Download China from 1840 to 1949

Chinese History from 1840 to 1911
Wanli Hu
The China Program Center
University College
Contents
1. Dynastic Cycle
2. Challenge from the West
3. Challenge & Reaction
4. Collapse of the Qing Dynasty
1-1. The Dynastic Cycle
1-2. China’s Share of
World GDP
China’s Territory in 1820
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qing_Dynasty_1820.png#file
2. Challenge from the West
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Lord George Macartney meets Emperor Qianlong
Military defeats
Territorial loss
Economic consequence
Social disturbances
Diplomatic submission
Political changes
Cultural attitude
2-1. Emperor Qianlong met Lord George
Macartney in 1793
Macartney’s Mission:
Asked for free trade and open cities as trading ports
• Qianlong’s reply:
“We possess all things. I set no value on objects
strange or ingenious, and have no use for your
country’s manufactures.”
“It behooves you, O King, to respect my sentiments
and to display even greater devotion and loyalty in
future, so that, by perpetual submission to our
Throne, you may secure peace and prosperity for
your country thereafter.”
2-2. Military Defeats
• The First Opium War from 1839-1842
• A great change in more than three thousand years
of history” – Li Hongzhang
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– Lin Zexu, Imperial Commissioner
– The Nanking Treaty
The Second Opium War from 1856-1860
The Sino-French War from 1883-85
The Sino-Japan War from 1894-95
China vs. Eight Powers in 1900
The Sino-Japanese War from 1931-1945
2-3. Foreign Powers in China
Queen Victoria , Nicholas II, William II, Marianne
and Meiji Emperor
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:China_imperialism_carto on.jpg
2-4. Territorial Loss
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Hong Kong
Macao
Taiwan
Korean
Vietnam
Northeast
Mongolia
2-5. Domestic Rebellions
2-6. Self-sufficient Economy Disintegrated
2-7 Political Power Transferred to Han Gentry
from Manchu
2-8 Diplomatic Submission
– Extraterritoriality
– Custom House controlled by Robert Hart
2-9 Cultural Attitude Transferred from
Superiority to Self-depreciation
3. Challenge and Reaction
3-1. The Self-strengthening Movement from
1861-95
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Weaponry
Military Industry
Increase national wealth through industrialization
“Learn superior barbarian technique with which to repel
the barbarians”- Wei Yuan
Key persons:
• Zeng Guofan
• Li Hongzhang
• Zhang Zidong
3-2. Political Institutional
Transformation
• Political Reform : 100-Day Reform
“The New Deal” - to transfer an absolute
monarch to a constitutional monarch
– Empress Dowager Ci Xi vs. Emperor
Guangxu
• Sun Yah-sen’s Revolution in 1911
• Collapse of the Qing Dynasty
• The Republic of China in 1912
Thank you!
Questions?