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OVERVIEW OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Research Architect CSIR Built Environment, Architecture and Engineering unit [email protected] Reference: http://www.physicalactivity360.org/built-environment.htm 78.7 * 70 * 50 * 25 *5 Life expectancy * Indoors * at home *sleeping (bedroom) * outside PROJECTS_THE TRUTH PERCEPTION REALITY ` OF A BUILDING A BUILDING PROJECT AND THE BUILT ENVIROMENT ROLEPLAYERS_THE TEAM TECHNICAL TEAM • • • • • • • • • • • • DESIGNERS ARCHITECT LANDSCAPE INTERIOR ENGINEERS ELECTRICAL CIVIL MECHANICAL STRUCTURAL ACOUSTIC FIRE TRAFFIC GEO-TECHNICAL CONSULTANT GREEN CONSULTANT HERITAGE CONSULTANT SECURITY CONSULTANT LIGHTING DESIGNER CLERK OF WORKS CONTRACTOR SUB – CONTRACTORS SPECIALIST CONTRACTORS SUPPLIERS NEW ROLEPLAYERS OR PLAYERS WITH INTEREST Infection control specialist, epidemiologist, microbiologist, building scientists MANAGEMENT TEAM • CLIENT • • CLIENT REPRESENTATIVES BOARD REPRESENTATIVES CLIENT TREASURER PROJECT MANAGER QUANTITY SURVEYOR STATUTORY BOARDS • • • • • LOCAL MUNICIPALITY APPROVALS BUILDING INSPECTORS DOH NORMS AND STANDARDS APPROVAL PROCESS COUNCIL APPROVALS CLIENT SERVICE CONTRACTS IN PLACE NATIONAL CONTRACTS COMPANY DESIGN GUIDES OTHER: SABS/SANS CERTIFICATIONS PROJECT OPTIONS_FOR THE TEAM PROJECT MODELS • • • • • • BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT DESIGN BID BUILD DESIGN ASSIST DESIGN BUILD IPD (INTEGRATED PROJECT DELIVERY) LEAN CONSTRUCTION FINANCIAL MODELS • • • COST AND BUILD PPP MANY OTHER…. PROJECT CONTRACT OPTIONS • • • • • • • • 1. Each client or organisation has their own preference and no one size fits all principle applies. 2. All these options have an impact on the final product… CONTRACTING TYPES • MAIN CONTRACTOR • SUB COTNRACTOR • JOINT VENTURE PARTNER FIDIC (INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF CONSULTING ENGINEERS) GENERAL CONDITIONS OF CONTRACTS FOR CONSTRUCTION JBCC (THE JOINT BUILDING CONTRACTS COMMITTEE) – FULL CONTRACT SUITE NEC (NEW ENGLAND CONTRACT) CLIENT ARCHITECT AGREEMENT OTHER MINOR CONTRACTS BETWEEN SUPPLIERS AND SUBCONTRACTORS ETC…. OTHER……. THE LANDSCAPE_SOUTH AFRICA PUBLIC 80% of the population 30% of doctors and specialist For service model VARIATIONS PRIVATE 20% of the population User clients of doctors and specialist Regulations and guidelines 16% of70% population use private doctors and Management are medical aid funded Maintenance For profit model Funding Income Services Consultant appointments Project approvals Quality Control Ownership Scale of infrastructure NHI (National Health Insurance) aims to bridge this gap Reference: Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, Vol 9, no 11: 2010 COMMUNICATION_ BRIEFING IS A TWO WAY THING…AND IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT IT IS A TEAM EFFORT. THE BIGGEST SHORT COMING IN ANY PROJECT IS COMMUNICATION AND BRIEFING THE ARCHITECT THINKS THE CLIENTS CAN INTERPRET HIS PLANNING, THE ENGINEER THINKS THAT THE ARCHITECT UNDERSTANDS HIS CALCULATIONS, THE USER CLIENT (DR) THINKS THAT THE DESIGN TEAM UNDERSTANDS CLINICAL PROCEDURES, SO IN THE END EVERY ONE THINKS EVERYONE KNOWNS, BUT REALLY NO ONE KNOWS CHALLENGES WITH BRIEFING • WE DO NOT HAVE SMART CLIENTS • IT’S OFTEN A ONCE OF PROJECT, WITH ONCE OF TEAM • IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR THE CONSULTANTS AS ROSTER BASED AND MOST OFTEN ONCE OFF WHEN WE DON’T COMMUNICATE As maintenance installed it What the customer wanted COMMUNICATION_ BRIEFING The briefing guide is aimed at clarifying the client’s views and expectations. In general terms, clients rarely understand their needs and the appointment of an architect should remain the key to a successful project at the end. The