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Environmental Systems Chapter 2 Matter “anything that occupies space and has mass” • • • • Atoms Molecules Periodic Table Atomic Number http://science.howstuffworks.com/laser1.htm • No atoms are ever destroyed or created, but the bonds may change between them a. law of conservation of matter - “ matter cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change form” Radioactivity • Unstable isotopes are radioactive • Radioactive decay a. spontaneous release of material from nucleus ex) Uranium-235 (235U) • Half-life a. measurement of radioactive decay Chemical Bonds • Covalent Bonds (sharing of e-) a. CH4 (methane) • Ionic Bonds (transfer of e-) a. NaCl (salt) • Hydrogen Bonds (unequal sharing of e-) a. weak b. H2O Properties of Water • • • • Surface tension Capillary action Boiling and freezing point Acts as a solvent http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/photos/freshwater-insects/ pH • Acid a. dissociates into positively charged H+ and negatively charged ions b. HNO3 and H2SO4 • Base a. dissociates into negatively charged OH- ions and positively charged ions b. NaOH http://sanibelseaschool.org/classroom/ph Organic Molecules • Organic v. Inorganic Compounds • Examples of Organic Compounds a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Proteins d. Nucleic Acids Energy • “ability to do work, or transfer heat” • Majority on Earth derives from the Sun Forms of Energy • Joule: basic unit of energy (J) • Energy and Power a. energy-ability to do work power-rate at which work is done therefore, energy = power X time power = energy / time • Kinetic and Potential Energy a. Potential-stored energy not yet released ex) water behind a dam b. Kinetic-energy of motion ex) electricity created from water captured by dam Energy Laws • 1st Law of Thermodynamics a. “energy is neither created nor destroyed” • 2nd Law of Thermodynamics a. “when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same but its ability to do work diminishes” Systems • Open System a. exchange of matter or energy across system boundaries ex) ocean • Closed System a. matter and energy exchange across the boundaries does not happen ex) underground cave system • Input a. additions to a system • Output a. losses from the system Steady State • “inputs equal outputs so that the system is not changing over time” • Allows us to know if the amount of a resource or pollutant is increasing, decreasing or staying the same Feedbacks • Positive Feedback Loop a. amplifies change b. births in regards to human population • Negative Feedback Loop a. responds to a change by returning to its original state to reach homeostasis b. thermostat