Download Critical Thinking Application Answer

LABORATORY EXERCISE 1
SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND MEASUREMENTS
Critical Thinking Application Answer
Answers and data will vary.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
(experimental results)
2.
(experimental results)
3.
Answers will vary, however many students will conclude that the data will support the original hypothesis.
PART B
1–6.
Answers will vary.
1
LABORATORY EXERCISE 2
BODY ORGANIZATION AND TERMINOLOGY
Instructional Suggestion
If a dissectible torso (manikin) is not available, you might want to have students consult the figures in various sections of the
textbook, particularly the body sections in the reference plates following chapter 1, to gain some understanding of the
organizational pattern of the human body.
Figure Labels
FIG. 2.1
1.
Thoracic cavity
4.
Pelvic cavity
2.
Abdominal cavity
5.
Cranial cavity
3.
Abdominopelvic cavity
6.
Vertebral canal (spinal cavity)
FIG. 2.2
1.
Frontal sinuses
4.
Oral cavity
2.
Orbital cavities
5.
Sphenoidal sinus
3.
Nasal cavity
6.
Middle ear cavity
FIG. 2.3a
1.
Visceral pleura
4.
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
2.
Pleural cavity
5.
Pericardial cavity
3.
Parietal pleura
6.
Parietal pericardium
9.
Parietal peritoneum
FIG. 2.3b
7.
Visceral peritoneum
8.
Peritoneal cavity
FIG. 2.4a
1.
Epigastric region
6.
Left hypochondriac region
2.
Right hypochondriac region
7.
Left lumbar region
3.
Right lumbar region
8.
Left iliac region (left inguinal region)
4.
Umbilical region
9.
Hypogastric region
5.
Right iliac region (right inguinal region)
FIG. 2.4b
10.
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
12.
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
11.
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
13.
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
3.
Transverse (horizontal) plane
FIG. 2.5
1.
Coronal (frontal) plane
2.
Sagittal plane (midsagittal plane)
FIG. 2.6a
1.
Nasal
6.
Mammary
11.
Carpal
16.
Tarsal
2.
Oral
7.
Brachial
12.
Palmar
17.
Cephalic
3.
Cervical
8.
Antecubital
13.
Digital
18.
Frontal
4.
Acromial
9.
Abdominal
14.
Genital
19.
Orbital
5.
Axillary
10.
Antebrachial
15.
Crural
20.
Buccal
2
21.
Mental
23.
Pectoral
25.
Inguinal
27.
Patellar
22.
Sternal
24.
Umbilical
26.
Coxal
28.
Pedal
FIG. 2.6b
29.
Otic
33.
Brachial
37.
Sacral
41.
Popliteal
30.
Occipital
34.
Dorsum
38.
Gluteal
42.
31.
Acromial
35.
Cubital
39.
Perineal
Crural (leg) or
sural (calf)
32.
Vertebral
36.
Lumbar
40.
Femoral
43.
Plantar
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
a
5.
b
9.
e
13.
g
2.
g
6.
d
10.
h
14.
g
3.
a
7.
a
11.
f
4.
a
8.
f
12.
c
PART B
1.
visceral pleura
5.
serous fluid (pleural fluid)
2.
visceral pericardium
6.
visceral pericardium
3.
parietal peritoneum
7.
mediastinum
4.
visceral peritoneum
8.
diaphragm
PART C
1.
c
4.
g
7.
e
10.
b
2.
d
5.
j
8.
f
11.
a
3.
h
6.
i
9.
k
PART D
1.
c
4.
b
7.
k
10.
d
2.
a
5.
l
8.
h
11.
e
3.
g
6.
j
9.
i
12.
f
PART E
1.
inferior
4.
anterior
7.
distal
10.
(correct)
2.
(correct)
5.
(correct)
8.
(correct)
11.
contralateral
3.
(correct)
6.
(correct)
9.
superficial
12.
deep
PART F (figure 2.7a and b)
1.
Transverse (horizontal) plane
4.
Cross section
2.
Coronal (frontal) plane
5.
Oblique section
3.
Sagittal plane
6.
