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Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Objectives
• Relate the seven properties of life to a living
organism.
• Describe seven themes that can help you organize
what you learn about biology.
• Identify the tiny structures that make up all living
organisms.
• Differentiate between reproduction and heredity and
between metabolism and homeostasis.
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Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Characteristics of Living Organisms
Biology is the study of life.
All living organisms share certain general properties that separate
them from nonliving things.
Properties of Life
» Cellular organization
» Reproduction
» Metabolism
» Homeostasis
» Heredity
» Responsiveness
» Growth and development
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Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Characteristics of Living Organisms, continued
• Cellular organization - every living thing is composed of one or
more cells
• Reproduction - all living things are able to reproduce
• Metabolism - all obtain and use energy to run the processes of
life
• Homeostasis - living organisms maintain a consistent internal
environment
• Heredity - living things pass traits to offspring
• Responsiveness - all living things respond and adjust to the
environment
• Growth and development - all living things grow and develop
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Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Biology
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Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
1. Cellular Structure and Function
•
Cells are highly organized, tiny structures with thin
coverings called membranes. All living things are
made of one or more cells. A cell is the smallest unit
capable of all life functions.
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Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
2. Reproduction
•
Reproduction is the process by which organisms
make more of their own kind from one generation to
the next.
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Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
3. Metabolism
•
Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions
carried out in an organism. Almost all energy used
by living organisms is originally captured from
sunlight.
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Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
4. Homeostasis
•
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal
conditions in spite of changes in the external
environment. An organism unable to balance its
internal conditions with its environmental conditions
could become ill and die.
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Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
5. Heredity
•
Heredity is the passing of traits from parent to
offspring. The basic unit of heredity is called a gene.
Genes are coded in a molecule called
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Genes determine an
organism’s traits. A change in the DNA of a gene is
called a mutation. Most mutations are harmful, but
some mutations can help an organism survive.
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Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Heredity
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Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
6. Evolution
•
Evolution is defined as change in the inherited
characteristics of species over generations. A
species is a group of genetically similar organisms
that can produce fertile offspring. Natural selection
is the process in which organisms with favorable
traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
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Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Evolution
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Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
7. Interdependence
•
The organisms in a biological community live and
interact with other organisms. Ecology is the branch
of biology that studies the interactions of organisms
with one another and with the nonliving part of their
environment. Organisms are dependent on each
other and on their environment.
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Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Unifying Themes of Biology
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Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Objectives
• Evaluate the impact of scientific research on the
environment.
• Evaluate the impact of scientific research on society with
respect to increasing food supplies.
• Explain the primary task of the Human Genome Project.
• Describe the contributions of scientists in fighting AIDS
and cancer.
• Define the term gene therapy.
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Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Solving Real-World Problems
Biologists are working to solve today’s problems, such
as:
• Preserving our environment
• Improving the food supply
• Understanding the human genome
• Fighting disease
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Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Solving Real-World Problems, continued
Preserving our environment
• Conservation biologists are exploring ways to
achieve a balance between people’s growing need
for land and the need to preserve the environment.
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Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Solving Real-World Problems, continued
Improving the food supply
• Genetic engineering of crop plants has made some
plants resistant to herbicides, or poisonous to insect
pests, or more nutritious.
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Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Climate and Environmental Change
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Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Solving Real-World Problems, continued
Understanding the human genome
• A genome is the complete genetic material contained
in an individual. Government-funded and private
research teams from several countries completed
sequencing of the human genome.
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Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Fighting Disease
• AIDS is a fatal disease caused by HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus), a virus that attacks and
destroys the human immune system.
• New vaccines are being tested that attack two or
more parts of the HIV virus at the same time. So that
while one part may mutate, it us unlikely that both
parts will mutate in the same virus particle.
• There is finally hope of a successful vaccine to
control the outbreak of AIDS.
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Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
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Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Fighting Disease, continued
• Cancer is a growth defect in cells, a breakdown of
the mechanism that controls cell division.
• Great progress is being made in curing many
cancers. Several forms of cancer result from having
too many copies of a certain protein. Anticancer
drugs that stick to these extra cell proteins appear to
offer great promise.
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Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Fighting Disease, continued
Emerging diseases
•
Biologists are fighting new diseases not known in
the past.
