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Chapter 1
Introduction to Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction
Human Anatomy and Physiology:
study of the structure and function of the
human body
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Importance of A & P
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Understand how body responds to a
stimulus
Understand basis of disease
Essential knowledge for health care workers
Improve your understanding of treatments,
advertisements, and reports as a
patient/client/consumer
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I.
Anatomy
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Scientific discipline that investigates
the structure of the body
– Anatomy = to dissect parts of the body for
study
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A. Structure & Function
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The structure of a body part is closely
related to its function
Understanding this relationship makes
learning anatomy easier
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Types of Anatomical Study
B. Systemic – by systems (e.g. nervous)
C. Regional – body areas (e.g. head)
D. Surface – external features (e.g. bony
projections)
E. Anatomical Imaging – pictures of internal
structures (x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic
resonance imaging)
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II. Physiology
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The study of nature
The scientific discipline that deals with
the processes or functions of living
things
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A. Major goals of physiology
1. To understand and predict the body’s
responses to stimuli.
2. To understand how the body
maintains conditions within a narrow
range of values in the presence of a
continually changing environment.
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B. Human Physiology
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The study of the processes and
functions of humans
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C. Cellular and Systemic Physiology
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The studies of physiology that
emphasize specific organizational
levels
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III. Structural
and
Functional
Organization
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A. Six Structural Levels
1. Chemical – interactions among atoms
and their combinations into molecules
a. H, O, N, C = 96% of human body
2. Cell – basic living units of organisms
a. Contain organelles which each have
specific functions
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Structural Levels, continued…
3. Tissue – a group of similar cells and
materials surrounding them that act
together to perform a common function
a. Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
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Structural Levels, continued…
4. Organ – group of two or
more tissue types working
together to perform a special
function
a. Heart, lung, kidney, spleen
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Organs
Structural Levels, continued…
5. Organ System – group of organs
classified as a unit because of
common function or set of functions
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Organ Systems, continued…
a. Integumentary System
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Provides protection
Regulates temperature
Prevents water loss
Produces vitamin D precursors
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
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Organ Systems, continued…
b. Skeletal System
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Provides protection & support
Allows body movements
Produces blood cells
Stores minerals and fat
Bones, cartilages, ligaments, joints
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Organ Systems, continued…
c. Muscular system
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Produces body movements
Maintains posture
Produces body heat
Muscles (attached to skeleton by
tendons)
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Organ Systems, continued…
d. Lymphatic system
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Removes foreign substances from
blood and lymph
Combats disease
Maintains tissue fluid balance
Absorbs fats from digestive tract
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
and other lymphatic organs
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Organ Systems, continued…
e. Respiratory system
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Exchanges oxygen and carbon
dioxide between blood and air
Regulates blood pH
Lungs and respiratory passages
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Organ Systems, continued…
f. Digestive system
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Performs the mechanical and
chemical processes of digestion,
absorption of nutrients, and
elimination of wastes
Mouth, esophagus, stomach,
intestines, and accessory organs
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Organ Systems, continued…
g. Nervous system
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Major regulatory system that detects
sensations
Controls movements, physiologic
processes, and intellectual functions
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
sensory receptors
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Organ Systems, continued…
h. Endocrine system
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Major regulatory system that
influences metabolism, growth,
reproduction, and many other
functions
Glands (e.g. pituitary) that secrete
hormones
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Organ Systems, continued…
i. Cardiovascular system
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Transports nutrients, waste
products, gases, and hormones
throughout body
Plays role in immune response
and body temperature regulation
Heart, blood vessels, and blood
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Organ Systems, continued…
j. Urinary system
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Removes waste products from
blood
Regulates blood pH, ion balance,
and water balance
Kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts
that carry urine
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Organ Systems, continued…
h. Reproductive System (Female)
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Produces oocytes
Site of fertilization and fetal development
Produces milk
Produces hormones that influence sexual
function and behaviors
Ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands,
and associated structures
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Organ Systems, continued…
h. Reproductive System (Male)
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Produces and transfers sperm
