDoS traffic flow will be
distributed amongst the closest nodes.
Thus, not all nodes might be affected. This
may be a reason to deploy anycast
addressing.
1
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Anycast - Mitigating denial-of-service attacks
RFC 2373 also
restricted anycast
IPv6 addresses to
routers only
1
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Anycast - Mitigating denial-of-service attacks
Authentication of
anycast transmissions
may solve this
problem.
1
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IPv6 address - Multicast address format
1
For more details on this
topic, see Multicast
address#IPv6 .
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IPv6 address - Multicast address format
Multicast addresses are formed
according to several specific formatting
rules, depending on the application.
1
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IPv6 address - Multicast address format
The prefix holds the
binary value 11111111 for
any multicast address.
1
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IPv6 address - Multicast address format
1
Currently, 3 of the 4 flag bits in the flg field
are defined; the most-significant flag bit is
reserved for future use.
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IPv6 address - Multicast address format
1
10 P (Prefix) Without prefix
information Address based
on network prefix
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IPv6 address - Multicast address format
1
11 T (Transient) Well-known multicast
address Dynamically assigned multicast
address
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IPv6 address - Multicast address format
1
The 4-bit scope field (sc) is used to indicate
where the address is valid and unique.
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IPv6 address - Multicast address format
There are special
multicast addresses,
like Solicited Node.
1
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IPv6 address - Multicast address format
1
field prefix flg sc zeroes ones
unicast address
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IPv6 address - Multicast address format
The sc(ope) field holds the binary value
0010 (link-local). Solicited-node multicast
addresses are computed as a function of a
node's unicast or anycast addresses. A
solicited-node multicast address is created
by copying the last 24 bits of a unicast or
anycast address to the last 24 bits of the
multicast address.
1
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IPv6 address - Multicast address format
1
Unicast-prefix-based
multicast address
format
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IPv6 address - Multicast address format
Link-scoped multicast
addresses use a comparable
format.
1
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IPv6 address - Reserved anycast addresses
1
The lowest address within each subnet
prefix (the interface identifier set to all
zeroes) is reserved as the "subnetrouter" anycast address. Applications
may use this address when talking to
any one of the available routers, as
packets sent to this address are
delivered to just one router.
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IPv6 address - Reserved anycast addresses
The address with value 0x7e in the 7
least-significant bits is defined as a mobile
IPv6 home agents anycast address
1
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IPv6 address - Multicast addresses
1
The multicast addresses ff00::0/8 are
reserved and should not be assigned
to any multicast group. The Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
manages address reservations.
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IPv6 address - Multicast addresses
1
Some common IPv6 multicast
addresses are the following:
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IPv6 address - Multicast addresses
ff0X::1 All nodes address, identify the
group of all IPv6 nodes Available in scope
1 (interface-local) and 2 (link-local):
1
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IPv6 address - Multicast addresses
1
ff0X::2 All routers Available in scope 1
(interface-local), 2 (link-local) and 5 (sitelocal):
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IPv6 address - Multicast addresses
1
ff01::2 → All routers in
the interface-local
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IPv6 address - Multicast addresses
1
ff02::2 → All routers in the
link-local
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IPv6 address - Multicast addresses
1
ff05::2 → All routers in the site-local
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IPv6 address - Multicast addresses
ff02::6 OSPFIGP
Designated Routers
2 (link-local)
1
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IPv6 address - Multicast addresses
1
ff02::9 RIP Routers 2 (link-local)
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IPv6 address - Multicast addresses
1
ff02::aEIGRP Routers 2 (linklocal)
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IPv6 address - Multicast addresses
ff02::d All PIM
Routers 2 (link-local)
1
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IPv6 address - Multicast addresses
ff02::1a All RPL
Routers 2 (link-local)
1
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IPv6 address - Multicast addresses
1
ff02::1:3 Link-local Multicast Name
Resolution 2 (link-local)
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IPv6 address - Multicast addresses
ff02::2:ff00:0/104 Node
Information Queries 2 (link-local)
1
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6over4 - Multicast Address Mapping
To perform ICMPv6 Neighbor
Discovery, multicast must be used.
