Download Chapter 1 - Jordan High School

Chapter 1
An Introduction to
Anatomy & Physiology
1-1: Common Functions of Living
Things
Responsiveness (irritability)

An organism changes in response to its environment
Growth


Increase in size, number of cells, complexity of
cells, or all three
Differentiation—develop specialized cells
Reproduction

Creation of new generations of similar organisms
Movement


Internal (transport blood, food, etc.)
External (physical movement)
Metabolism



Processes that absorb nutrients, generate energy
Respiration—absorption, transport & use of oxygen
Excretion—eliminate wastes
1-1 Checkpoint
1. How are vital functions such as
responsiveness, growth, reproduction,
and movement dependent on
metabolism?
1-2: Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy—internal & external structures;
relationships between body parts
Physiology—the function of anatomical
structures; how body systems work together
Gross Anatomy—visible with unaided eye
Surface anatomy
Regional anatomy
Systemic anatomy—organ systems
Microscopic Anatomy—can’t be seen
without magnification
Cytology (cells)
Histology (tissues)
Physiology
Cell physiology
Special physiology—specific organs
Systemic physiology—organ systems
Pathology—effects of disease
1-2 Checkpoint
1. Describe how anatomy & physiology are
closely related.
2. Would a histologist more likely be
considered a specialist in microscopic
anatomy or in gross anatomy? Why?
1-3: Levels of Organization
Chemical level

Atoms (smallest unit of matter) combine to form
molecules
Cellular level

Molecules combine with organelles to form cells
(smallest living unit)
Tissue level

Similar cells form tissues (perform a function)
Organ level

Tissues work together as an organ
Organ system level


Organs interact in organ systems
Functions of one system can affect all systems
Organism level

All the organ systems work together
1-3 Checkpoint
1. Identify the major levels of organization
of the human body from the simplest to
the most complex.
1-4: Organ Systems of the Body











Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
1-4 Checkpoint
1. Identify the organ systems of the body
and list their major functions
2. Which organ system includes the
pituitary gland and directs long-term
changes in the activities of other
systems?
1-5: Homeostasis
Homeostasis—stable internal environment

Results from organ systems functioning together
Homeostatic regulation




Receptor—detects a stimulus
Control center—processes information from
receptor
Effector—responds to commands of control center
Ex: thermostat
1-5 Checkpoint
1. Define homeostasis.
2. Why is homeostatic regulation important
to an organism?
1-6: Feedback Systems
Negative feedback—corrects changes
from normal values
Thermoregulation steps



Temperature receptors in skin sense changes
Control center in brain determines if temp is too
high/too low
Control center triggers effectors to return temp to
correct value
Effectors if body is too hot:


Blood vessels vasodilate
Sweat glands increase secretions
Effectors if body is too cold:



Blood vessels vasoconstrict
Sweat glands decrease secretions
Shivering begins
Positive feedback—action of stimulus is
increased
Ex: blood clotting, childbirth & delivery
Disease results when homeostatic regulation
fails
1-6 Checkpoint
1. Explain the function of negative
feedback systems.
2. Why is positive feedback helpful in
blood clotting but unsuitable for the
regulation of body temperature?
3. What happens to the body when
homeostasis breaks down?
1-7: Anatomical Terms
Surface Anatomy
Latin & Greek form basis for anatomical terms
Anatomical landmarks


Anatomical position—upright, hands at sides with
palms forward & feet together
Identifies important areas of the body
Anatomical Regions
Abdominopelvic quadrants


Imaginary lines intersect at the umbilicus
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant
(LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Left Lower
Quadrant (LLQ)
Anatomical Directions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Superior (above a body part/closer to the head)
Inferior (below a body part/closer to the feet)
Anterior (toward the front; ventral)
Posterior (toward the back; dorsal)
Medial (towards the midline)
Lateral (away from the midline)
Proximal (closer to point of attachment)
Distal (farther from point of attachment)
Superficial (near the surface)
Deep (more internal)
Sectional Anatomy
Sectional planes—slice through an object



Transverse plane: superior/inferior portions
Frontal plane: anterior/posterior portions
Sagittal plane: left/right portions
1-7 Checkpoint
1. What is the purpose of anatomical
terms?
2. Describe an anterior view and a
posterior view in the anatomical
position.
3. What type of section would separate the
eyes?
1-8: Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity—structures deep to the chest
wall
Abdominopelvic cavity—structures deep to
the abdomen & pelvis

Separated from the thoracic cavity by the
diaphragm
Cavities protect & cushion organs (viscera),
permit organs to change sizes
The Thoracic Cavity
Pericardial cavity (contains the heart)

Heart surrounded by 2 pericardiums:
 Visceral pericardium (on the heart)
 Parietal pericardium (sac surrounding heart)
Pleural cavity (surrounds each lung)

Lungs surrounded by 2 pleura:
 Visceral pleura (on the lung)
 Parietal pleura (on the inner chest wall)
The Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal cavity



Contains the peritoneal cavity
Visceral peritoneum (abdominal organs)
Parietal peritoneum (lines inner surface of
abdomen)
Abdominal cavity: liver, stomach, spleen,
small intestine, most of large intestine
Pelvic cavity: some large intestine, bladder,
reproductive organs
1-8 Checkpoint
1. Describe two essential functions of body
cavities.
2. Identify the subdivisions of the ventral
body cavity.
3. If a surgeon makes an incision just
inferior to the diaphragm, what body
cavity will be opened?