Download (shorter list) Orchestra Terms

Orchestra Terms
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Animato Play with increasing animation,
liveliness, and expression.
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A tempo In tempo. "A tempo" is used after
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some variation in the tempo, and means return
to the original tempo or speed. Also Tempo I.
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intense emotion and feeling.
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(plucked) section of music, arco is often used to
indicate the next passage of music should be
playing forcefully. Indicated by the sign: >
played with the bow.
Accidentals A sign indicating a momentary
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accompaniment, used in genres such as an
sharp or natural to temporarily alter the pitch of a
opera, oratorio or cantata.
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Articulation Articulation describes the manner
immediately following the symbol, and remain in
of providing definition and shape to individual
effect throughout the measure in which it
notes or phrases. For string players, this
appears.
involves both the right and left hand. The main
Adagio A slow, leisurely tempo, often
markings are a dot . which means shorten the
note, a line _ or slur
which means play the
note smoothly, and an accent > which means
piece are sometimes titled Adagio.
add a forceful emphasis. These markings are
Agitato Agitated or restless. Agitato is a
often used in combination with each other, and
direction to play in an agitated manner.
mean many different things to different
Air A melody, tune or song. In fiddle music, airs
musicians.
are often played slowly with rubato, and are not
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Aria An elaborate vocal solo with instrumental
departure from the key signature by using a flat,
quite as slow as largo. Slow movements of a
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Arco Arco is Italian for bow. After a pizzicato
means the note should be emphasized by
considered to be slower than andante, but not
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Appassionato Play passionately or with
Accent An accent placed over or under a note
note by a half step. Accidentals apply to the note
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spirited manner.
Accelerando Accelerate or gradually increase
the tempo or speed of the music.
Animato "Animated" or spirited. Play in a lively,
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Assai Assai means "very" in Italian. It modifies
dance tunes.
other terms when added to them, e.g. allegro
Allegretto A lively and moderately fast tempo.
assai means very fast.
Often considered to be slower than allegro, but
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Assez Assez means "enough" or "rather" in
faster than andante.
French. It modifies other terms when added to
Allegro A quick, lively and fast tempo (not quite
them, e.g. assez vif means "rather lively" in
as fast as presto).
French (vif means lively), and assez vite means
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Amore Play with love, lovingly.
"rather fast" (vite means fast).
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Andante A moderately slow tempo. Often
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Atonality Music with an absence of tonality.
considered to be a walking speed.
Traditional tonal structures are intentionally
Andantino A slightly slower tempo than
ignored or abandoned in this contemporary form
andante (andante is a moderately slow tempo).
of music.
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Au talon Talon is French for frog, and the term
describes music suitable for performance in a
should be played with the bow at the frog (other
chamber, meaning a room or small hall instead
terms for frog include nut or heel).
of a large concert hall. Today, chamber music is
Augmented Augmented means raised, and
used to describe instrumental music performed
when the term augmented is combined with a
by a small ensemble such as a quartet, trio or
specific interval between notes, it means to raise
chamber orchestra.
Classical Term used to describe the music of
the period 1750-1830. Composer include
interval of a perfect fourth.
Mozart, Haydn, and the early work of
Baroque Term used to describe the music of
Beethoven.
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Coda An Italian word for "tail," coda is a
Bach, Corelli, Handel, Telemann.
musical term referring to a concluding section of
Blue notes When the third, fifth, or seventh
a composition.
notes of a major scale are flattened, these notes
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augmented fourth is a half-step larger than the
the period 1600-1750. Composer include J.S.
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Chamber music The term chamber music
au talon is used in sections of music which
the interval by a half-step. For example, an
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Col legno "With the wood." Col legno means to
are called blue notes. Blue notes are frequently
strike the string with the stick of the bow rather
used in blues and jazz music
than the hair (it is also called col legno battuto).
Bow lift The sign for a bow lift is:
When there are extended col legno passages in
and
indicates the string player should lift their bow,
music, some professional violinists use
and return it to its starting point.
inexpensive bows to avoid damaging their
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Breve Short.
expensive bows. Col legno tratto is a less
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Brio Spirited and lively. Con brio means play
commonly used bowing direction. It indicates
with spirit in a vivacious manner.
draw the wood of the bow across the string (use
Caccia Caccia means chase or hunt, and
with caution, this can damage the wood of the
describes a canonic form of music, often with
bow).
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two voices chasing each other with an
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Collé Collé means glued. It is a very short
underlying third part. Hunting music themes
stroke, and begins with the bow lightly
were often used in this form of music.
contacting the string with a distinct and short,
Cantabile Cantabile means singing, and is a
sharp pinch. The bow is then lifted to prepare for
musical direction to play in a singing vocal style.
the next stroke.
Cantata The term cantata means "to be sung"
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Comodo Comodo is Italian for a comfortable,
(as opposed to sonata, an instrumental work
leisurely and convenient tempo or speed, neither
which means "to be played"). A cantata is a
too fast nor too slow.
vocal work with instrumental accompaniment. It
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Con Con means "with" or in a style expressive
may be sacred or secular, and often contains
of a certain quality. It is often used to modify
sections such as solos, choruses, and
another term such as con spirito, meaning to
recitatives.
play with a spirited style.
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Concerto An instrumental composition for solo
bow strokes should be used for each note (it
frequently accompanied by an orchestra. The
does not mean detached or disconnected).
sequence of the movements in a concerto
Notes are of equal value, and are produced with
generally is fast-slow-fast.
an even, seamless stroke with no variation in
Concerto grosso An instrumental concerto for
pressure.
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Détaché lancé Détaché lancé is a variation of
which play in contrast to the main body of
the détaché bow stroke, and is a slightly
instrumentalists or orchestra (called the ripieno
separated bow stroke that gently articulates the
or tutti).
notes with an unaccented, distinct break
Continuo Also known as basso continuo or
between each note. It is often used in
figured bass, the term continuo describes a bass
combination with the louré or porté stroke to
part in a composition, often with numbers over
perform several separated notes in the same
the notes to indicate harmonic intervals that
bow. A combination of a line with a dot over or
should be played above the bass line. During
under it is often used to indicate this bowing.
the Baroque period, the figured bass or continuo
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Diminuendo Diminuendo (dim.) means to
was commonly used by a keyboard player such
gradually become softer. The term decrescendo
as a harpsichord to provide harmonic