Any IPv6 multicast packet gets
encapsulated in an IPv4 multicast
packet with destination 239.192.x.y,
where x and y are the penultimate and
last bytes of the IPv6 multicast
address respectively.
1
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Multicast address
A multicast address is a logical
identifier for a group of hosts in a
computer network, that are available
to process datagrams or frames
intended to be multicast for a
designated network service. Multicast
addressing can be used in the Link
Layer (Layer 2 in the OSI model), such
as Ethernet multicast, and at the
Internet Layer (Layer 3 for OSI) for
Internet Protocol Version 4 () or
Version 6 (IPv6) multicast.
1
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Multicast address - Source-specific multicast
1
The 232.0.0.0/8 (IPv4) and FF3x::/32 (IPv6) block is
reserved for use by source-specific multicast.
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Multicast address - Unicast-Prefix-Based IPv4 Multicast addresses
1
The 234.0.0.0/8 range is assigned by RFC
6034 as a range of global IPv4 multicast
address space provided to each
organization that has /24 or larger globally
routed unicast address space allocated;
one multicast address is reserved per /24
of unicast space. A resulting advantage
over GLOP is that the mechanisms in IPv4
and IPv6 become more similar.
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Multicast address - IPv6
Multicast addresses in IPv6 have the
prefix ff00::/8. IPv6 multicast addresses
are generally formed from four bit groups,
illustrated as follows:
1
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Multicast address - IPv6
1
Field prefixflags scope
group ID
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Multicast address - IPv6
The prefix holds the binary value
11111111 for any multicast address.
Currently, 3 of the 4 flag bits in the flags
field are defined; the most-significant
flag bit is reserved for future use. The
other three flags are known as R, P and
T.
1
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Multicast address - IPv6
2 P (Prefix) Without prefix
informationAddress based on
network prefix
1
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Multicast address - IPv6
1
3 (LSB) T (Transient) Well-known multicast
address Dynamically assigned multicast address
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Multicast address - IPv6
1
Similar to unicast addresses, the prefix of
IPv6 multicast addresses specifies their
scope, however, the set of possible
scopes is different. The 4-bit sc (or scope)
field (bits 12 to 15) is used to indicate
where the address is valid and unique.
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Multicast address - IPv6
IPv6 address[note 1]
IPv4 equivalent Scope
Purpose
1
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Multicast address - IPv6
ffx1::/16 127.0.0.0/8 Interface-local
Packets with this destination address may
not be sent over any network link, but
must remain within the current node; this
is the multicast equivalent of the unicast
loopback address.
1
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Multicast address - IPv6
1
ffx2::/16 224.0.0.0/24 Link-local Packets with
this destination address may not be routed
anywhere.
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Multicast address - IPv6
1
ffx4::/16
Admin-local The smallest scope
that must be administratively configured.
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Multicast address - IPv6
1
ffx8::/16 239.192.0.0/14Organization-local
Restricted to networks used by the
organization administering the local
network. (For example, these addresses
might be used over VPNs; when packets
for this group are routed over the public
internet (where these addresses are not
valid), they would have to be encapsulated
in some other protocol.)
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Multicast address - IPv6
1
ffxe::/16 224.0.1.0-238.255.255.255 Global scope
Eligible to be routed over the public internet.
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Multicast address - IPv6
1
The service is identified in the 112-bit
Group ID field. For example, if ff02::101
refers to all Network Time Protocol
(NTP) servers on the local network
segment, then ff08::101 refers to all
NTP servers in an organization's
networks. The Group ID field may be
further divided for special multicast
address types.
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Multicast address - IPv6
1
The following table is a partial list of
well-known IPv6 multicast addresses
that are registered with the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
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Multicast address - Ethernet
1
Modern Ethernet controllers filter received
packets to reduce CPU load, by looking up
the hash of a multicast destination address
in a table, initialized by software, which
controls whether a multicast packet is
dropped or fully received.
