Download Created the largest land empire.

Background of Byzantine Empire
• German invaders pounded the Roman empire in the
west, emperors shifted their base to the East.
• The Emperor Constantine rebuilt the Greek city of
Byzantium and gave it the name Constantinople.
• In 330 Constantine made Constantinople the
new capital of the Eastern Roman Empire
• In time, the Eastern Roman Empire became known
as the Byzantine Empire.
Western (Green) & Eastern (Pink)
Constantinople
• Capital City of New Eastern Roman Empire
(Byzantine Empire)
• Linked trade routes of Europe and Asia
• Busiest marketplace.
• Blended Greek, Roman, and Christian
influences.
• Lasted 1000 years after fall of Western
Roman Empire.
Spread of Christianity
• By 300AD, Christians formed religious
communities called monasteries.
• Monks – men devoted to the Church.
• Nuns – women devoted to the Church.
• Monasteries and Convents helped the poor, ran
hospitals, and schools.
• missionaries – people sent to convert people to
Christianity.
The Age of Justinian
• Ruler of Byzantine Empire 527-565
• Conquered N. Africa, Italy and S. Spain –
lands conquered were temporary
• Built a large elaborate church called Hagia
Sophia (“Holy Wisdom”) – influential
architecture.
Hagia Sophia (In Constantinople)
Disagreement in the Christian Church
• Eastern Empire – rejected pope, clergy could
marry, Greek was major language, Easter was
holy day.
• Western Empire – pope had authority, clergy
could not marry, Latin was major language,
Christmas was holy day.
Schism
• There were many reasons for the schism. Sheer
geographical differences, Greek language vs. Latin,
Nicene Creed semantics, church leadership (pope vs.
patriarch of Constantinople), icons
• This creates a Schism – split, between the East and
West.
• Created two major Christian churches
– Roman Catholic (west)
– Eastern Orthodox (east)
Crisis and Collapse
• For the next thousand years the Turks (Islam),
began to take over parts of the Byzantine Empire.
• Crusades failed to stop the takeover by Islam.
• Constantinople falls
– 1453 Ottoman Turks conquered
Constantinople.
– The ancient Christian city was renamed
Istanbul and became the capital of the Ottoman
Empire (Muslim)
The Byzantine Heritage
• The Arts
– Influenced Western Europe in Religious Art
and Architecture.
– Icons and Mosaics
• The World of Learning
– Preserved classic works of Ancient Greece
– Preserved Greek and Roman Culture and took
findings to Universities.
– Contributed to Renaissance
The Rise of Russia
• Describe how the geography of Russia helped the
growth of Kiev.
• Explain how the Mongol’s conquest affected Russia.
• Describe how Moscow emerged as the chief power
in Russia.
Geography of Russia
• Large plains
• Three broad zones
– Northern forests
– Fertile south land
– Southern steppe
• Steppe – open, treeless grassland
• Network of rivers provided easy transportation
Growth of Kiev
• During Roman Times, the Slavs expanded into
Southern Russia.
• They organized into clans with a simple
political system.
• Vikings began trading with Slavs in Russia.
City of Kiev.
• In time Kiev would become the center of the
first Russian Government.
Byzantine Influences
• Byzantine Christianity, art, music, and
architecture spread throughout Russia
• Byzantine Christians sent missionaries to
convert Russian Slavs.
• Vladimir was Russian prince of Kiev that
converted Russians to Eastern Orthodox
Church. (Christians)
Yaroslav the wise and the decline of Kiev
• Yaroslav ruled Russia during its golden age
from 1019-1054.
• Created Kiev’s first law code and library
• Kiev declined in 1100 as rival families battled
for the throne.
• As Russian princes fought among themselves,
Mongol armies from central Asia struck the
final blow.
Yaroslav
The Mongols
• The Mongols defeated most of Russia by 1300.
• They killed thousands and sought to tax the people
they conquered, rather than impose their culture.
• Slavs could still practice Christianity, but had to
serve the Mongol ruler and in the Mongol army.
• The main reason the Mongols conquered so much
territory is because of one man….Genghis Kahn.
Genghis Khan
• In the early 1200s, a young leader united the
nomadic Mongols of Central Asia.
• As his mounted bowmen overran lands from
China to Eastern Europe, he took the title
Genghis Khan or “World Emperor”
• Between 1236 and 1241, Batu, the grandson of
Genghis, led Mongol armies into Russia
known as the Golden Horde.
The Golden Horde
• Mongol Armies were called the Golden Horde
for the color of their tents.
• Genghis Kahn founded the Mongol Empire
across much of Asia and Europe
• Created the largest land empire.
• They looted and burned Kiev and other
Russian towns.
• Although Mongols were fierce fighters they
were tolerant rulers as long as taxes were paid
Growth
of
Russia,
13301584
Genghis Kahn
Mongol Influences
• Even though the Mongols were Islam they
tolerated the Orthodox Church which grew
strong during this period.
• Mongols looked down upon women.
• Husbands could sell their wives.
• The absolute power of Mongols served as a
model for later Russian rulers.
• Mongol rule cut Russia off from W. Europe,
which made many advances in arts and sciences.
Moscow becomes Capital
• After the fall of Kiev, the city life began to decline
in the south.
• Moscow became the capital of Russia after the fall
of Kiev.
• Became the political and spiritual center of Russia
• Eventually Princes of Moscow rallied other leaders
to defeat the Golden Horde at the battle of Kulikovo
(1380) – Slavs steadily began to drive out Mongols.
• Finally during the reign of Ivan III the Mongol rule
had come to an end.
Ivan the Great (III)
• Much of the success of Moscow is b/c of Ivan III.
• He brought many Slavic provinces under his
control by driving away the Mongols
• Absolute rule - limited power of boyars –
landowning nobles. 1st national leader of a united
Russia
• He built the Kremlin.
• He married princess Sophia, (Byzantine princess)
• Ivan the Great helped to blend Byzantine and
Russian Culture
Ivan the Great
Ivan the Great Square
In Moscow
Tsar, or Czar is the Russian word for Caesar
Ivan the Terrible (IV)
•
•
•
•
•
Came to the throne at age 3
Perhaps boyars poisoned his mother? At age 8
Created the class of serfs (little more than slaves)
Passed laws tying peasants to the land
Russian established feudalism as it is disappearing
in the world
• Established/cemented the Russian Orthodox Church
• Became demented after the death of his wife
Ivan the Terrible (IV)
• Grandson of Ivan III. Called 1st Czar (Caesar).
• Known for cruelty toward animals and
humans.
• 1560 became unstable – fits of violence.
• Created oprichniki – agents who enforced
czar’s will. – dressed in black they killed
nobles and sacked towns where people were
disloyal to Ivan IV
• After his death in 1584, Russia was full of
rebellion and chaos
Ivan the
Terrible
Ivan the IV & The Time of Trouble
• Has entire cities destroyed and all inhabitants killed
• He did this because he became very paranoid and
claimed mass treason.
• Mass executions
• In a fit of rage he killed his oldest son
• This depopulated much of central Russia
• This mass hysteria and atmosphere of death and
destruction is called the Time of Trouble