Download AESTHETIC EDUCATION 10th GRADE: Q1 / P1

AESTHETIC EDUCATION
10th GRADE: Q1 / P1
blade joined together at right angles to each
other. The stock is made to slide along the
working edge and the Blade moves on the
Drawing board.
TECHNICAL DRAWING:
Technical drawing is a drawing or plan that is
used to communicate direction and specifics to a
group of people who are creating something, to
explain how something works or how to build
something.
Who Uses Technical Drawings
 Engineers
 Contractors
 Plumbers
 Electricians
 Landscape architects
 Inventors
An example of a technical drawing is a drawing
made for a plumber with unique symbols to show
where all the water lines, sinks, faucets, tubs and
toilets are to be located.
An example of a technical drawing is a drawing
made with computer-assisted design (CAD) to
show the details of a new home building project.
Set Squares:
Set squares are generally made from Plastic
or celluloid material. They are triangular in
shape with one corner, a right angle triangle. A
pair of set squares (30°–60°) and 45°.
They are used to draw lines at 30°, 60° and
45° to the vertical and horizontal.
INSTRUMENTS:
Drawing Board:
Drawing board is made from strips of wellseasoned soft wood generally 25 mm thick.
One of the shorter edges of the rectangular
board is provided with perfectly straight
ebony edge which is used as working edge
on which the T-square is moved while making
Drawings.
Protractor:
Protractors are used to mark or measure
angles between 0 and 180°. They are
semicircular in shape (of diameter 100mm) and
are made of Plastic or celluloid . Protractors
with circular shape capable of marking and
measuring 0 to 360°
Drawing Pencils:
T-square:
T-squares are made from hard wood. A T-square
consists of two parts namely the stock and the
The accuracy and appearance of a Drawing
depends on the quality of Pencil used to
make Drawing.
The grade of a Pencil lead is marked on the
Pencil.
HB denotes medium grade. Increase in hardness
is shown by value put in front of H such as
2H, 3H etc.
Softer pencils are marked as B, 2B, and 4B etc.
Pencil marked 3B is softer than 2B and Pencil
marked 4B is softer than 3B and so on.
Beginning of a Drawing may be made with H
or 2H. For lettering and dimensioning, H and HB
Pencils are used.
Drawing Pins and clips:
These are used to fix the Drawing sheet on
the Drawing board.
Compass:
Compass is used for drawing circles and arcs of
circles. The compass has two legs hinged at one
end. One of the legs has a pointed needle
fitted at the lower end whereas the other
end has provision for inserting pencil lead.
Fineliner:
Fineliner pens are a class of fine fiber or plastic
tip pens that are typically used for graphic,
drawing or sketching purposes, but are also
popular for handwriting as many people like the
unique feel of the tip compared to a traditional
ball-tipped pen.
The tips are generally long and metal-clad to
allow use with rulers and templates without
bending. Fineliners are generally relatively cheap,
as the construction is very simple. They're mostly
disposable, but there are a few premium
refillable options. Most fineliner pens use dyebased ink, which is not hugely permanent, but
there are many that use lightfast and waterproof
pigment ink, especially the more technical
drawing ranges.
AESTHETIC EDUCATION
10th GRADE: Q1 / P1
LINES BY THE SHAPE THEY HAVE:
TYPE OF LINES
A line is a series of points adjacent to each other.
Where a point has no dimension, a line has one
dimension. They have a length, but nothing else.
In reality a line would need a second dimension
to actually see it, but we’ll continue to call them
lines and not something else here.
Lines are used to draw but they can also fill in
spaces in a drawing and add texture.
We are going to make a small classification for
the lines depending on a characteristic.
LINES BY THE POSITION IN THE SPACE:
Note: there are more types of line by shape this is
only a small list
LINES BY THEIR EXTENSION:
WHAT IS AN ANGLE?
An angle is the amount of turn between two
straight lines that have a common end point (the
vertex).
