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The Civil War
It is enough to make the whole world start to see the awful amount of
death and destruction that now stalks abroad. Daily for the past two
months has the work progressed and I see no signs of a remission till
one or both the armies are destroyed… I begin to regard the death
and mangling of a couple of thousand men as a small affair, a kind of
morning dash-and it may be well that we become so hardened.
-General W. T. Sherman, June 30, 1864
Main Ideas
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The Civil War Begins
Controversial actions taken by President Lincoln
The Course of the War 1861-1865
Emancipation Proclamation
Turning Point in the Civil War
Election of 1864
The Confederacy surrenders; Lincoln’s assassination
End of slavery
Economic, Social, and Political consequences of the
Civil War
On the Eve of the War
North
 23 states
 22 million people
 4 million men of combat
age
 100,000 factories
 1.1 million workers
 20,000 miles of railroad
track
 $189 million in bank
deposits
 $56 million in gold specie
South
 11 states
 9 million people (slaves
included)
 1.2 million men of combat
ate
 20,000 factories
 101,000 workers
 9000 miles of railroad track
 $47 million in bank
deposits
 $27 million in gold specie
Reflect and Consider
April 4, 1865 – Abraham
Lincoln tours the recently
evacuated Richmond,
Virginia to see
the destruction
• The Civil War was the most costly
of all American wars in terms of
loss of human life
• An estimated 620,000 men lost their
lives
• Four million people were freed
from slavery
• The war transformed American
society by accelerating
industrialization and modernization
in the North
• It also destroyed the South’s
plantation economy
The War Begins
February, 1861
Abraham Lincoln
• When Lincoln was inaugurated as the first
Republican president in March 1861, it was
unclear that he would employ military means
to challenge the secession of South Carolina
and other states
• In his inaugural address, Lincoln assured
southerners that he had no intention of
interfering with slavery
“In your hands, my dissatisfied fellowcountrymen, and not in mine, is the
momentous issue of civil war. The
government will not assail you. You can
have no conflict without being yourselves
the aggressors.”
The War Begins continued…
• Fort Sumter: first shots of the civil war
-Lincoln sent a supply mission to the Charleston, SC’s fort
-Southern guns erupted on April 12, 1861; the war started
-Lincoln’s handling of the federally garrisoned fort united
most northerners behind a patriotic fight to save the Union
Lincoln’s Use of Executive Power
President Lincoln - 1862
• More than any other
previous president, Lincoln
acted in unprecedented
ways, drawing upon his
powers as both chief
executive and commander
in chief
• Often times, Lincoln did
this without the
authorization of the
Congress
Executive Power
The attack on Fort Sumter in
Charleston harbor by South
Carolina forces, and President
Lincoln's call for volunteers to
put down the rebellion marked the
beginning of war.
• He did so for the first time in the Fort
Sumner crisis
(1) Calling for 75,000 volunteers to put
down the insurrection in the South
(2) Authorizing spending for war
(3) Suspending the privilege of the writ
of habeas corpus
• Since Congress was not in secession,
Lincoln claimed he acted without
congressional approval because it
was “indispensable to the public
safety”
Keeping the Border States in the Union
• Four other slaveholding states might have seceded, but instead remained
in the Union
• Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky decided not to join the
Confederacy partly due to Union sentiment and the result of shrewd
federal policies
(1) Maryland: prosecessionists attacked Union troops and threatened a
railroad to the capital (Union troops declared martial law to maintain
control of the state)
(2) Missouri: pro-Southern elements were held in check by the presence of
federal troops in the state (guerrilla warfare was active)
(3) Kentucky: the state legislature voted to remain neutral
• Keeping the border states was a primarily military and political goal of
Lincoln
• Their loss would have increased the Confederate population by 50
percent and compromise the North’s strategic position during the war
• The emancipation of slaves was not considered early in the war (did not
want to alienate the border states)
Wartime Advantages
(Military)
The South
The North
• only had to fight a
defensive war
• supplies and troops
only had to travel
short distances
• long indented
coastlines made it
difficult to blockade
• experienced military
leaders and high
troop morale
• had to conquer an area as large
as Western Europe
• population advantage; 22
million verses 5 million
• during the war an estimated
800,000 immigrants moved to
the North (many enlisted)
• Emancipation later in the war
increased African American
enlistment (180,000)
• loyal and powerful Navy
controlled most waterways
Wartime Advantages
(Economic)
The South
• the hope of the
Southern economy
was that overseas
demand for its
cotton would bring
recognition and
financial aid
The North
• controlled most of the banking
and capital of the nation
• controlled 85 percent of factories
and manufactured goods
• controlled 70 percent of the
railroads
• controlled 65 percent of the
farmlands
• skills of northern clerks and
bookkeepers proved valuable in
the logistical support of large
military operations
Wartime Advantages
(Political)
The South
• its struggle for independence
may seem to have given the
South more motivation to fight
• South’s ideology of state’s
rights proved a serious liability
for the Confederate
government
• the irony was that in order for
the South to win the war they
needed a strong central
government/public support
The North
• had a well established
central government
• experienced politicians with
a strong popular base
The Confederate States of America
Jefferson Finis Davis was
an American statesman and
leader of the Confederacy
during the American Civil
War, serving as President of
the Confederate States of
America for its entire
history, from 1861 to 1865.