(decresc. or decr.) also means to become softer,
accompaniments (a cello frequently played the
continuo part along with the harpsichord).
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Détaché Détaché indicates a smooth, separate
instrument(s), often in three movements,
a small group of soloists (called the concertino),
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Crescendo Crescendo (cresc.) means to
gradually become louder, and is indicated by the
and is indicated by the sign:
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Divertimento
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Dolce Dolce is a direction to play sweetly, softly
and gently.
sign:
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Down bow The sign for down bow is
and
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Da capo (D.C.) repeat from the beginning.
indicates a downward stroke of the bow from
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Da segno (D.S.) repeat from the sign.
frog to tip.
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D.C. al Coda means go back to the beginning of
the piece, play to the "Coda" sign:
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, then jump
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Drone A drone is a continuous pitch, held for an
extended time beneath the melody to serve as
to the Coda section to finish the piece (Coda
an aural reference point. In early music, drones
means "tail," and refers to a concluding section
generally were not notated in manuscripts, so
of a piece).
performers should use their judgment in using
D.C. al Fine means go back to the beginning,
them. In fiddle music, drones are often played as
and end at the Fine marking (D.C. is an
double stops, with the fiddler playing a drone on
abbreviation for "da capo," and means "from the
one string, while playing the melody on another.
beginning" and Fine means "end").
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Dynamics A term that indicates the degree of
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Glissando Glissando is an ornamental effect
loudness or softness in music. When the
notated by a wavy or straight line between two
dynamic level is changed instantaneously, it is
notes, indicating a continuous slide in pitch.
called terraced or changed dynamics (this was
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Grace note A grace note is used to ornament a
popular during the Baroque period). When the
note, and is written in a small font indicating the
Italian word "issimo" is added to a dynamic term,
musician should quickly play the grace note,
it means very, extremely, or as much as is
then the note it is attached to (the grace note is
possible. e.g. pianissimo means "as soft as is
not part of the rhythmic value of the measure).
possible" and fortissimo means "as loud as is
possible."
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Fermata The sign
under or over a note or
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Grandioso Play with majestic grandeur.
rest indicates the note or rest should be held
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Grave Play in a slow and solemn manner.
and prolonged at the discretion of the performer
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Harmonics Harmonics are overtones of the
or conductor (this sign is also called a "hold" or
string and produce soft flutelike sounds when
by the nickname "bird’s eye").
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the string is lightly touched at specific fractional
First and second endings First and second
divisions (nodal points). Natural harmonics are
endings are repeat signs, and should be played
produced on open strings, and artificial or
as follows: play the first ending the first time
stopped harmonics are produced on stopped
through the music, repeat to the beginning of the
section, then skip over the first ending and play
strings.
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the second ending.
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Flat This symbol placed in front of a note to
combined simultaneously.
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indicate the note to be played one half lower.
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Flautando Flautando is a bowing direction to
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version of the hornpipe was similar to the jig, but
Forte Forte means loud, and is indicated by the
with a different meter (often in 3/2). Composers
marking: f
frequently used the lively country dance rhythm
Fortissimo Fortissimo means the music should
of the hornpipe dance for movements in dance
be very loud, and is indicated by the marking: ff
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indicated by the marking: fff
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suites and incidental theater music. Other
Fortississimo Fortississimo means the music
should be played as loudly as possible, and is
Hornpipe A lively British dance, popular during
the 16th–18th centuries. The country dance
flutelike sound effect.
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Homophonic A form of musical texture with a
melody and chordal accompaniment.
bow slightly over the fingerboard to produce a
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Harmony Harmony is created when pitches are
meters used are 2/4 and 4/4.
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Impressionism Impressionism began as an
artistic movement, and was used to describe a
Fuoco Fuoco means "Fire" and indicates the
style of art which was designed to convey an
musician should play with fire in a fiery, spirited
impression rather than a literal depiction of the
manner.
scene. This term was applied to music,
particularly to compositions written by French
composers in the early 20th century such as
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Debussy and Ravel when they wrote music that
pulsed legato notes executed in one bow stroke
sought to convey subtle impressions, moods
(it is also known as portato).
and emotions through compositional techniques
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Maestoso Majestic and dignified.
such as new chord combinations, sonorities and
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Marcato An Italian term which means marked
harmonies, colorful instrumentation, and exotic
scales.
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or accentuated.
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hammered. Each note is percussive, and
spoken drama such as music composed for a
commences with a sharp accent or "pinch" at
play. Incidental music could be introducing a
the beginning of the note, followed by a quick
play (such as an overture), between acts (an
release. Martelé may be notated in more than
interlude), or as a supplement to spoken parts or
one way: with dots, hammer heads or accents.
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other terms such as meno mosso (less rapid or
stroke, the bow is thrown on the string, and then
less motion).
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direction. The height and speed of the bounce
are regulated through factors such as the
and where the bow is initially thrown or placed.
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Mezzo piano Moderately soft. Mezzo piano is
indicated by the marking: mp
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Mode Modes are often used to structure the
Largamente Play with a large, broad and
melody or tonality of a piece, and are comprised
sustained tone.
of notes arranged in a specific scale or pattern
Larghetto Slightly faster than largo, larghetto is
of intervals.
a similarly broad, large and stately tempo and
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Mezzo forte Moderately loud. Mezzo forte is
indicated by the marking: mf
Dots above or under the notes may be used to
indicate jeté.
Meter The grouping of beats in stressed and
unstressed patterns.
amount of pressure used by the index finger,
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Meno Meno means less. It often is used with
Jeté Jeté means "thrown" in French. In this bow
bounces for several notes in the same bow
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Martelé Martelé is a French term meaning
Incidental music Music supplementing a
dramatic elements.
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Louré Louré strokes are a short series of gently
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Moderato Moderato means to play at a
style.
moderate tempo or speed. This term sometimes
Largo A broad, slow tempo that is dignified and