 AOB = is used to represent an angle.
A & B are the lines and O is the vertex.
TYPES OF ANGLES
Zero Angle: is the angle that measures 0º
LINES BY THEIR RELATION WITH EACH OTHER:
 AOB = 0º
Acute Angle: the measure of the angle is less
than 90 °
 AOB < 90º
Right Angle: is the angle that measures exactly 90
°
 AOB = 90º
Obtuse Angle: the measure of the angle is
greater than 90 °
 AOB > 90º
Straight Angle: It is the angle that measures 180º
 AOB = 180º
Reflex Angle: is one which is more than 180° but
less than 360°
 AOB > 180º
 AOB < 360º
Full Angle: It means turning around until you
point in the same direction again or 360º
 AOB = 360º
AESTHETIC EDUCATION
10th GRADE: Q1 / P1
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A vertex is a corner.
An edge is a line segment that joins two
vertices.
A face is an individual surface.
TYPE OF TRIANGLES
A triangle is a polygon with three edges and
three vertices. It is one of the basic shapes in
geometry. A triangle with vertices A, B, and C
is denoted △ A B C
 A triangle has three sides and three angles
 The three angles always add to 180°
There are three special names given to triangles
that tell how many sides (or angles) are equal.
There can be 3, 2 or no equal sides/angles:
Triangles can also have names that tell you what
type of angle is inside:
AESTHETIC EDUCATION
10TH GRADE: Q1P1
CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLES BY THE
POSITION THEY KEEP BETWEEN EACH
OTHER.
NOTE: Congruent Angles
Congruent Angles have the same angle (in
degrees or radians). That is all.
Notice that together they make a straight angle.
But the angles don't have to be together.
3. Corresponding Angles
When two parallels lines are crossed by another
line (called the Transversal):
The angles in matching corners are called
Corresponding Angles and are equal.
1. Complementary Angles.
Two angles are Complementary when they add
up to 90 degrees (a Right Angle).
These two angles (40° and 50°) are
Complementary Angles, because they add up to
90°:
Notice that together they make a right angle.
But the angles don't have to be together.
These two are complementary because 27° + 63°
= 90°
a=e
b=f
c=g
d=h
4. Alternate Interior Angles
When parallels lines are crossed by another line
(called the Transversal):
The pairs of angles on opposite sides of the
transversal but inside the parallels lines are called
Alternate Interior Angles and are equal.
2. Supplementary Angles
Two Angles are Supplementary when they add up
to 180 degrees.
These two angles (140° and 40°) are
Supplementary Angles, because they add up to
180°:
c=f
d=e
5. Alternate Exterior Angles.
When parallel lines are crossed by another line
(called the Transversal):
The pairs of angles on opposite sides of the
transversal but outside the parallel lines are
called Alternate Exterior Angles and are equal.
AESTHETIC EDUCATION
10TH GRADE: Q1P2
Materials: A4 white cardboard, 2h pencil,
compass, ruler, set squares.
PERPENDICULARS
Lines that are at right angles (90°) to each other.
1. Perpendicular passing through the middle of
the segment AB.
a=h
b=g
6. Vertically Opposite Angles
Vertically Opposite Angles are the angles
opposite each other when two lines cross.
NOTE: "Vertical" in this case means they share
the same Vertex (or corner point), not the usual
meaning of up-down.
a) Draw the segment AB
b) With the compass center at A and with a larger
opening than half of the segment AB draw two
arcs, above and below the segment AB.
In this example, a° and b° are vertically opposite
angles.
The interesting thing here is that vertically
opposite angles are equal:
a° = b°
c° = d°
(in fact they are congruent angles)
c) With the same opening on the compass center
at B, cut the previous arcs to obtain the points 1
and 2
d) Join the points 1 and 2, and we find the
perpendicular.
NOTE: This procedure is also called perpendicular
bisector
Definition: A line which cuts a line segment into
two equal parts at 90°.