• Challenges to the Confederacy:
-Jefferson Davis tried to increase his power
during the war; southern states governors
resisted centralization of power
-some governors help back resources and
soldiers to protect their states
-the Confederacy always faced shortages of
money; it issued an estimated 1 billion
dollars in inflated currency
-the Confederate Congress nationalized the
railroads and encouraged industrial
development
-the real surprise it that the South persisted for
four years
First Years of a Long War: 18611862
• Northerners at first expected the war to last no more than a few
weeks (Lincoln called up volunteers for an enlistment of 90
days)
• However, Americans soon learned that it would take four years
of ferocious fighting before northern states marched on the
Confederate capital
The First Battle of Bull Run:
-30,000 federal troops marched from Washington to Manassas
Junction; Union forces were close to victory however General
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson counterattacked and sent the
troops running
-the battle ended the illusion of a quick victory and promoted the
myth of Rebel invincibility
Union Strategy
• General-in-Chief Winfield Scott devised a
three-part strategy for winning a long war
(1) Use the Navy to blockade southern ports (the
Anaconda Plan)
(2) Divide the Confederacy in two by taking
control of the Mississippi River
(3) Raise and train an army 500,000 strong to take
Richmond
Lieut. Gen. Winfield
Scott 1861
•
After the Union’s defeat at Bull Run, federal
armies experienced a succession of crushing
defeats as they attempt various campaigns in
Virginia
The Anaconda Plan
Monitor vs. Merrimac
Chromolithograph depicting
the Battle of Hampton Roads
• The North’s hopes of winning the war
depended on its ability to maximize its
economic and naval advantages
(blockades)
• The Confederates introduced an ironclad
warship (Merrimac) during the Peninsular
campaign that threatened the North’s
blockades
• The Union countered with an ironclad of
its own-the Monitor
• Both ironclads met near Hampton Roads,
Virginia and exchanged volleys for 5
hours (ended in a draw)
• The Monitor-Merrimac duel
revolutionized the future of naval warfare
Grant in the West
Ulysses S. Grant was the
18th President of the United
States (1869–1877) following
his highly successful role as a
war general in the second
half of the Civil War.