modifies others such as Allegro moderato, which
stately in style. Largo is the slowest of tempo
means moderately fast.
markings.
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Modern
Legato Legato indicates the notes should be
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Modo ordinario Modo means "manner" or
smoothly connected, played either in one or
"style" and ordinario means ordinary. Modo
several bows. Slurs are often used to indicate
ordinario means play in the ordinary way (often
legato.
used after an unusual way of playing such as col
Lento Lento means slow in Italian (lent in
legno).
French). Lento and lent are both slow tempos in
between largo and andante.
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Monophony Monophony is a musical texture
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Opera A musical form of drama, originating in
for a single melodic line without any
Italy, set to music. In an opera, most or all of the
accompaniment or other melodic lines.
text is sung, using musical forms such as arias,
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Mordent One trill, marked as
songs, recitatives, duets, and choruses, with
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Mosso Mosso means moved. When used alone
instrumental accompaniment. A few of the
as a tempo term, the meaning of mosso is
various subcategories of opera include heroic or
similar to con moto: with motion. Mosso is
grand opera, comedy opera and comic opera.
sometimes used with other qualifying terms such
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Oratorio An oratorio is a large musical work,
as piu mosso, meaning a little faster (more
generally based on a sacred text or religious
motion).
topic, with soloists, chorus and orchestra.
Motive A short melodic or rhythmic idea that
Although many musical elements of an oratorio
recurs throughout a musical composition.
are similar to opera, no costumes, sets or acting
Moto Moto means motion. It is often used with
are used, and oratorios are usually performed as
other terms such as con moto (with motion).
a concert.
Multiple stops, Double stop Multiple stops
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Orchestra
describe chords played on a stringed
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Ordinario Ordinario or ord. means ordinary,
instruments. For example, double stops describe
and is used to indicate a return to ordinary
playing notes simultaneously on two strings, and
playing after playing a special effect such as col
triple stops mean playing notes simultaneously
legno or sul ponticello.
on three strings.
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Ostinato Ostinato means "obstinate" in Italian.
Muted A direction for the musician to play with a
An ostinato is a short musical pattern, e.g. a
mute. For string players, mutes are small clamps
melodic, rhythmic or harmonic figure,
of wood, metal, rubber, leather or plastic, which
persistently repeated throughout a composition.
fit onto the bridge and result in a softer, muted
A melodic pattern set in the bass is called basso
sound with a veiled quality. To mute something
ostinato (and is also known as ground bass).
is also indicated by the Italian term con sordino
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Phrase A musical idea or passage of music that
or the German term mit dampfer. The terms arco
is short, continuous and unbroken; similar to a
(bow), via sordini (take off mute) and senza
musical sentence.
sordino (without mute) are used to indicate
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when the muted section ends and the musician
should resume playing with a bow.
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Natural Cancels a sharp or flat
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Notation The writing down of musical notes and
correct interpretation.
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Pianissimo Very soft. Pianissimo is indicated
by the marking: pp
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symbols to represent pitch, rhythm, and
melodies.
Phrasing Referring to playing a passage with
Pianississimo As soft as possible.
Pianississimo is indicated by the marking: ppp
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Piano Soft. Piano is indicated by the marking: p
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Pitch Pitch is the relative "highness" or
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"lowness" of a sound when compared with other
notes. It can also indicate an absolute fixed
Rallentando Rallentando means gradually
becoming slower. It also is abbreviated as rall.
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Recitative A speechlike, declamatory form of
position in a range of musical notes (e.g. the
singing used in vocal works such as operas,
pitch "middle C").
oratorios, and cantatas. Recitatives are often
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Piu More.
characterized by rhythmic freedom.
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Pizzicato Pizzicato (pizz.) is a term that means
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Religioso Play in a devotional or religious style.
the string is plucked with the finger instead of
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Renaissance
being bowed.
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Repeat Signs. A double bar with two dots is a
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Poco Poco means "little" or slightly. A poco a
repeat marking, and indicates the music in
poco means little by little or gradually. Poco
between the repeat signs should be repeated. If
modifies other terms when added to them such
there is only one repeat sign with the dots facing
as poco diminuendo, meaning to become
to the left, go back to the beginning and play the
slightly softer.
entire section of music again (for more repeat
Polyphony Polyphony is a form of musical
sign variations, see Da capo, da segno, D.C. al
texture with several interdependent, overlapping
Fine, D.C. al Coda, and first and second
melodic lines.
endings).
Portamento Portamento is an expressive
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device, and is a slide from one pitch to another.
Requiem A Requiem Mass is a Mass for the
dead.
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Portato See ‘Loure’
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Prelude A prelude is a piece which often serves
bow is dropped on the string and rebounds
as a musical introduction or prelude to a larger
(bounces) on the string for several notes in the
musical work (it sometimes is a short,
same bow direction. .
independent instrumental piece in one
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movement).
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Presto A fast, rapid and lively tempo, faster
Risoluto Resolutely; play in a resolute and
decisive manner.
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Ritardando Gradually become slower and
than allegro.
slower (the same meaning as rallentando).
Program music Instrumental music which
Ritardando is often abbreviated as rit.
represents extra-musical concepts such as
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emotions, scenes or events through the music,
not through words. It is also sometimes called
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Ricochet Ricochet is a bow stroke where the
Ritenuto Sudden or extreme slowing down than
is implied by rall. And rit.
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Romantic Term used to describe music of the
descriptive music.
time period 1830-1900. Composers include
Quasi Quasi means "as if," "almost," or
Early Romantic: Beethoven, Mendelssohn,
"nearly." It is often used to modify terms e.g.
Schubert – Late Romantic Tchaikovsky,
allegretto quasi andantino, meaning an
Brahms, Dvorak, Elgar, Greig
allegretto tempo almost at an andantino tempo.
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Rondeau A French musical term used during
accented, and is usually attached to a single
composition with a main section or theme which
note or chord. It generally indicates the note
alternates with subsidiary sections or themes.
should be played loudly with a sudden, accented
This musical form was later expanded during the
emphasis, and is indicated by the marking: sfz
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Simile In a similar manner. Simile is often used
Rondo.
to indicate a passage of music should be
Rubato Rubato means "robbed." It refers to a
performed in the same manner as a preceding
temporary robbing of time by either slowing or
section.
speeding the tempo or rhythmic value of notes in

