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Chapter 21 © Edco 2012. Positive Economics Inflation Inflation is defined as a steady and persistent increase in the general level of prices. It’s the rate at which your money loses its ability to buy things. © Edco 2012. Positive Economics Measuring Inflation Simple price index: Price in any year Price in base year x 100 © Edco 2012. Positive Economics Five Steps to Create a Composite Price Index Choose a base year and let all the prices equal 100. Select the goods and find the prices for all goods in all years. Construct a simple price index for each good. Multiply the simple price index by the weight (proportion of income spent on the good). Add to get the composite price index for the current year. © Edco 2012. Positive Economics Consumer Price Index (CPI) The consumer price index is the official measure of inflation in Ireland. It measures the price changes of goods and services typically consumed by all consumers living in rural/urban areas, high-/low-income earners and from all age groups. It is a price index that shows the current cost of purchasing the same identical basket of goods with the base year (starting point). © Edco 2012. Positive Economics What are the Economic Uses of the Consumer Price Index? Measures the rate of inflation International comparisons Indicator of the country’s/government’s performance Indexation of savings and investments Used in wage negotiations Used by government to index tax bands © Edco 2012. Positive Economics What Precautions Should be Taken When Using the CPI? An index of the average consumer Not a cost of living index Lags behind consumer trends and fashions Static weights Quality changes in products Substitution of products © Edco 2012. Positive Economics What Factors Cause Inflation? Demand pull factors Cost push factors Imported inflation Government-induced inflation © Edco 2012. Positive Economics What Remedies are Available? Fiscal policy Monetary policy Partnership agreements © Edco 2012. Positive Economics What Problems are Caused by High Inflation? Lower standard of living Speculation is encouraged Borrowing is encouraged Wage demands Loss of international competitiveness Saving is discouraged Difficulty attracting foreign direct investment Increase in unemployment © Edco 2012. Positive Economics Deflation Deflation happens when there is a general decrease in the average level of prices. This sounds great, but it can damage an economy. If all prices are steadily declining, then consumers may postpone buying goods and services, expecting it to cost less a week later and less again a month later, causing consumer demand to fall and thus affecting employment and growth (e.g. house prices at present in Ireland). Likewise, a company might postpone investing and the economy would suffer. © Edco 2012. Positive Economics Benefits of Price Stability Consumers will tend to spend, generating demand for goods and services and hence employment, contributing to economic growth. The demand for wage increases won’t be as urgent given that workers’ purchasing power isn’t falling. This in turn keeps costs stable and companies may decide to increase investment given that they are able to plan more effectively. © Edco 2012. Positive Economics Benefits of Price Stability cont. Old-age pensioners and those on fixed pensions will see their purchasing power being maintained and will be able to manage better. Savings in the economy may increase, leading to investment (if the rate of inflation is less than the rate of interest). Government revenues could increase with more indirect and direct taxes being collected due to increased numbers of people working and spending. © Edco 2012. Positive Economics Constant Tax Price Index The constant tax price index is a price index that keeps the indirect tax part of a price increase constant. The main use of this index is in wage negotiations. It will reduce the possibility of employees getting wage increases to compensate for increases in taxation. © Edco 2012. Positive Economics