• The North’s campaign for control of the
Mississippi River was partly under the leadership
of Ulysses S. Grant
• In early 1862, Grant used gunboats and army
tactics to seize control of Fort Henry and Fort
Donelson
• These stunning victories opened Mississippi to
Union attack
• A few weeks later, Confederate General Albert
Johnston surprised Grant at Shiloh, Tennessee
• Grant and Union forces stood their ground
resulting in Johnston’s army retreating
• Grant’s drive down the Mississippi River was
complemented in April of 1862 by the capture of
New Orleans
Union Battle Defeats
George B. McClellan
• Peninsula campaign:
-General George B. McClellan, new commander of the Union
army, insisted on training and supplying his troops before
invading Virginia (tested Lincoln’s patience)
-McClellan’s army invaded in March of 1862 and was
stopped by brilliant tactical moves by Confederate General
Robert E. Lee
-McClellan was forced to retreat across the Potomac where he
was replaced by General Pope
• Second Battle of Bull Run:
-Lee took advantage of the confusion from a change in
leadership
-He struck Pope’s army and sent the Union army backward to
Bull Run
-Pope withdrew to the defenses of Washington
Union Battle Defeats continued…
Lincoln and McClellan after the
Battle of Antietam
• Antietam:
-Lee led his army on the offensive into
Maryland across the Potomac
-He hoped that a major Confederate victory
in the North would convince Britain to
give official recognition and support
-McClellan was reinstated with his
command; he knew about Lee’s battle
plan (Confederate officer dropped a copy)
-Both armies met at Antietam Creek in the
Maryland town of Sharpsburg
-It was here that the single bloodiest day of
combat occurred-over 22,000
killed/casualties
-Lee’s army retreated and McClellan
declined to follow; Lincoln removed the
general for the final time
Union Battle Defeats continued…
The Battle of Fredericksburg
by Kurz and Allison
• Fredericksburg:
-Lincoln replaced McClellan with
General Ambrose Burnside (known to
be aggressive)
-Burnside attacked Fredericksburg,
Virginia and sustained heavy casualties
(12,000 Union and 5,000 Confederate)
-no prospect of military victory for either
side
• The second year of the war, 1862, was
a disaster for the North except for two
engagements, one at sea and the other
on the rivers of the West
Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy
• The South’s hope for securing independence rested on its
diplomats securing direct aid from Britain or France by
inducing them to help with their cotton exports
• Trent Affair:
-Confederate diplomats James Mason and John Slidell traveled
aboard a British steamer (Trent) on a mission to gain
recognition
-A Union warship stooped the vessel and arrested the two
diplomats
-Britain threatened war if the diplomats were not released;
Lincoln acquiesced (the Confederates failed to get British or
French recognition)
Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy
continued…
CSS Alabama was a screw
sloop-of-war built for the
Confederate States Navy. The
Alabama served as a successful
commerce raider, attacking
Union merchant and naval ships
over the course of her two-year
career, during which she never
anchored in a Southern port.
• Confederate Raiders:
-the South was able to gain recognition as a
belligerent with Great Britain
-this status allowed them to purchase
warships from British shipyards
-Confederate commerce raiders caused
serious damage to the Unions merchant
ships (the Alabama captured over 60
vessels)
-after the war, Britain agreed to pay the U.S.
$15.5 million for damages
Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy
continued…
• Failure of Cotton Diplomacy:
-”King Cotton” proved to be incapable of convincing European
nations to support the Confederacy
-textile mills in Europe found a steady supply of cotton in Egypt
and India
-Two other decisions convinced Britain to not recognize the
Confederacy
(1) Lee’s setback at Antietam (no decisive Confederate victory)
(2) Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation (British public was
mostly pronorthern and antislavery)
The End of Slavery
Union troops had to go through Maryland to
reach the national capital at Washington,
D.C. Had Maryland also joined the
Confederacy, Washington, D.C. would have
been totally surrounded. The Maryland
Legislature rejected secession in 1861, and
Governor Thomas Hicks voted against it.
• Lincoln was hesitant to take
action against slavery because of
the following concerns
(1) Keeping the border states
(support)
(2) The constitutional protection of
slavery
(3) The prejudices of northerners
(4) The fear that premature action
could be overturned in the next
election
The End of Slavery continued…
By asserting that slaves when they
were the property of disloyal owner
were subject to seizure, Butler
provided a legal justification that did
not immediately challenge slavery’s
legality (politically essential in Spring
1861), but in the long run provided the
basis to begin practically speaking
to dismantle the peculiar institution.
• Confiscation Acts:
-Union General Benjamin Butler refused
to return captured slaves, arguing that
they were “contraband of war”
-The Confiscation Act passed in August
1861 set the legal basis to seize
enemy property used to wage war
-A second act passed (July 1862) freed
the slaves of persons engaged in
rebellion (also allowed the president
to use slaves in any capacityincluding battle)
The End of Slavery continued…
Lincoln presents the first draft of the
Emancipation Proclamation to his
cabinet. Painted by Francis Bicknell
Carpenter in 1864
• Emancipation Proclamation:
-all slaves in rebel territories were
freed
-committed the U.S. government
to a policy of abolition in the
South
-also authorized the recruitment of
freed slaves as Union soldiers
-Almost 200,000 African
Americans served in the Union
(famous unit was the
Massachusetts 54 Regiment)
The End of Slavery continued…
Formally abolishing slavery in the
United States, the 13th Amendment
was passed by the Congress on
January 31, 1865, and ratified by the
states on December 6, 1865.