architect’s role should therefore involve a series of pertinent questions towards the client, even if the process could reveal the impossibilities in carrying out the project. The architect’s services as well as the client’s budget are part of the briefing process, these should be highly stressed in order to avoid misunderstandings and possible fruitless expenditure. Moreover, questions relating to site context, property ownership and related rights are important aspects in the process. It might be that there are servitudes that can restrict the design, adjacent buildings that can affect the envisaged project. Other aspects of the briefing process include, but are not limited to, the appointment of other consultants, the compatibility of the team with regard to CAD systems used, the accommodation schedule, the estimation of the quality of the building, the time-cost quality factor; and any other general matters specific to the project. The architect should have an honest and open relationship with client and maintain professionalism. Architects often carry-out work purely to fulfil an architectural service than to help shape a better built environment. This is not only an act of dishonesty, but irresponsible. IAN ALEXANDER _ THE BRIEFING GUIDE KEY POINTS • • • • MAKE YOUR CLIENT A SMART CLIENT LEARN FROM YOUR CLIENT DISCUSS PERTINENT ISSUES UP FRONT COME TO AN AGREED WAY FORWARD BEFORE PROCEEDING…PREFERABLY NOTED ON PAPER COMMUNICATION_ IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT TOOLS OF COMMUNICATIONS • • • • DRAWINGS • FLOOR PLANS • SECTIONS • DETAILS • WINDOW SCHEDULES • DOOR SCHEDULES • DATA SHEETS • FURNITURE SCHEDULES 3D MODELS EQUIPMENT LIST BILLS OF QUANITY All these tools become part of the contract and the required contractual obligations by the project team. Reference: kokbrut.org THE LIFE OF A BUILDING THEY TAKE A WHILE TO BUILD DEPENDING ON CONSTRUCTION AND SIZE 6 MONTHS – 8 YEARS….. UN FINISHED BUT LAST LONG ONCE COMPLETED AVERAGE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN SOUTH AFRICA IS AT LEAST 40 YEARS THE FUNCTION AND USE CHANGES IMPACTED BY SOCIAL SYSTEMS AND CHANGE, TRANSPORT SYSTEMS, TECHNOLOGY ADVANCMENT THEY APPEAR DIFFERENT IN EVERY SEASON AESTHETICALLY ELEMENTS ARE PRONOUNCED OR FADES IN DIFFERENT SEASONS THEY PERFORM DIFFERANLTY IN EVERY SEASON THERMAL RESPONSE, ENERGY USE, ECOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY, OCCUPANCY THEY ARE IDEALLY DESIGN AND BUILT CLIMATE SPECIFIC TYPOLOGICALLY, ECOLOGICALLY, CULTURALLY, CONTEXTUALLY THEY ARE EXPENSIVE TO BUILD MORE EXPENSE TO MAINTAIN 90% OF THE BUILDING COST LIES IN THE OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS CHANGE IN BURDEN OF DISEASE HAS DIRECT IMPACT ON INFRASTRUCTURE THE LIFE OF A BUILDING_ ADAPTABILITY CHANGE IN DISEASE BURDEN CHANGE IN SOCIAL CONDITIONS CHANGE IN FUNCTION AND NEED CHANGE IN OCCUPANCY Reference: http://adaptablefutures.com/2012/11/af-exhibition-building-centre/ THE LIFE OF A BUILDING_ LEAN DESIGN & EFFICIENCY “Lean” is a way of thinking that was developed by the Toyota Motor Company, and to which many attribute its dominance of world car manufacturing today. Lean is all about eliminating waste, or “muda”. David Week, Architecture for Development ‘Another approach to healthcare facility design, the Lean-Driven Design Process deliberately engages the facility stakeholders in the initial design process, with a focus on reviewing operational processes to eliminate waste and improve efficiency. This review yields a plan for how the hospital would like to operate that forms the basis for the architectural design.’ HKS Architects, Traditional versus ‘Lean-Driven’ Operational Process Improvement based Hospital Design Traditional Design Process Lean Driven Design Process Design Focus Focus on processes that add value for the patient, staff and family members Starts with programming Starts with observation of operational processes User groups are made up of staff leaders within a department or service Value-stream focused teams include key stakeholders who are involved across the whole process of delivering the service to the patient are used to analyze the process Each user group provides feedback to designers about their departments or services Multidisciplinary consensus based, future-state processes drive the development of the floor plan Floor plan diagrams are adjusted to accommodate existing operations and processes Floor plan diagrams are used to validate the value stream, optimize future improvements 13 Reference: Geoff Abbot C New / replacement equipment Infrastructure renovation/ addition Facility design life : 50-60 years Facility life cycle Time D B A Facility life cycle costs Operating Costs ± 90% over life-cycle C: Service cost (staffing, supplies…) D: Facility maintenance, operation, utilities… Decommissioning / disposal Capital Costs ± 10% over life-cycle A: Construction cost (immovable assets) B: Equipment cost (movable assets) Operation Planning, design, construction, commissioning Cost THE LIFE OF A BUILDING_ LIFE CYCLE COSTING THE LIFE OF A BUILDING_ MAINTENANCE A recent study (2010) investigated the implementation of maintenance practices with regard to the need, classification, planning, implementation, impact and cost estimating by property practitioners in the public sector, Eastern cape excess of +- 100 000msq infrastructure ‘The key finding revealed that maintenance is implemented predominately on a corrective/emergency basis. This in turn has led to inaccurate maintenance estimates being projected by property practitioners resulting in the overrunning of maintenance budgets and premature replacement of building components.’ S.J Lazarus & A.C Hauptfleisch, The Application of Facilities Maintenance within the public sector: An exploratory study. Department of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Key challenges • ‘The failure to classify maintenance requirements accordingly. ‘ • ‘Key errors in areas such as estimating maintenance cost and not creating an asset history regarding performance and cost are evident. ‘ • ‘Senior management structures who are seen as hampering progress towards generating a fully fledged maintenance programme as in both studies they influence the budgets in a negative manner affecting both back log and planned maintenance. ‘ Proactive and planned…NOT reactive and corrective AESTHETICS_ IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT The building is a system…. A system of parts that all work together. In The Ten Books of Architecture the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius stated that a building should meet obligations of commodity, firmness, and delight. Commodity addresses how a building serves its function and can be made more useful. Firmness means a building's ability to stand up to natural forces over time. Delight refers to aesthetics. The National Institute of Building Sciences, USA Aesthetics refer to sensory perception and understanding or sensuous knowledge. In the built environment… the factors that impact our sensory perception and understanding though intrinsic design process are: • • • • • Structural integrity Cost Building material Functional use Building performance Aesthetic qualities include Unity, Proportion, Scale, Balance, Symmetry and Rhythm Aesthetic elements Vision, Hearing, Touch, Taste and smell Reference: AESTHETICS_ IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Primary School_ Burkina Faso Butaro Hospital_ Rwanda Dogon traditional Architecture_ Mali