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CHAPTER
17
European Renaissance
and Reformation, 1300–1600
Chapter Overview
Time Line
GRAPH
MAP
SECTION
1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
SECTION
2 The Northern Renaissance
SECTION
3 Luther Starts the Reformation
SECTION
4 The Reformation Continues
Visual Summary
QUIT
CHAPTER
17
European Renaissance
and Reformation, 1300–1600
Chapter Overview
Two great European movements—the
Renaissance and the Reformation—usher in
dramatic cultural and social changes. The
Renaissance marked the flowering of artistic
creativity, while the Reformation led to new
Christian beliefs.
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CHAPTER
17
European Renaissance
and Reformation, 1300–1600
HOME
Time Line
1300 Renaissance
begins in Italy.
1513 Machiavelli
writes The Prince.
1300
1555 Peace of
Augsburg ends
religious wars in
Germany.
1564 William
Shakespeare
born.
1600
1455 Gutenberg
Bible printed.
1534 Henry VIII 1558 Elizabeth I
becomes head of rules England.
England’s church,
breaking ties with
Rome.
1
HOME
Italy: Birthplace of
the Renaissance
Key Idea
The Renaissance, a period of intellectual and
artistic creativity, flourishes in Italy, beginning
about 1300. Versatile artists transform
painting, sculpture, and literature.
Overview
Assessment
1
HOME
Italy: Birthplace of
the Renaissance
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Renaissance
• humanism
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
• secular
The European
Renaissance, a rebirth
of learning and the
arts, began in Italy in
the 1300s.
Renaissance ideas about
classical studies, art, and
literature still influence
modern thought.
• patron
Assessment
• perspective
• vernacular
1
HOME
Italy: Birthplace of
the Renaissance
Section
1
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
Record the main ideas from the section about the Italian
Renaissance.
Renaissance
I. Italy’s advantages
A. Urban centers
B. Wealthy merchant class
C. Classical heritage
II. Classical and worldly values
A. Humanism
B. Patronage of arts
III. Renaissance art and literature
A. New painting techniques
B. Famous writers
continued . . .
1
HOME
Italy: Birthplace of
the Renaissance
Section
1
Assessment
2. Name three people from this section whom you
regard as a “Renaissance man” or a “Renaissance
woman.” Explain your choices. THINK ABOUT
• the idea of the “universal man”
• Castiglione’s description of such a person
• which people from this section seem to match that description
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
Michelangelo—architect, sculptor, painter, and poet
Leonardo—painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist
Isabella d’Este—political leader and patron of the arts
continued . . .
1
HOME
Italy: Birthplace of
the Renaissance
Section
1
Assessment
3. How did the Renaissance revolutionize European art
and thought? THINK ABOUT
• changes in ideas since medieval times
• changes in artistic techniques
• changes in artistic subjects
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
• Renaissance scholars rejected some teachings of
medieval Christianity and looked to classical
writers for inspiration.
• Renaissance artists revolutionized art by using
perspective and a more realistic style and by
glorifying the individual.
End of Section 1
2
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The Northern
Renaissance
Key Idea
In the 1400s, Renaissance ideas spread to northern
Europe, where German and Flemish masters create
distinctive works of art. The books of northern
Renaissance writers and philosophers become widely
available because of the invention of the printing press.
Overview
Assessment
2
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The Northern
Renaissance
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Utopia
• printing press
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
In the 1400s, northern
Europeans began to
adapt the ideas of the
Renaissance.
Renaissance ideas such as the
importance of the individual
are a strong part of modern
thought.
Assessment
• Gutenberg Bible
2
HOME
The Northern
Renaissance
Section
2
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
List important events in the Northern Renaissance.
1400
1455: Gutenberg
prints Bible on
printing press.
1494: Dürer
studies in Italy.
1509: Erasmus
writes The
Praise of Folly.
1592: Shakespeare
writes plays in London.
1600
1516: More
writes Utopia.
continued . . .
2
HOME
The Northern
Renaissance
Section
2
Assessment
2. Choose one Northern Renaissance figure. Explain
how he or she was influenced by Renaissance ideas.
THINK ABOUT
• the influence of humanism
• the use of new techniques
• the concept of the Renaissance man or woman
ANSWER
continued . . .