•
Some of these diseases include West Nile virus and
mad cow disease.
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Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Fighting Disease, continued
• Gene Therapy is the replacement of a defective
gene with a normal one. Researchers believe it is
possible to use a virus to transfer a normal copy of a
gene into a cell.
• Researchers hoped to cure cystic fibrosis, a
hereditary disease in which a thick sticky mucus
clogs the body’s breathing passages. Early attempts
failed because the virus used caused health
problems. New attempts using a different virus are
more promising.
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Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Cystic Fibrosis
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Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Objectives
• Describe the stages common to scientific
investigations.
• Distinguish between forming a hypothesis and
making a prediction.
• Differentiate a control group from an experimental
group and an independent variable from a dependent
variable.
• Define the word theory as used by a scientist.
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Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Observation: The Basis of Scientific Research
Observation is the act of noting or perceiving objects or
events using the senses.
• All scientists have a certain way of investigating the
world.
• Scientific investigations begin with observations.
• Observations cause scientists to ask questions about
their observations.
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Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Stages of Scientific Investigations
Scientific investigations tend to have common stages.
• These stages are called the Scientific Method.
• There is more than one way to conduct an
investigation.
• Scientific Methods or Scientific Processes are
more accurate terms for the stages of scientific
investigation.
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Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Stages of Scientific Investigations, continued
Scientific Processes include the following stages.
•
•
•
•
Collecting observations
Asking questions
Forming hypotheses and making predictions
Confirming predictions (with experiments when
needed)
• Drawing conclusions
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Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Scientific Processes
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Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Stages of Scientific Investigations, continued
• Hypothesis—an explanation that might be true, a
statement that can be tested by additional
observations or experimentation
• Prediction—the expected outcome of a test,
assuming the hypothesis is correct.
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Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Stages of Scientific Investigations, continued
• Experiment—a planned procedure to test a
hypothesis.
• Control group—a group in an experiment that
receives no experimental treatment. The control
group is necessary for comparing the results of the
experiment.
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Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Stages of Scientific Investigations, continued
• Independent variable—the factor that is changed in
an experiment.
• Dependent variable—the variable that is measured
in an experiment, the outcome of the dependent
variable depends on what is done to the independent
variable.
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Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Stages of Scientific Investigations, continued
Drawing Conclusions
Once data are collected
and analyzed, a conclusion
is made as to whether the
data support the
hypothesis.
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Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Stages of Scientific Investigations, continued
Viewing Conclusions in Context
• There is often more than one possible reason for a
result.
• All of the factors that may affect an outcome must be
considered.
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Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Scientific Explanations
Constructing a Theory
Theory a set of related hypotheses that have been
tested and confirmed many times by many scientists.
• A theory unites and explains a broad range of
observations.
• The word theory is used by the general public to
mean a guess, or lack of certainty.
• In science, a theory is a well-supported scientific
explanation that makes useful predictions.
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Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Scientific Explanations, continued
Constructing a Theory
Scientists report their results.
• Scientific reports are reviewed by other scientists.
• Scientific reports allow other scientists to use the
information obtained in an experiment.
• Scientific reports also allow other scientists to repeat
and test experiments.
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Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
Use the chart below and your knowledge of science to
answer questions 1–3.
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Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. According to the chart, which makes up the greatest
proportion of waste?
A.
B.
C.
D.
paper and cardboard
metals containing iron
yard waste, glass, and plastics
other waste
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Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. According to the chart, which makes up the greatest
proportion of waste?
A.
B.
C.
D.
paper and cardboard
metals containing iron
yard waste, glass, and plastics
other waste
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Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. If each type of solid waste were recycled, which type
would have the biggest impact on conserving trees?
F.
G.
H.
J.
aluminum
glass
plastics
paper and cardboard
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Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. If each type of solid waste were recycled, which type
would have the biggest impact on conserving trees?
F.
G.
H.
J.
aluminum
glass
plastics
paper and cardboard
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Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of these types of waste can easily be recycled
at home?
A.
B.
C.
D.
glass
plastics
yard wastes
metals containing iron
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Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of these types of waste can easily be recycled
at home?
A.
B.
C.
D.
glass
plastics
yard wastes
metals containing iron
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