Alice Lane Towers_ RSA National centre for performing arts _ China EMERGING & EVOLVING STANDARDS EVOLVING • COUNCILS, BUREAUS, FEDERATIONS…ETC SAIA (SOUTH AFRICAN ISNTITUE FOR ARCHITECTS) SACAP ( SOUTH AFRICAN COUNCIL FOR THE ARHCITECTURAL PROFESSION), NHBRC (NATIONAL HOME BUILERD REGISTRATION COUNCIL), SABS (SOUTH AFRICAN BUREAU OF STANDARS), IBC (INTERNAITONAL BULDING CODE), ECSA (ENGINEERING COUNCIL OF SOUTH AFRICA), SAFHE (SOUTH AFRICAN FEDERATION OF HOSPITAL ENGINEERING), CIBSE (CHARTERED INSTITUTION OF BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERS), ASHRAE (AMERICAN SOCIEY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIRCONDITIONING ENGINEERS ) GBC (GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL), CBE (COUNCIL FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT), ISO (INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR STANDARDISATION) • IUSS (INFRASTUCTURE UNIT SUPPORT SYSTEM) National Norms, Standards and Guidelines for healthcare infrastructure in South Africa, 48 packages considering all aspects of the healthcare environment (Replaced the SAH Norm and R158) • SANS 10400 - BUILDING STANDARDS Part A: General Principles and Requirements, Part B: Structural Design, Part C: Dimensions, Part D: Public Safety, Part E:Demolition Work, Part F: Site Operations, Part G: Excavations, Part G: Foundations, Part J: Floors, Part K: Walls, Part L: Roofs, Part M: Stairways, Part N: Glazing, Part O: Lighting and Ventilation, Part P: Drainage, Part Q: Non-water-borne Sanitary Disposal, Part R: Stormwater Disposal, Part S: Facilities for Disabled Persons, Part T: Fire Protection, Part U: Refuse Disposal, Part V: Space Heating, Part W: Fire Installation Parts X & XA: Energy Usage • LOCAL MUNICIPAL BY LAWS EMERGING • ENERGY EFFCIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY • Parts X & XA: Energy Usage THE BIGGER PICTURE_ AN URBAN PERSPECTIVE AND HEALTH ‘Factors such as population and technology influence and facilitate health care delivery and facility planning. Technology, in particular, plays a significant role because it is constantly evolving and leveraging the means and locations to deliver health care. No longer are planners simply talking about hospitals or outpatient centers. The health care technology interface in the community primary care office or living room is here’ Morris A. Stein_ Health Facilities Management ‘Health is associated with social determinants — nowhere more so than in cities, and especially so when in conjunction with the increasingly important role of climate change. But for more than 150 years, a large and continually expanding body of research has shown that the way in which cities are planned and managed can make a substantial difference to the health of their residents’ Rydlin et al. _UCL (Shaping cities for health: complexity and planning of urban environment in the 21 st century) BUILDINGS ARE NOT ISOLATED ISLANDS; THEY FORM PART OF A LARGER SYSTEM, AN URBAN ECOSYSTEM. HOW THE ECOSYTEM RESPONDS IS DEPENDANT ON THE SERVICES IT PROVIDES AND RECEIVES, AND THE SOCIAL DRIVERS OF THE SYSTEM. THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT_ AND HEALTH Studies indicate that health care facilities are contributing to the spread of Mtb (Eshun-Wilson et al. 2008) ‘The spread of infectious bacteria, fungi, viruses and single cell organisms (prokaryotic & eukaryotic) specifically in hospitals are widely known to be first by human contamination (Hospodsky et al. 2012) and secondly dependent on environmental favourable conditions (Basu. et al. 2007)……the built environment’ THIS LEADS US TO A NEW EMERGING PERSPECTIVE IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH MICROBIOLOGY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT JESSICA GREEN