2. Perpendicular passing through a point c, on
the AB segment
3. Perpendicular passing through a point C,
outside the AB segment.
a) Draw the segment AB. Place the point C on the
segment AB.
b) With the compass make center in C and with
any opening cut with two arcs the segment AB
and we place points 1 and 2.
c) Center in point 1, with an opening greater that
the distance between 1 and 2, draw an arc above
the segment AB
d) With the same opening repeat the same
process now from point 2 and cut the previous
arc and locate point 3.
e) Connect with a straight line the point C and 3,
and find the perpendicular.
a) Draw AB segment and place the C point
anywhere outside the AB segment.
b) Center at C, draw an arc that cut the AB
segment.
c) Mark point 1 and 2 at the intersections of AB
segment and the arc drawn.
d) Center at 1, and with any opening draw an arc
below AB segment. Repeat from point 2 and
mark point 3 at the crossing of the arcs.
e) Draw a line from C to point 3.
4. Perpendicular passing at the endpoint of AB
segment.
a) Draw AB segment
b) Center at B, draw a semicircumference that
cross AB, mark point 1.
c) With the same opening center at 1, and cut the
semicircumference, mark 2, then repeat from 2
and find point 3.
d) With the same opening and center at 2, draw
and arc above the semicircumference, repeat
from 3 and cross the two arcs, mark point 4.
e) Draw a line from B to point 4.
AESTHETIC EDUCATION
10TH GRADE: Q1P2
Materials: A4 white cardboard, 2h pencil,
compass, ruler, set squares.
PARALLELS
Lines are parallel if they are always the same
distance apart (called "equidistant"), and will
never meet. (They also point in the same
direction). Just remember:
Always the same distance apart and never
touching.
5. Perpendicular passing at the endpoint of AB
segment using a C point outside the segment.
1. Parallel passing through a point c, outside the
AB segment.
a) Draw AB segment and place point C anywhere
outside AB.
b) Center at C and draw a large arc which cuts AB
segment, place point 1.
c) With the same opening center at 1 and draw a
large arc that cut AB and pass through C, place
point 2.
a) Draw AB segment, place the point C anywhere
outside AB near the endpoint of the segment.
b) Center at C and draw a semicircumference that
pass through B, mark point 1.
c) Draw a line from 1 to C and extend until it cut
the semicircumference, mark point 2
d) Draw a line from B to point 2
d) Center at 2 and set the width of the compass
to the distance from 2 to C.
e) Center at 1 and draw an arc that cut the large
arc, mark point 3.
f) Draw a line from 3 to C.
2. Parallel from a C point place on the AB
segment.
4. Parallel from a given line that pass through a
given point.
a) Draw AB segment and place point C.
b) Center at C and with any opening draw a
semicircumference that cut AB, place point 1 & 2.
c) Center at 1 and with an opening from 1 to 2
draw an arc, then repeat from 2 and cut the arc,
place point 3 and 4.
d) Draw a line from 3 to 4 and extend.
a) Draw AB segment, place point C on the
segment and a point D outside it.
b) Draw a line from C to D and extend it.
3. Parallel from AB segment with a known X
distance and 2 points on it.
c) Center at C and with any opening draw an arc
which cuts AB segment and the given line CD,
mark point 1 and 2.
d) Retain the width of the compass, center at D
and draw an arc a similar arc that cut CD, place
point 3.
e) Set the width of the compass to the distance
from 1 to 2.
f) Center at 3 and draw an arc that cut the
previously drawn arc, place point 4.
g) Draw a long line that passes by points D and 4.
a) Draw AB segment and place point 1 and 2 on
the segment.
b) Draw a line segment with X distance of 2.8 cm
c) Set the width of the compass to the X distance,
place the metal point on one end and the
graphite on the other end of the X segment.
d) Center at 1 and draw an arc above AB
segment, repeat from point 2.
e) Draw a line that pass on top the two arcs
drawn.