cells to female
Produces hormones that
influence sexual functions and
behaviors
Testes, accessory structures,
ducts, and penis
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Structural Levels, continued…
6. Organism – any living thing
considered as a whole
a. Unicellular, multicellular
b. Human organism is a complex of organ
systems that are mutually dependent on
one another
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IV. Characteristics of Life
A. Six Essential Characteristics of Life
1. Organization – an organism’s parts are
interrelated
a. All living things are composed of cells
2. Metabolism (Energy) – ability to use energy
to perform vital functions such as growth,
movement, and reproduction
a. Energy from sun (plants) or food (animals)
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Six Essential Characteristics of
Life, continued…
3. Homeostasis – ability of an organism to sense
changes in the environment and make the
adjustment that help maintain its life
4. Growth – ability of an organism to increase in size
(partially or totally)
a. Either by increasing cell number or cell size
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Six Essential Characteristics of
Life, continued…
5. Cells – all organisms are made of one more
cells
6. Reproduction – the formation of new cells or
organisms
a. Sexual or asexual reproduction
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B. Environmental Requirements of
Organisms
Organisms require certain factors in their environment
or surroundings:
1. Water
2. Foods
3. Oxygen
4. Heat – energy from metabolic reactions
5. Pressure
a. Atmospheric  breathing
b. Hydrostatic  blood pressure
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V. Homeostasis – Maintenance of Life
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The existence and maintenance of a
relatively constant environment within
the body
– Narrow range of conditions (variables)
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Temperature, volume, chemical content
– Set point = ideal normal value
– Normal range = range of values in which
an organism can operate normally
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Examples: Cold = shiver
Hot = sweat
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D. Negative Feedback
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Maintains homeostasis by resisting
deviation from the set point
1. Three components:
a. Receptor – monitors the value of a
variable
b. Control center – establishes the set point
around which the variable is maintained
c. Effector – can change the variable
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Negative Feedback,
continued…
2. Example:
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Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 8th
ed., Shier, et al, 2003, McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Stimulus/Response: exercise increases HR
and blood pressure increases
Receptor: blood vessels near heart
Control center: brain receives message and
sends message to decrease HR
Effector: heart decreases HR
Response: blood pressure decreases
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Negative Feedback, continued…
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E. Positive Feedback
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Mechanism by which any deviation
from an ideal normal value or set point
is made greater
– Does not maintain homeostasis
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Example
Positive Feedback, continued…
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VI. Terminology and the Body Plan
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Etymology = the origin of a word
– Example: Dorsal (dorsum, back)
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A. Directional Terms
1. Anatomic Position –
standing erect with
the arms at the sides
and palms turned
forward
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Directional Terms, continued…
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Directional Terms, continued…
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Directional Terms, continued…
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B. Body Parts and Regions
Anterior View
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Body Parts and Regions, continued…
Posterior View
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Body Parts and Regions, continued…
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C. Planes
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Imaginary flat
surfaces
used to “look
inside” and
observe the
body’s
structures
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Planes, continued…
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D. Body
Cavities
1. Thoracic cavity
a. Boundaries: rib cage and diaphragm
b. Contains: mediastinum, pericardial cavity
(heart), left and right pleural cavities
(lungs)
c. Mediastinum contains esophagus,
trachea, blood vessels, thymus, heart
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D. Body
Cavities
2.
Abdominal Cavity
a.
b.
3.
Pelvic Cavity
a.
b.
4.
Boundaries: abdominal muscles
Contains: stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys
Bones of pelvis
Contains: urinary bladder, part of large intestine, internal reproductive
organs
Abdominopelvic Cavity: abdominal and pelvic cavities
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E. Serous Membranes
1. Visceral serous membranes cover
organs (the “viscera”)
2. Parietal serous membranes form the
outer wall of a fluid-filled cavity
3. A cavity is the fluid-filled space between
the serous membranes
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4. Thoracic Cavity and Membranes
a.
Pericardial Cavity
surrounds the heart
i.
ii.
Visceral pericardium
covers heart
Parietal pericardium lines
pericardial cavity
b. Pleural Cavity
surrounds each lung
i.
ii.
Visceral pleura cover
lungs
Parietal pleura line pleural
cavity
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5. Abdominopelvic Cavity and
Membranes
a.
Peritoneal Cavity
surrounds the many organs in
the abdominopelvic cavity and
the inferior surface of the
diaphragm
i. Visceral peritoneum covers
organs
ii. Parietal peritoneum lines
peritoneal cavity
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Pleural Cavity surrounds
each lung
i.
ii.
Visceral pleura cover lungs
Parietal pleura line pleural
cavity
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Abdominopelvic Cavity and Membranes,
continued…
Mesenteries – 2 layers
of fused peritoneum that
hold abdominal organs in
place; provide passage
for blood vessels and
nerves
iii. Retroperitoneal organs
– organs “behind”
parietal peritoneum
ii.
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Kidneys, adrenal glands,
pancreas, parts of
intestines, and bladder
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