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Multicast address - Ethernet
Some well known
Ethernet multicast
addresses
1
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Multicast address - Ethernet
01-00-0C-CC-CC-CC 0x0802 CDP (Cisco
Discovery Protocol), VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol)
1
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ABC News - International broadcasts
1
Several programs from ABC News are
shown daily on the 24-hour news
network Orbit News, a network of
three 24-hour satellite and cable
channels offering exclusively
American news programming from
ABC, NBC, PBS, and MSNBC to U.S
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ABC News - International broadcasts
1
In the United Kingdom, ABC World News
airs regularly at 1:30 a.m. local time on the
BBC News Channel, which itself may be
simulcast on BBC One or BBC Two during
the overnight period. No commercials are
presented because the BBC's services in
the U.K. are financed through license fees.
ABC and the BBC also share video
segments and reporters as needed in
producing their newscasts.
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ABC News - International broadcasts
1
In Australia, ABC World News is broadcast
at 10:30 a.m. daily and Nightline is
telecast at 1:30 a.m. daily on Sky News
Australia. This can be confusing in
Australia, where ABC News is the news
division of the Australian Broadcasting
Corporation. Also, Primetime is broadcast
at 2:00 p.m. on Saturdays (extended
edition) and at 1:30 p.m. on Thursdays.
20/20 is broadcast at 2:00 p.m. on
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ABC News - International broadcasts
1
In New Zealand, ABC World News was
broadcast daily at 5:10 p.m. and at
again at 11:35 p.m. Just as with the
BBC in the U.K., it was shown
commercial-free on Television New
Zealand's TVNZ 7 channel, until it was
shutdown on the 30th of June 2012 .
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2010 FIFA World Cup - Broadcasting
1
The 2010 FIFA World Cup was expected
to be the most-watched television event in
history. Hundreds of broadcasters,
representing about 70 countries,
transmitted the Cup to a TV audience that
FIFA officials expect to exceed a
cumulative 26 billion people, an average of
approximately 400 million viewers per
match. FIFA estimated that around 700
million viewers would watch the World Cup
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2010 FIFA World Cup - Broadcasting
1
New forms of digital media have also
allowed viewers to watch coverage
through alternative means. "With
games airing live on cell phones and
computers, the World Cup will get
more online coverage than any major
sporting event yet," said Jake Coyle of
the Associated Press.
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2010 FIFA World Cup - Broadcasting
In the United States, ABC, ESPN and
ESPN2 averaged a 2.1 rating, 2,288,000
households and 3,261,000 viewers for the
64 World Cup games
1
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iTunes - Podcasts
1
Version 4.9 of iTunes, released on June 28,
2005, added built-in support for podcasts.
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iTunes - Podcasts
1
Users can subscribe to any podcast by
entering its RSS feed URL, but also by
browsing the podcast directory within
the iTunes Store. The front page of this
displays high-profile podcasts from
commercial broadcasters and
independent podcasters and allows
searching by category or popularity.
Once subscribed, the podcast can be
set to download manually, or
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iTunes - Podcasts
The addition of podcasting
functionality to such a widespread
audio application like iTunes greatly
helped podcasting enter the
mainstream. Within days after iTunes
4.9 was released, podcasters were
reporting that the number of
downloads of their audio files had
tripled, sometimes even quadrupled,
and iTunes is considered the
1
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iTunes - Podcasts
1
Version 6 of iTunes introduced official
support for video podcasting, although
video and RSS support was already
unofficially there in version 4.9.
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iTunes - Podcasts
Users can subscribe to RSS feeds
through the iTunes Store or by directly
entering the feed URL. Video podcasts
can contain downloadable video files
(in MOV, MP4, M4V, or MPG format), but
also streaming sources and even IPTV.
1
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iTunes - Podcasts
1
As a result, it is possible to control exactly
which podcasts are transferred to the iPod.
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Hashtag - Mass broadcast media
1
Since 2010, television series on various
television channels promote themselves
through "branded" hashtag bugs. This is
used as a means of promoting a
backchannel of online side-discussion
before, during and after an episode
broadcast. Hashtag bugs appear on either
corner of the screen, or they may appear
at the end of an advertisement (for
example, a motion picture trailer).