2
HOME
The Northern
Renaissance
Section
Possible
Responses:
2
Assessment
• Dürer was influenced by realism and classical ideas.
• Van Eyck was influenced by realism and helped develop the
oil painting.
• Bruegel was interested in realistic details and peasant life.
• Erasmus and More combined humanist and Christian values
in their calls for reform.
• Shakespeare was influenced by the classics and wrote in the
vernacular.
• Queen Elizabeth was a monarch, a poet, a patron of the arts,
and a linguist.
End of Section 2
3
HOME
Luther Starts
the Reformation
Key Idea
Martin Luther, a German monk, challenges the
authority of the Catholic Church and triggers
the Reformation—a movement for religious
reform. The Reformation spreads to England
when King Henry VIII breaks ties with the
Catholic Church.
Overview
Assessment
3
HOME
Luther Starts
the Reformation
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• indulgence
• Reformation
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
• Lutheran
Martin Luther’s protest
over abuses in the
Catholic Church led to the
founding of Protestant
churches.
Nearly one-fourth of the
Christians in today’s world
are Protestants.
• Protestant
• Peace of Augsburg
• annul
• Anglican
Assessment
3
HOME
Luther Starts
the Reformation
Section
3
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
List the main cause and several effects of Luther’s
action in posting the 95 Theses.
Luther protests.
Pope excommunicates Luther.
Tetzel sells
indulgences under
false pretenses.
Luther posts
the 95 Theses.
Luther declared a heretic.
Lutheran church begins.
German peasants revolt.
Charles V goes to war against
Protestant princes of Germany.
continued . . .
3
HOME
Luther Starts
the Reformation
Section
3
Assessment
2. Who do you think had a better reason to break with
the Church, Luther or Henry VIII? THINK ABOUT
• why Luther criticized the Church
• what Henry asked the pope to do for him
• the Church’s response to Luther
• the pope’s response to Henry
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
Luther’s reasons—legitimate complaints about
indulgences and other Church problems;
excommunication
Henry’s reasons—his annulments denied; pope’s
political maneuvers
continued . . .
3
HOME
Luther Starts
the Reformation
Section
3
Assessment
3. Which of Luther’s ideas do you think might have
motivated the peasants to revolt in 1524? Explain.
THINK ABOUT
• Luther’s criticisms of the Church
• what change the peasants demanded
• the actions the peasants took
ANSWER
Possible
Response:
The equality of all Christians spurred peasants to
demand an end to serfdom. Peasants disrespected
Church authority by raiding the monasteries.
End of Section 3
4
GRAPH
HOME
The Reformation
Continues
MAP
Key Idea
John Calvin develops a system of Protestant
theology that gains popularity among other
European reformers. To stem the spread of
Protestantism, the Catholic Church initiates
its own reforms.
Overview
Assessment
4
GRAPH
HOME
The Reformation
Continues
MAP
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• predestination
• Calvinism
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
• theocracy
John Calvin and other
Reformation leaders
began new Protestant
churches. The Catholic
Church also made
reforms.
Many Protestant churches
began during this period,
and many Catholic schools
are the result of Catholic
reforms.
• Presbyterian
• Anabaptist
• Catholic Reformation
• Jesuits
• Council of Trent
Assessment
4
GRAPH
HOME
The Reformation
Continues
MAP
Section
4
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
Compare the ideas of reformers who came after Luther.
Reformers
Ideas
John Calvin
• People are sinful by nature.
• Ideal government is a theocracy.
Anabaptists
• Only adults baptized
• Church and state separate.
Catholic Reformers
• Church interpretation of Bible is final.
• Need faith and good works to be saved
continued . . .
4
GRAPH
HOME
The Reformation
Continues
MAP
Section
4
Assessment
2. Which of the steps taken by Popes Paul III and Paul
IV to reform the Catholic Church do you think were
wise? Which were unwise? Explain. THINK ABOUT
• the goals of the reforming popes
• whether the steps clearly addressed those goals
• possible effects of each step
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
Wise—Calling the council of cardinals and the Council of Trent
helped clarify the Catholic position on controversial issues; approving
the Jesuits helped combat Protestantism and spread Catholicism.
Unwise—Using the Inquisition may have made martyrs out of
Protestants; creating the Index of Forbidden Books
blocked the spread of new ideas.
End of Section 4