Sforzando Sforzando means forced or
the Baroque era to describe a musical
Classical era to become the musical form
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Slur A slur is a curved line grouping notes
a passage of music.
together, and means the notes included in the
Sautillé Sautillé is a fast, bouncing or springing
slur should be played in the same bow
stroke in which the bow naturally bounces off of
Unless otherwise indicated, notes in the slur
the string, producing a lighter, more rapid, and
should be played legato (smoothly). When slurs
less percussive sound than spiccato.
are used with dots over or under the notes, this
Scale An ascending or descending
indicates a slight separation should be used
arrangement of pitches.
between the notes (the terms slurred staccato or
Scherzo The term scherzo literally means
dotted slurs are often used to describe this
"joke." In music, it is used to either describe an
technique). When a slur is placed between two
instrumental piece with a light, humorous
notes with the same pitch, this is called a "tie"
character, or the second or third movement of a
and the two notes are played in one bow for the
symphony or quartet (in place of the minuet).
duration of both notes.
Scherzos often have a quick triple meter, a
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.
Sonata The word sonata comes from the Italian
vigorous rhythm and a sharply contrasting
word sonore, meaning "to be played" (as
harmony.
opposed to cantata, a vocal work which means
Semplice Simply. Semplice means to perform
"to be sung"). A sonata is an instrumental form
in a simple, unadorned, natural manner.
of music, and describes a multi-movement work