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Hashtag - Mass broadcast media
#SunnyFX) and instantaneous,
"temporary" hashtags issued by television
personalities to gauge topical responses
from viewers during broadcasts
1
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Hashtag - Mass broadcast media
The increased usage of hashtags as
brand promotion devices has been
compared to the promotion of branded
"keywords" by AOL in the late 1990s
and early 2000s, as such keywords
were also promoted at the end of
commercials and series episodes.
1
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Quantcast
1
Quantcast is a digital advertising
company, specializing in audience
measurement and real-time
advertising. Founded in 2006, the
company is a pioneer of direct
audience measurement technology.
Their in-depth understanding of
digital audiences on the internet
offers marketers and publishers the
opportunity to buy and sell targeted
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Quantcast - History and Overview
Quantcast was founded in 2006 by
entrepreneurs Konrad Feldman and
Paul Sutter. The company has received
$53.2 million in venture capital funding,
from investors Polaris Venture
Partners, Founders Fund, Revolution
Ventures and Cisco Systems. The
company is headquartered in San
Francisco, with offices in New York,
Chicago, Dublin and London.
1
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Quantcast - History and Overview
In June 2010, Quantcast’s Publisher
Program was the first, and only syndicated
online traffic measurement service to
receive official accreditation from the
Media Rating Council. MRC accreditation
means the product complies with the
Interactive Advertising Bureau’s
advertising impression and audience
reach measurement guidelines.
1
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Quantcast - History and Overview
1
In September 2012, Quantcast announced
the Quantcast File System (QFS) to
address storage scalability issues in
Hadoop environments. Quantcast
processes over 30 petabytes of data per
day using Apache Hadoop and its own
custom file system called Quantcast File
System.
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Quantcast - History and Overview
1
In January 2013, Quantcast acquired
MakeGood (also known as MakeGood
Software), a Seattle-based advertising
technology startup founded in 2009.
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Quantcast - History and Overview
1
In February 2013, Quantcast opened its
EMEA operations center in Dublin. The
office, which opened with six employees,
plans to add 100 new positions for
regional workers over the next two years
Quantcast already has a European
presence with an office in London, which
will continue to play a complementary role
to the Dublin operations center, similar to
the way the company’s New York and
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Quantcast - History and Overview
In March 2013, Quantcast added
Measure for Mobile Apps to provide a
cross-platform view in its analytics
service. The service is available for
free, and it offers information on app
traffic, how that traffic breaks down by
device, how it breaks down by app
version, and return usage.
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Quantcast - Quantcast Measure
1
The company, sifts through more than
200 billion observations of media
consumption every month, a Web
visibility second only to Google – to
answer both the what and the who
behind the numbers. Quantcast can
discern who's clicking on ads, visiting
a site and making purchases, and then
find “clones” of that audience across
the U.S. internet population.
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Quantcast - Quantcast Measure for Apps
Quantcast launched a new service for
tracking Mobile Application usage across
iOS and Android devices in March 2013.
The service, Quantcast Measure for Apps,
provides data on app traffic, installs and
return usage, which enables developers to
measure how many engaged users they
have.
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Quantcast - Quantcast Measure for Apps
1
The service also offers information on
audience site visit frequency, traffic
by app version, and top countries and
top devices for a given app. Among
initial publishers showcasing Mobile
App data along with Web analytics in
their public profiles on
Quantcast.com are Topix, Goodreads
and Big Oven, with more on the way.
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Quantcast - Quantcast Measure for Apps
Publishers using the Measure for Apps
service can now track audiences across
mobile platforms, as well as from their
desktop and mobile websites in a single
dashboard. Quantcast developed the tool
based on client demand for a way to track
digital usage across mobile platforms in a
unified view.
1
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Quantcast - Quantcast Advertise
1
Quantcast Advertise defines customtargeted audience segments based on
direct measurement of web properties,
enabling media buyers and sellers to
find each other online. Marketers can
reach consumers that have the highest
likelihood of engaging with their
product or brand. Publishers use
Quantcast Advertise to sell to specific
audiences that advertisers want.
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Quantcast - Awards and Accolades
1
2012 WIRED Magazine: The 10 San Francisco Tech
Companies You Wish You Worked For
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Engadget - Podcast
1
As of December 2012, the
podcast is produced by
editor James Trew.