• Thirteenth Amendment:
-to free the slaves in the border states, a
constitutional amendment was
needed
-December 1865, this amendment
abolishing slavery was ratified by the
required number of states
“Neither slavery not involuntary
servitude, except as a punishment for
crime whereof the party shall have
been duly convicted, shall exist
within the United States, or any place
subject to their jurisdiction.”
The Union Triumphs, 1863-1865
Robert Edward Lee as a career
military officer who is best known
for having commanded the
Confederate Army of Northern
Virginia in the American Civil War.
• By the beginning of 1863, the fortunes of
war turned against the South.
• Although Lee started the year with a
victory at Chancellorsville, Virginia, the
Confederate economy was in desperate
shape, southern planters lost slaves, and
soldiers were deserting
• The decisive turning point in the war
came in the first weeks of July when the
Confederacy suffered major defeats in the
West and East
Turning Point
• Vicksburg:
-Grant laid siege to Vicksburg, Mississippi (Union artillery
bombarded for seven weeks)
-Confederates surrendered the city on July 4, 1863
-the Confederacy was cut in half and the Mississippi River was in the
hands of the Union
• Gettysburg:
-Lee took the offensive by invading Maryland and Pennsylvania
-If he could either destroy the union army or capture a major northern
city- he hoped the North would call for peace or gain international
recognition
-After three days of fighting and a charge by Pickett, Lee’s forces
retreated to Virginia, never to regain the offensive
"The Harvest of Death": Union dead on
the battlefield at Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania, photographed July 5 or
July 6, 1863, by Timothy H. O'Sullivan.
Grant in Command
• Lincoln finally found a general who could fight and win
• In early 1864 he brought Grant east to Virginia and made him
commander of all the Union armies
• Grant’s approach to ending the war was simply to outlast Lee
by fighting a war of attrition
• Grant cut off resources to Lee’s army, suffering heavier
casualties than Lee’s forces in the battles of the Wilderness,
Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor
• No longer was this a war “between gentlemen” but a modern
“total” war against civilians as well as soldiers
Sherman’s March
Sherman led his
troops to the capture
of the city of Atlanta,
a military success
that contributed to the
re-election of
President Abraham
Lincoln.
• The chief instrument of Grant’s aggressive tactics for
subduing the South was a hardened veteran-General
William Tecumseh Sherman
• Leading a force of a 100,000 men, Sherman did the
following
(1) Set out for Chattanooga, Tennessee on a campaign of
deliberate destruction
(2) Continued through the state of Georgia and then swept
north into South Carolina
(3) Marching relentlessly, Sherman destroyed everything
in their path (total war)
(4) Atlanta fell in September of 1864, Savannah in
December
(5) He completed his campaign in February of 1865 by
burning Columbia S.C. (the capital and cradle of
secession)
(6) The Confederacy’s will to fight was breaking!
The Burning of Columbia, South Carolina
(1865) by William Waud for Harper's Weekly
The Election of 1864
Lincoln/Johnson campaign poster
• The Democrats nominated General
George McClellan
• Their platform calling for peace had wide
appeal
• The Republican renamed their party the
Unionist party was a way of attracting the
votes of “War Democrats”
• A last “ditch Lincoln” movement fizzled
out, and the Republican convention chose
Lincoln and a loyal War Democrat from
Tennessee-Senator Andrew Johnson
• The Lincoln-Johnson ticket won 212
electoral votes (popular vote was much
closer (McClellan took 45%)
• Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by
Lincoln/Johnson, blue denotes those won by
McClellan/Pendleton, and brown denotes Confederate states.
Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to
each state.
