Download Endocrine syste

Endocrine organs and
Disorders
Pituitary Gland
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Lies deep in brain, attached to hypothalmus
Anterior pituitary – adenohypophysis (gland)
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Tropic hormones – stimulates another endocrine
gland to secrete hormone
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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)– thyroid
Adrenocorticotropic hormone –(ACTH) adrenal cortex
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – ovarian follicles
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)- ovulating hormone
Growth hormone – promotes normal growth
Prolactin – lactogenic hormone (breast
development for lactation)
Disorders of AP
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Growth hormone
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Hypersecretion – gigantism,
Acromegaly, hyperglycemia
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Hyposecretion – dwarfism
Prolactin
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Hyper – inappropriate lactation in men and nonnursing women
Hypo – insufficient lactation in nursing women
Posterior pituitary
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – reabsorption of
water from urine in kidney to blood, decrease
urine volume
Oxytocin – stimulates contraction of smooth
muscle of uterus, initiate and maintain labor,
stimulates milk letdown
Disorders of PP
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ADH
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Hyper – abnormal water retention
Hypo – diabetes insipidus – elimination of too
much urine – dehydration
Oxytocin
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Hyper – increase milk flow
Hypo – prolonged labor
Hypothalmus
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Produces ADH and oxytocin (PP only releases
them)
Releasing hormones – stimulates Anterior pituitary
to release hormones
Inhibiting hormones – Inhibits anterior pit. release
of hormones
Hypothalmus functions in nervous and endocrine
systems – dominant role in regulation of many body
functions: body temp, appetite, thirst
Thyroid
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Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) –
speed up cells release of energy from foods,
stimulate cellular metabolism
Calcitonin – maintains homeostasis of blood
calcium, decreases the amount of calcium in
the blood, act on bone to inhibit its
breakdown, therefore calcium does not move
out of bone.
Thyroid disorders
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Hyperthyroidism, increase metabolic rate, lose
weight, restless, excessively active
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Exophthalmus – protruding eyes
Graves disease – inherited, hyperthyroidism, bulging eyes
Hypothyroidism – under secretion of TH
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Goiter – low intake of iodine, enlargement of thyroid to
compensate for lack of iodine
Cretinism – low metabolic rate, retarded growth and
sexual development
Myxedema – lessened mental and physical vigor, weight
gain, loss of hair, accumulation of mucous fluid (eyes)
Parathyroid glands
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Posterior of thyroid, Usually 4, small
parathyroid hormone – increase
concentration of calcium in blood (opposite of
calcitonin) fig. 11-12
Hyper – hypercalcemia
Hypo - hypocalcemia
Adrenal Glands – top of kidneys
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Adrenal cortex – outer part, corticoids
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Mineralocorticoids, MC’s – aldosterone
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Glucocorticoids (cortisol, hydrocortisone)
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Control mineral salts in blood (increase sodium,
decrease potassium)
Maintain normal glucose concentration and blood
pressure
Sex hormones
Adrenal Medulla
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Inner portion of adrenal gland
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine – secreted
during stressful situations, works with
sympathetic nervous system (adrenaline)
Adrenal disorders
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Hypersecretion of GC’s – usually because of
a tumor – Cushing syndrome
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Hypersecretion in inner zone – sex hormones
called androgens, results in secondary sex
characteristics
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Moon face, buffalo bump due to redistribution of
body fat, can remove tumor
In women, caused by virilizing tumor
Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex - Addison
disease – muscle weakness, low blood sugar
Pancreatic islets – islets of Langerhans
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Scattered among pancreatic cells in pancreas
Glucagon – increases the blood glucose
concentration
Insulin – decreases blood glucose
concentration by moving it out of the blood
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Hypersecretion - hypoglycemia
Hyposecretion - type 1 diabetes mellitus – high
glucose levels in blood
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Type 2 diabetes – abnormality of insulin receptors
Additional endocrine glands
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Ovary
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Testes
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Ovarian follicles – estrogen, feminizing hormone
Corpus luteum – progesterone
Testosterone – masculinizing hormone
Thymus – in mediastinum, contains WBC’s
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Thymosin – several hormones that play in
important role in the development and function of
the body’s immune system
More endocrine glands…
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Placenta – temporarily produce hormones
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Chorionic ganadotropins (pregnancy test
indicators), estrogen, progesterone
Pineal gland – near 3rd ventricle in brain
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Melatonin – regulates puberty and menstrual
cycle in females
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3rd eye – optic nerve, increase at night, internal clock
and sleep cycle, supplements help to sleep
SAD – seasonal affective disorder – high levels