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Engadget - Podcast
1
The topic of discussion for the podcast is
technology related and closely linked to
events that have hened during the week in
the world of technology. The show
generally lasts an hour or more. The show
is normally weekly, however the frequency
can change, especially during special
events. When events such as the
Consumer Electronics Show (CES) and
the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3)
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Engadget - Podcast
1
The Engadget podcast is available as a
subscription through iTunes, Zune
Marketplace and as an RSS feed.
Alternatively, it can be downloaded
directly from the site in either MP3,
Ogg, AAC or m4b format. The m4b
version features images related to the
current topic of discussion and can be
displayed in iTunes or on a
compatible player.
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Engadget - Podcast
Engadget has started doing live
podcasts, usually broadcasting
Thursday or Friday afternoons on
Ustream. The recorded podcast is
usually available the day after.
Engadget also hosts weekly Mobile and
HD-focused podcasts, with the former
typically featuring Myriam Joire and
Brad Molen, and the latter is generally
hosted by Ben Drawbaugh and Richard
1
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Podcast - Name
1
The term "podcasting" was first mentioned
by Ben Hammersley in The Guardian
newspaper in a February 2004 article,
along with other proposed names for the
new medium. It is a portmanteau of the
words "pod" —from iPod— and
"broadcast". Despite the etymology, the
content can be accessed using any
computer that can play media files and not
just portable music players. Use of the
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Podcast - History
Many people and groups including
Dawn and Drew of The Dawn and
Drew Show, Kris and Betsy Smith of
Croncast and Dan Klass of The
Bitterest Pill contributed to the early
emergence and popularity of
podcasts. Former MTV VJ Adam Curry
in collaboration with Dave Winer, a
developer of RSS feeds, is credited
with coming up with the idea to
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Podcast - History
The first application to make this
process feasible was iPodderX,
developed by August Trometer and
Ray Slakinski. Since the 1930s there
have been radio talk shows and news
programs. Today, through the
evolution of the internet capabilities,
along with cheaper hardware and
software, audio podcasts are doing
what was historically done through
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Podcast - History
1
In June 2005, Apple released iTunes 4.9
with native support for podcasts. While this
made receiving podcasts more
convenient, it effectively ended
advancement of the podcast medium by
independent developers. To add to the
cooling factor, Apple issued Cease and
Desist orders to many podcast application
developers and service providers for using
the term "iPod" or "Pod" in the name of
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Podcast - Apple trademark protections
On November 16, 2006, the Apple
Trademark Department stated that
Apple does not object to third party
usage of "the generic term" "podcast"
to refer to podcasting services and
that Apple does not license the term
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Podcast - Personal Audio lawsuits
1
Personal Audio, a company referred to as
a "patent troll" by the Electronic Frontier
Foundation, filed a patent on podcasting in
2009 for a claimed invention in 1996. In
February 2013, Personal Audio started
suing high-profile podcasters for royalties,
including the Adam Carolla Show and the
HowStuffWorks podcast. US
Congressman Peter DeFazio's previously
proposed "SHIELD Act" intends to curb
patent trolls.
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Podcast - Video podcasts
1
A video podcast (sometimes shortened to
"vodcast") includes video clips. Web
television series are often distributed as
video podcasts.
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Podcast - Video podcasts
Video podcasts are being streamed on
intranets and extranets, private and public
networks, and taking communication
through the Internet to whole new levels.
1
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Podcast - Video podcasts
1
Video podcasts used for web television
are typically short-form, anywhere
from 2–9 minutes per episode
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Podcast - Enhanced podcasts
1
An enhanced podcast can display images
simultaneously with audio. These can
contain chapter markers, hyperlinks, and
artwork; all of which is synced to a specific
program or device. When an enhanced
podcast is played within its specific
program or device, all the appropriate
information should be displayed at the
same time and in the same window,
making it easier to display materials.
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Podcast - Podcast novels
1
Like a traditional novel, a podcast novel
is a work of long literary fiction;
however, this form of novel is recorded
into episodes that are delivered online
over a period of time and in the end
available as a complete work for
download
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Podcast - Podcast novels
1
Other podcast novels have a single
narrator reading the text of the story
with little or no sound effects.