The End of the War
President Lincoln (center right)
with, from left, Generals Sherman,
Grant and Admiral Porter – 1868
painting of events aboard the River
Queen in March 1865
• The effects of the Union blockade,
combined with Sherman’s march of
destruction, spread hunger through
much of the South in the winter of
1864-1865
• On the battlefield in Virginia, Grant
continued to outflank Lee’s lines
until they collapsed around
Petersburg, resulting in the fall of
Richmond
• The end of the war was near!
Surrender at Appomattox
Parlor of the (reconstructed) McLean
House, the site of Confederate General
Robert E. Lee's surrender. Lee sat at the
marble-topped table on the left,
Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant at
the table on the right
• The Confederate government tried to
negotiate for peace, but Lincoln
would accept nothing short of
restoration of the Union
• Lee retreated from Richmond with
30,000 troops
• His forces were cut off and he was
forced to surrender to Grant at
Appomattox Court House on April 9,
1865
• It was an amicable arrangementLee’s men returned home (generous
terms)
Assassination of Lincoln
Shown in the presidential booth of
Ford's Theatre, from left to right, are
Henry Rathbone, Clara Harris, Mary
Todd Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln, and
his assassin John Wilkes Booth.
• Only a month before Lee’s
surrender, Lincoln delivered
one of his greatest
speeches-the second
inaugural address
• He urged that the defeated
South be treated
benevolently, “with malice
toward none; with charity
for all”
• On April 14th, John Wilkes
Booth shot and killed the
president at Ford’s Theater
in Washington
Effects of the War on Civilian Life
• Both during the war and in the years that followed, American
society underwent deep and wrenching changes
Political Change:
• The emergence of the Radical Republicans (immediate
abolition of slavery) and moderate factions (Free Soilers
concerned with economic concerns)
• Peace Democrats and Copperheads opposed the war and
wanted negotiated peace
• The most notorious Copperhead, Congressman Clement L.
Vallandigham of Ohio, was briefly banished from the U.S. to
Canada for his pro-Confederacy speeches
Political Change continued…
• Civil Liberties:
-Lincoln’s administration suspended the writ of habeas corpus in
Maryland (arrests without charges)
-an estimated 13,000 people were arrested on suspicion of aiding the
enemy (many were held without trial)
-After the war, in the case of Ex Parte Milligan (1866), the Supreme
Court ruled that the government had acted improperly in Indiana,
where civilians had been subject to military trial
• The draft:
-The Congress’s first Conscription Act in March of 1863 made all men
between 25-45 liable for service
-to avoid the draft, they must either find a substitute or pay an
exemption fee of $300
-In July, riots erupted in New York City (draft riots; 117 people killed)
Political Change continued…
• Political dominance of the North:
-With the military triumph of the North came a new definition of
the nature of the federal union
-Southern arguments for secession and nullification ceased to be
issues
-After the Civil War, the supremacy of the federal government
over the states was treated as an established fact
-Furthermore, the abolition of slavery gave new meaning to the
concept of American democracy
-Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address rallied Americans to the idea that
their nation was “dedicated to the proposition that all men are
created equal.”
Economic Change
• The costs of the war in both money and men were staggering
and called for extraordinary measures by both the Union and
Confederate legislatures
Financing the war:
-The North financed the war by borrowing 2.6 billion dollars
through the sale of government bonds
-Congress was forced to raise tariffs (Morrill Tariff 1861), adding
excise taxes, and instituting an income tax
-High inflation led to the issuance of 430 million dollars in
Greenbacks (backed by gold)
-To manage all the additional revenue, Congress created a
National Banking System in 1863
Economic Change continued…
• Modernizing northern society:
-the modern industrial economy was accelerated by the war;
emphasis on mass production and complex organization speed
up consolidation of manufacturing
-War profiteers took advantage of government’s need for war
supplies; fortunes made during the war produced a new class
of millionaires who would finance the North’s industrialization
in the postwar years
-Republicans passed ambitious economic programs that included
the Morrill Tariff, Homestead Act, Morrill Land Grant, and the
Pacific Railway Act
Economic Change continued…
• The Morrill Tariff Act (1861): raised tariff rates to increase
revenue and protect American manufactures.
• The Homestead Act (1862): promoted settlement of the Great
Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to
whatever person or family would farm that land for at least
five years.
