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Chicano! History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement Taking Back the Schools Educational Issues Drop out rates, push-outs Educational tracking: confining bilingual children in vocational education Advising: encouraging enrollment in noncollege programs Use of corporal punishment Anti-Mexican attitudes and prejudice Reading and graduation rates Mendez v. Westminster 1946 California Supreme Court ruling that outlawed the segregation of Mexican children Ruling outlawed practice of segregation for “language necessity” Also based on the notion of Mexicans as members of the caucasion race 1954: Hernandez v. US: Supreme Court ruling that Mexicans had been treated “as a class apart” and entitled to equal rights protections East Los Angeles Walk-Outs March, 1968, student petitions to improve schools ignored Student stage massive walk-outs, also called the East Los Angeles blow-outs 12,000 students participate, some arrested for disorderly conduct and failure to disperse The East Los Angeles 13 13 students and community leaders charged with “conspiracy to commit misdemeanors” for conspiracy to disrupt the schools, elevated the complaint to a felony Faced 66 year prison terms if convicted Included Sal Castro: major supporter of the student walkouts Also included: Moctezuma Esparza, Raul Ruiz, Carlos Munoz Jr. and 10 others Charges dropped on civil rights issues: right to petition government agencies for grievances, freedom of assembly and free speech Recognized as the first significant urban struggle of the Chicano Movement