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Podcast - Podcast novels
1
Podcast novels are distributed over the
Internet, commonly on a weblog. Podcast
novels are released in episodes on a
regular schedule (e.g. once a week) or
irregularly as each episode is released
when completed, and can either be
downloaded manually from a website or
blog, be delivered automatically via RSS,
or other method of syndication. Ultimately,
a serialized podcast novel becomes a
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Podcast - Podcast novels
1
These podcast novelists also claim the
exposure that releasing a free podcast
gains them makes up for the fact that
they are giving away their work for
free.
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Podcast - Uses
1
Uses of podcasting
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Podcast - Uses
1
Communities use collaborative podcasts
to support multiple contributors podcasting
through generally simplified processes,
and without having to host their own
individual feeds. A community podcast can
also allow members of the community
(related to the podcast topic) to contribute
to the podcast in many different ways. This
method was first used for a series of
podcasts hosted by the Regional
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Digital Video Broadcasting
1
DVB standards are maintained by the DVB
Project, an international industry
consortium with more than 270 members,
and they are published by a Joint
Technical Committee (JTC) of European
Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI), European Committee for
Electrotechnical Standardization
(CENELEC) and European Broadcasting
Union (EBU)
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Transmission
DVB systems
distribute data using
a variety of
approaches,
including:
1
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Transmission
1
Microwave: using DTT (DVB-MT), the MMDS (DVBMC), and/or MVDS standards (DVB-MS)
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Transmission
1
These standards define the physical
layer and data link layer of the
distribution system. Devices interact
with the physical layer via a
synchronous parallel interface (SPI),
synchronous serial interface (SSI), or
asynchronous serial interface (ASI).
All data is transmitted in MPEG
transport streams with some
additional constraints (DVB-MPEG). A
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Transmission
1
DVB-S2 uses QPSK, 8PSK,
16APSK or 32APSK, at the
broadcasters decision
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Transmission
1
The DVB-T2 specification was approved
by the DVB Steering Board in June 2008
and sent to ETSI for adoption as a formal
standard. ETSI adopted the standard on
September 9, 2009.
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Transmission
1
The DVB-T2 standard gives more robust
TV reception and increases the possible
bit rate by over 30% for single transmitters
(as in the UK) and should increase the
max. bit rate by over 50% in large singlefrequency networks (as in Germany,
Sweden).
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Transmission
DVB has established a 3D TV group
(CM-3DTV) to identify "what kind of 3DTV solution does the market want and
need, and how can DVB play an active
part in the creation of that solution?".
The CM-3DTV group held a DVB 3D-TV
Kick-off Workshop in Geneva on
January 25, 2010, followed by the first
CM-3DTV meeting the next day. DVB
now defines a new standard for 3D
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Transmission
1
Modes and features of
latest DVB-x2 system
standards in
comparison:
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Transmission
1
Input Interface Multiple Transport
Stream and Generic Stream
Encapsulation (GSE) Multiple
Transport Stream and Generic Stream
Encapsulation (GSE) Multiple
Transport Stream and Generic Stream
Encapsulation (GSE)
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Transmission
1
Modes Variable Coding & Modulation and
Adaptive Coding & Modulation Variable
Coding & ModulationVariable Coding &
Modulation and Adaptive Coding &
Modulation
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Transmission
Modulation Single Carrier
QPSK with Multiple Streams
OFDMabsolute OFDM
1
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Transmission
1
Modulation Schemes QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK,
32APSK QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM16- to
4096-QAM
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Transmission
1
Guard Interval Not Applicable 1/4, 19/256,
1/8, 19/128, 1/16, 1/32, 1/128 1/64 or 1/128
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Transmission
1
Fourier transform size Not Applicable 1k, 2k,
4k, 8k, 16k, 32k DFT 4k Inverse FFT
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Transmission
1
Pilots Pilot symbols Scattered and Continual
Pilots Scattered and Continual Pilots
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Content
Besides digital audio and digital video
transmission, DVB also defines data
connections (DVB-DATA - EN 301 192)
with return channels (DVB-RC) for several
media (DECT, GSM, PSTN/ISDN, satellite
etc.) and protocols (DVB-IPTV: Internet
Protocol; DVB-NPI: network protocol
independent).