• The Morrill Land Grant Act (1862): encouraged states to
use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and
technical colleges.
• The Pacific Railway Act (1862): authorized the building of a
transcontinental railroad over a northern route in order to link
the economies of California and the western territories with the
eastern states.
Social Changes
• Women and African Americans were the most directly affected by
the changes in American society brought about by the civil War
• Women:
-labors in the factories, farms, and plantations
-played critical roles as military nurses and as volunteers in soldier’s
aid societies
-field of nursing became open to women and the roles they played in
industry gave them the impetus to seek equal voting rights
• African American:
-the 13th Amendment freed 4 million slaves who were now protected by
the Constitution
Lincoln’s Prophecy
“I can see in the near future a crisis
approaching that unnerves me and causes
me to tremble for the safety of my country.
As a result of the war, corporations have
been enthroned and an era of corruption in
high places will follow, and the money
power of the country will endeavor to
prolong its reign by working upon the
prejudices of the people until all wealth is
aggregated in a few hands and the Republic
is destroyed. I feel at this moment more
anxiety for the safety of my country than
ever before, even in the midst of war. God
grant that my suspicions may prove
groundless.”
Timeline
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1860 - Abraham Lincoln elected sixteenth president
- South Carolina secedes
1861 - Confederacy formed
- Fort Sumter attacked
- Morrill Tariff
1862 - Morrill Act
- Pacific Railways Act
1863 - Emancipation Proclamation
- Battle of Gettysburg
1864 - Homestead Act
- Sherman's march through Georgia
1865 -Wade Davis Bill
- Lee surrenders
- Lincoln assassinated; Andrew Johnson becomes seventeenth president
- Thirteenth Amendment (abolished slavery) 1866
- Civil Rights Act
- Ex parte Milligan
Key Names, Events, and Terms
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Fort Sumter
Executive power
Habeas corpus
Insurrection
Border states
Confederate States of America
Jefferson Davis
Alexander H. Stephens
Bull Run
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
Winfield Scott
Anaconda Plan
George McClellan
Robert E. Lee
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Antietam
Fredericksburg
Monitor vs. Merrimac
Ulysses S. Grant
Shiloh
Trent Affair
Confiscation Acts
Emancipation Proclamation
Thirteenth Amendment
Gettysburg
Vicksburg
Sherman’s March
Election of 1864
Appomattox Court House
Key Names, Events, and Terms
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John Wilkes Booth
Copperheads
Ex Parte Milligan
Draft riots
Greenbacks
Morrill Tariff Act (1861)
Homestead Act (1862)
Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)
Pacific Railway Act (1862)
Question
• The economic impact of the Civil War included all of
the following EXCEPT
(a) an increased number of women in the labor force
(b) widespread destruction of property in the South
(c) creation of a national banking system in the North
(d) reduced rate of industrial production in the North
(e) runaway inflation in the South
Answer
D: reduced rate of industrial production in the North
Bonus
Essay Prompt:
How did Lincoln’s thinking about the issue of slavery
and its abolition evolve?
Example “Road Map” Thesis (using the formula)
Before the Civil War Lincoln was unwilling to
sacrifice the union to end slavery in the nation.
However, because of Southern secession, the
prosecution of the war, and the moral crisis of slavery,
Lincoln evolved into the great emancipator.
Bonus
• Abraham Lincoln was a pragmatic leader that
understood that the union was more important
than the abolition of slavery. However,
because of the necessity to keep the border
states in the Union, the course of battle during
the Civil War, and the need to deprive
Confederates of their slave labor as a war aim,
Lincoln’s moderate view on the non-extension
of slavery became a strict conviction to abolish
it.
Bonus: Possible Categories to
Consider
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the Union’s battle strategy
political pressure from the Radical Republicans
the Abolitionist’s crusade in the North
desire to prevent international recognition of the Confederacy
the course of battle after 1862
personal belief of the evil nature of slavery
a moderate's belief in the non-extension of slavery into the new
territories
his (Lincoln) reelection in 1864
the nature of carnage and bloodshed on the battlefield
the sacrifice and service of hundreds of thousands of Africans
Americans serving in the Union Army
a renewed sense of America’s creed that all men are created equal
the Confiscation Acts and other political pressures (or legislation)