Download Topics To Know For Chapters 1-5

Topics To Know For Chapters 1-5
1. Know what is meant by the word biology.
2. Be able to describe the characteristics of life. Use the examples given in class.
3. Know what is meant by biological and ecological organization. Give examples of the
different levels as covered in class. Know what three groups of organisms make up an
ecosystem and their functions. What is the definition of ecology?
4. Know what is meant by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Give characteristics and examples
given in class.
5. Know what is meant by taxonomy. Who is Carolus Linnaeus and what was his contribution
to science? Know the five kingdoms given in class along with examples for each kingdom.
Know the different levels covered in class from kingdom through species. Know about what
is meant by the three domains of life and how they relate to the five kingdom system. Give
examples given in class.
6. Know what is the purpose of the scientific name and how is it derived. Know how the
scientific name is written.
7. Know what is meant by the scientific method. What type of human activities would you not
be to apply the scientific method to? Know which part of the scientific method is the most
difficult to derive or come up with.
- observations
- hypothesis
- recognize and state
- testing
the problem
- theory
- inductive reasoning
- principle
- deductive reasoning
- law
8. Know what is meant by matter and what makes up matter. Know what is meant by elements
and how many are naturally occurring. Know why the symbols of the elements do not
always correspond to their name. Know which six elements make up 98% of an organisms
weight. Also, what are trace elements?
9. Be able to define the following terms when discussing the elements. Be able to give their
function and characteristics given in class.
- element symbol
- electron
- element name
- atomic number
- atom
- atomic mass or weight
- neutron
- isotope
- proton
- radioisotope
10. Know which part of the atom is responsible for the chemical activity of that element.
11. Give two ways that radioisotopes can be used.
12. What do you expect to find in the different energy levels of the atom? What is the maximum
number of electrons found in the first three energy levels?
13. Know why noble gases are not able to chemically react with other atoms.
14. Know the purpose of a chemical bond. Know what is meant by electronegativity and how
does it relate to covalent and ionic bonds. Be able to use the following terms covered in
class. Give their characteristics and any examples covered in class.
- covalent bond
- ionic bond and ions
- polar covalent bond
- ionic compound
- nonpolar covalent bond
- hydrogen bond
15. Know what is meant by a chemical reaction, reactants, and products.
16. Know that most of the earth’s surface is covered by water. Know that life began in the water
and moved onto the land. Know that cells are composed mainly of water ( 70 - 95 % ).
Know the three states of water.
17. Know that water is polar and can combine with how many other water molecules through
hydrogen bonding.
18. Be able to use the following terms, give their characteristic or functions, and examples of
how they are used in nature.
- cohesion
- surface tension
- adhesion
- specific heat
- capillary action
- evaporative cooling
19. Know the characteristics of water as it changes from one state to another.
20. Know how the following terms are defined and used.
- solvent
- hydrophylic
- solute
- hydrophobic
21. Know how the pH scale is organized, and it’s range ( acid, base, and neutral ).Give
examples of what is neutral, acid, and base. These examples were in the textbook and in the
notes.
22. Know the function of buffers and discuss the action of carbonic acid that is found in the
blood of humans.
23. Know that carbon has the ability to make four bonds with other atoms. Carbon is the
backbone of the organic molecules.
24. Know the difference between organic and inorganic and inorganic compounds.
25. Know what is meant by isomers.
26. Know how to identify the following functional groups.
- hydroxyl group
- amino group
- carboxyl group
- phosphate group
27. Know what is meant by polymer and monomer. Know how to produce polymers from
monomers. Know that carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and oils are produced by condensation
and broken down by hydrolysis.
- condensation
- hydrolysis
28. Know that carbohydrates are called sugars. Give examples of the different types of
carbohydrates and how they are used and stored.
- monosaccharides ( 3 types )
- polysacchrides ( 3 types )
- disaccharides ( 3 types )
29. Know the characteristics of lipids covered in class ( as a group and as individual examples ).
Know how glycerol and fatty acids relate to fats and oils. Know the characteristics of fats
and oils covered in class.
- triacylglycerol
- unsaturated fatty acid
- triglyceride
- saturated fatty acid
30. Know the different parts that make up the phospholipid.
31. Know the structural makeup of steroids and give examples covered in class. Know how
cholesterol is used in the body. Why is it good and when is it bad?
32. Know the function of wax and where can it be found.
33. Know that proteins are made up of twenty different amino acids and that structure is related
to function.
- amino group
- carboxyl group
- dipeptide
- polypeptide
- peptide bond
34. Know what is meant by the four levels of protein structure.
- primary
- pleated sheet
- secondary
- tertiary
- helix
- quaternary ( hemoglobin )
35. Know what can cause a change in the protein’s structure.
- denature
- renature
36. Know the importance of the nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid. What
are their unique characteristics and how do they function? Know the structure of DNA and
RNA.
- deoxyribose
- nitrogenous bases
- ribose
- hydrogen bonds
- phosphate group
- double helix