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Content
1
Older technologies such as teletext (DVBTXT) and vertical blanking interval data
(DVB-VBI) are also supported by the
standards to ease conversion. However,
for many applications more advanced
alternatives like DVB-SUB for subtitling
are available.
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Encryption and metadata
1
The conditional access system (DVB-CA)
defines a Common Scrambling
Algorithm (DVB-CSA) and a physical
Common Interface (DVB-CI) for
accessing scrambled content. DVB-CA
providers develop their wholly
proprietary conditional access systems
with reference to these specifications.
Multiple simultaneous CA systems can
be assigned to a scrambled DVB
program stream providing operational
and commercial flexibility for the
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Encryption and metadata
DVB is also developing a Content
Protection and Copy Management system
for protecting content after it has been
received (DVB-CPCM), which is intended
to allow flexible use of recorded content on
a home network or beyond, while
preventing unconstrained sharing on the
Internet. DVB-CPCM has been the source
of much controversy in the popular press
and It is said that CPCM is the DVB's
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Encryption and metadata
DVB transports include metadata called
Service Information (DVB-SI, ETSI EN 300
468, ETSI TR 101 211) that links the
various elementary streams into coherent
programs and provides human-readable
descriptions for electronic program guides
as well as for automatic searching and
filtering
1
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Encryption and metadata
1
Recently, DVB has adopted a profile of the
metadata defined by the TV-Anytime Forum
(DVB-TVA, ETSI TS 102323). This is an XML
Schema based technology and the DVB
profile is tailored for enhanced Personal
Digital Recorders. DVB lately also started an
activity to develop a service for IPTV (DVBIPI, ETSI TR 102033, ETSI TS 102034, ETSI
TS 102814) which also includes metadata
definitions for a broadband content guide
(DVB-BCG, ETSI TS 102 539).
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Software platform
Interactive
television#User
Interaction
1
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Software platform
1
The DVB Multimedia Home Platform
(DVB-MHP) defines a Java-based
platform for the development of
consumer video system applications.
In addition to providing abstractions
for many DVB and MPEG-2 concepts,
it provides interfaces for other
features like network card control,
application download, and layered
graphics.
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Return channel
1
DVB has standardised a number of return
channels that work together with DVB(S/T/C) to create bi-directional
communication. RCS is short for Return
Channel Satellite, and specifies return
channels in C, Ku and Ka frequency bands
with return bandwidth of up to 2 Mbit/s.
DVB-RCT is short for Return Channel
Terrestrial, specified by ETSI EN 301958.
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Adoption
1
DVB-S and DVB-C were ratified in 1994.
DVB-T was ratified in early 1997. The first
commercial DVB-T broadcasts were
performed by the United Kingdom's Digital
TV Group in late 1998. In 2003 Berlin,
Germany was the first area to completely
stop broadcasting analog TV signals. Most
European countries are fully covered by
digital television and many have switched
off PAL/SECAM services.
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Adoption
1
In Europe, as well as in Australia, South
and India, DVB is used throughout. This
also holds true for cable and satellite in
most Asian, n and many South American
countries. Many of these have not yet
selected a format for digital terrestrial
broadcasts (DTTV) and a few (Canada, El
Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, South Korea
and the United States) have chosen ATSC
instead of DVB-T.
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Kenya
1
DVB-T broadcasts were launched by the
President of Kenya, Mwai Kibaki on the
9th of December 2009. Broadcasts are
using H.264, with the University of Nairobi
supplying the decoders. Kenya has also
been broadcasting DVB-H since July
2009, available on selected Nokia and
ZTE handsets on the Safaricom and other
GSM networks.
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Digital Video Broadcasting - South Africa
In late 2010 the South African cabinet
endorsed a decision by a Southern African
Development Community (SADC) task
team to adopt the DVB-T2 standard.