Serenade
for an instrument, often with piano

Sharp This symbol # placed in front of a note to
accompaniment. The term has had varied
indicate the note is to be raised one half step
meanings during different music eras, and
Sinfonia Term used to describe an orchestra
during the Baroque period, the trio sonata was
on a smaller scale. Sometimes used as a title for
one of the most popular forms of sonata (often
works of Baroque composers like Vivaldi’s String
for two violins and continuo). During the
Sinfonias.
Classical period, sonata came to mean a multi-
Sinfonietta Term used to describe an orchestra
movement work for a solo instrument with piano
on a smaller scale.
accompaniment, or piano alone.
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Sonata-Allegro form Sonata form is often used
used in terms such as sul tasto (bow over or
such as symphonies. It consists of an exposition
near the fingerboard), sul ponticello (bow near
section, followed by a development section, and
the bridge), or sul G (play on the G string and
concludes with a recapitulation.
only the G string until otherwise indicated). In
Spiccato Spiccato is an off-the-string,
violin music, when only a specific string should
controlled bouncing bow stroke which produces
be used for particular passages, sul is
a crisp sound and very short notes. It is the
sometimes used with numerals such as sul IV to
slowest of the bouncing strokes. Dots above or
indicate only one string should be used (G, the
under the notes may be used to indicate
fourth string, is indicated by the numeral IV, A is
spiccato.
III, D is II and E is I).
Staccato Staccato indicates the bow should

Sul ponticello Sul ponticello is a bowing
remain on the string to play shortened and
direction to play with the bow near the bridge.
detached notes, distinctly separate from
The result is a glassy, whispery sound.