1
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Hong Kong
1
In Hong Kong, several cable TV operators
such as TVB Pay Vision and Cable TV
have already started using DVB-S or DVBC. The government however has adopted
the DMB-T/H standard, developed in
mainland China, for its digital terrestrial
broadcasting services which has started
since 31 December 2007.
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Digital Video Broadcasting - India
Indian Government announced the
discontinuation of analog signals in
the four metropolitan cities of
Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata by March
31st 2012 and for tier II cities like
Bangalore, etc. by March 31, 2013.
Most houses are now required to use
only Digital Set Top box to watch
"cable tv" in several cities in India. An
example set top box is a Cisco DVB
1
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Israel
DVB-T broadcasts using H.264
commenced in Israel in July 2009. Analog
broadcasts will be turned off 18 months
after the start of DVB-T transmission. On 1
June 2009 the broadcast trial started and
the launch will be on 1 August 2009.
1
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Israel
1
During 2010, DVB-T broadcasts have
become widely available in most of
Israel and an EPG was added to the
broadcasts.
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Japan
1
With the exception of SKY PerfecTV!,
Japan uses different formats in all
areas (ISDB), which are however quite
similar to their DVB counterparts.
SkyPerfect is a satellite provider using
DVB on their 124 and 128 degrees east
satellites. Their satellite at 110 degrees
east does not use DVB, however.
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Malaysia
1
Free-to-air DVB-T trials began in late
2006 with a simulcast of both TV1 and
TV2 plus a new channel called
RTM3/RTMi
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Malaysia
As of 2009, MiTV has closed down,
changed its name to U-Television, and
announced that they are changing to
use scrambled DVB-T upon relaunch
instead of the DVB-IPTV system used
prior to shutting down.
1
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Malaysia
1
Analogue shut-off date is
also announced to be
sometime in 2015.
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Philippines
1
In the Philippines, DVB-S and DVB-S2 are
the two broadcast standards currently
used by satellite companies, while DVB-C
is also used by some cable companies.
The government adopted DVB-T on
November 2006 for digital terrestrial
broadcasting but a year later, they will
consider other standards to replace DVBT. The country has chosen the ISDB-T
system instead of DVB-T.
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Taiwan
In Taiwan, some digital cable television
systems use DVB-C, though most
customers still use analog NTSC cable
television. The government also adopted
DVB-T for its digital terrestrial
broadcasting services. Public Television
Service (PTS) and Formosan TV now
provided High-definition television. The
former one has a channel called HiHD; the
later one use its HD channel for
1
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Denmark
In Denmark, DVB-T replaced the
analog transmission system for TV on
November 1, 2009. Danish national
digital TV transmission has been
outsourced to the company Boxer TV
A/S (Boxer TV), acting as gatekeeper
organization for terrestrial TV
transmission in Denmark. However,
there are still several free channels
from DR, and a few from TV 2.
1
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Finland
All of the Yleisradio (YLE) channels
are broadcast free-to-air, likewise a
handful of commercial ones including
MTV3, Nelonen, Subtv, JIM, Nelonen
Sport, Liv, FOX, TV5, AVA and The
Voice TV
1
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Italy
1
The switch-off from analogue terrestrial
network to DVB-T started on Wednesday
15 October 2008 and was completed on
Wednesday 4 July 2012.
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Netherlands
Bouquet 1 also broadcasts the radio
channels: Radio 1, Radio 2, 3 FM, Radio
4, Radio 5, Radio 6, Concertzender, FunX
and also a regional channel
1
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Norway
1
DVB-T broadcasting via the terrestrial
network began in November 2007, and
has subsequently been rolled out one
part of the country at a time
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Poland
1
Currently Poland uses the DVB-T standard
with MPEG-4 encoding. Analogue
broadcast switch-off had started on 7
November 2012 and was finished on 23
July 2013.
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Portugal
Portugal follows the DVB-T
implementation, using H.264 with
AAC audio encoding. It has been live
since April 29, 2009 and the switch-off
date for all analog signals was on
April 26, 2012.
1
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Digital Video Broadcasting - Russia
1
Several pilot broadcasting centers in some
regions are already online and
simulcasting in DVB-T2 SD and SECAM
signal since February 2010, with more to
go
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