Sul tasto Sul tasto is a bowing direction to bow
with slurs (slurred staccato) for a series of short,
over or near the fingerboard. The resulting
stopped notes played in the same up or down
sound is soft and flutelike (see flautando).
bow (many violinists perform slurred staccato as
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Symphonic Poem A symphonic poem is a
a series of slurred martelé strokes).
programmatic orchestral work, often in one
String Quartet A string quartet is a composition
movement. It is also known as a tone poem. In a
for four stringed instruments: two violins, a viola
symphonic poem, extra musical ideas such as
and a cello. String quartet music generally is
emotions, scenes or events, are expressed
composed in a multi-movement form. The term
through the music, not through words.
string quartet is also used to describe a

Sul Sul means "on the" or "near the." Sul is
in the first movement in multi-movement works
successive notes. Staccato is sometimes used
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Symphony A symphony is an extended
performance group comprised of four stringed
composition for orchestra and is often comprised
instruments.
of three to five movements.
Suite A suite may be described as a collection

Syncopation Rhythmic patterns with
of dances (dances from different European
unexpected accents. Syncopation is generally
countries), put together in an ordered manner.
achieved by shifting the musical accent from a
During the Baroque era, pieces in a suite were
strong beat to a weak one. This results in an
often dance forms such as: prelude, allemande,
irregular feel to the rhythm.
courante, saraband, gigue, bourre, gavotte, and

Tempo Tempo means the rate of speed or
minuet. After the Baroque era, suites were
pace of the music. Tempo also may be used
generally pieces extracted from a larger work
with other qualifying words such as "a tempo,"
such as The Nutcracker Suite, a compilation of
meaning return to the original tempo or speed.
pieces taken from the ballet The Nutcracker.
Various tempo markings are used to indicate
directions for the rate of speed such as andante
(moderately slow) and allegro (fast). Metronome

markings are another way to specify even more
Trill A trill ornaments a note, and is a rapid
alternation between two pitches, usually a major
or minor second above the note. The letters tr
precisely the tempo of music e.g.
= 60 means
and a wavy symbol
each quarter note should be played at the speed
markings. Accidentals are often used to indicate
of 60 quarter notes per minute.

Tempo di valse Play the music at the rate of
whether the trill is a major or minor trill.

speed or pace of a waltz.


non troppo, meaning, slow but not too slow.

Tenuto Tenuto means the note(s) should be
notes should be played, encircling the notated
whole value. A line placed under or over the
note (five notes total are played). The following
note is usually used to indicate tenuto: _.



Up bow The sign for up-bow is
.
and indicates
an upward stroke of the bow from the point (or
Theme & variations A composition with a
tip) to the frog (or nut).

Vibrato Vibrato for stringed instruments is
Tie When a slur is placed between two notes
similar to vocal vibrato—it is a slight and rapid
with the same pitch, this is called a "tie" and the
fluctuation in pitch, and is used to add warmth
two notes are played in one bow for the duration
and expression to music. There are three types
of both notes.
of vibrato: finger, hand, arm or a combination of
Timbre Tone quality as referring to different
all three. Many violinists use a combination of
sound ‘types’. For ex. Staccato vs Legato or
finger and hand vibrato. This type of vibrato is
Cello vs Flute
produced by a back and forth rolling motion of
Time Signature A sign or fraction placed at the
the finger and hand on the string, resulting in the
beginning of a piece to show how many beats
pitch being lowered and raised. Variations in the
are in each measure. For example, a time
width and speed of the vibrato can produce a
signature of 3/4 indicates each measure
wide range of expression.
contains three quarter notes.


motive.
theme and variations of that theme.

symbol for a turn is placed above the note:
Theme A theme is the main musical subject of
a composition such as a melody, phrase or short

Turn Turns are ornaments mainly used in 17th19th century music, and generally indicate four
played sustained or broadly, and held for its

Troppo Troppo means "too much." It is often
used to modify other terms such as Adagio ma
Tempo I, Tempo Primo Revert back to the first
tempo, or original tempo. Also A Tempo
are used as trill

Virtuoso Virtuoso means "exceptional
Tone Term used referring to quality of sound
performer" in Italian, and is used to describe a
production.
highly proficient, technically skilled performer.
Tremolo Tremolo means rapidly repeating a
When the descriptive term virtuosic playing is
single note or chord (see bowing chart for more
used, it generally means the performer is playing
details).
difficult music in a highly skilled manner.

Vivace Lively and brisk. As a tempo marking,
vivace is often considered slightly faster than
allegro.

Waltz A dance in triple meter which was very
popular during the late eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries.

Whole Bow Initials are sometimes used in
music to indicate what part of the bow should be
used:
WB = Whole Bow; LH = Lower Half; UH = Upper
Half; MB = Middle of the Bow.

20th Century Music written in the early 20th
Century, composer include Sibelius, Elgar,
Bartok, Vaughan Williams.