Longitudinal section
PART G
1.
f
5.
k
9.
l
13.
j
2.
i
6.
m
10.
h
14.
g
3.
n
7.
o
11.
d
15.
b
4.
c
8.
a
12.
e
3
PART H
1.
j
5.
l
9.
d
13.
a
2.
c
6.
n
10.
m
14.
b
3.
f
7.
h
11.
i
15.
g
4.
k
8.
o
12.
e
Critical Thinking Application Answers
PART I
1.
LUQ
4.
RUQ
2.
RLQ
5.
LUQ or LLQ
3.
any or all quadrants
6.
LUQ
4
LABORATORY EXERCISE 3
CARE AND USE OF THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
Instructional Suggestions
1. To stimulate student interest in use of the microscope, you may want to have students prepare wet
mounts of pond water and observe the various forms of life present. A plankton net is a helpful
device to concentrate pond organisms. Students can be encouraged to bring samples of pond water
to class in preparation for this experiment.
2. You may want to provide students with prepared slides of major human organs to examine as a
way of increasing their experience with using the microscope.
3. If oil-immersion objectives are available, you may want to provide students with prepared slides of
various forms of bacteria to observe using these objectives.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
Answers will vary depending upon the order of the three colored threads. However, the colored thread on the top will be in focus
first, the middle one second, and the bottom one last as the student continues to turn the fine adjustment the same direction.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
100
2.
1,000
(sketch)
4.
About 2.2 mm
2.
About 4.5 mm for scanning power (using 4
objective)
5.
About 2,200 micrometers
3.
About 4,500 micrometers
5.
Light intensity is decreased when high-power
objective is used.
PART B
1.
PART C
1.
(sketch)
2.
About 1.7 mm (using a 10 objective)
3.
The diameter of the scanning-power field of view
is about 2.6 times greater than that of the lowpower field of view.
6.
(sketch)
7.
Upside down and reversed from right to left
8.
Left
Student is unable to see two adjacent mm lines
on the scale in a high-power field of view.
9.
Toward the observer
4.
PART D
1.
f
6.
j
2.
i
7.
d
3.
c
8.
b
4.
a
9.
g
5.
h
10.
e
PART E
(sketches)
5
LABORATORY EXERCISE 4
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Instructional Suggestions
1. Instead of preparing cheek cell slides, you may want to have students prepare slides of plant cells
using Elodea leaves or onion skin.
2. If live frogs are available, you may want to pith the frogs and have students prepare wet mounts
using small samples of the ciliated epithelium that lines the oral cavity. They also can prepare
smears of frog blood and stain the cells with methylene blue, and prepare wet mounts of sperm
cells from the testes of the male frogs. You then might provide students with prepared slides of
human ciliated epithelium, blood, and sperm cells and have the students compare the frog cells
with the human cells.
Figure Labels
FIG. 4.1
1.
Flagellum
9.
Nucleus
2.
Cell membrane
10.
Nucleolus
3.
Centrioles
11.
Nuclear envelope
4.
Golgi apparatus
12.
Chromatin
5.
Microtubule
13.
Ribosomes
6.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
14.
Mitochondrion
7.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
15.
Cilia
8.
Lysosome
FIG. 4.2
1.
Carbohydrate
5.
Cholesterol molecule
2.
Fibrous protein
6.
Globular protein
3.
Phospholipid bilayer (double layer)
7.
Phospholipid “tail” (fatty acid)
4.
Glycolipid
8.
Phospholipid “head” (phosphate group)
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The outer body surface is the same tissue as inside the cheek, however outer surface cells are dead from drying out. Light
scraping of the inside of the cheek does not hurt or bleed as stratified squamous epithelial tissue is many cells thick. Epithelial
cells lack nerve endings and blood vessels between the cells which makes the tissue ideal for coverings and protection.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
c
6.
r
11.
e
16.
p
2.
h
7.
n
12.
g
17.
m
3.
l
8.
k
13.
d
18.
o
4.
b
9.
f
14.
j
5.
q
10.
a
15.
i
6
PART B
1.
(sketch)
2.
The wet-mount cells look like shells or “ghosts.”
The stained cells made the nucleus and other
cellular components more clearly visible.
3.
Yes. The stained cheek cells are essentially the
same size and shape; however, the process of cell
removal may cause many of the cells to become
folded and distorted.
3.
Answers will vary.
PART C
1.
(sketches)
2.
They should always notice cytoplasm, nucleus,
nuclear envelope, and cell membrane.
PART D (figure 4.4)
1.
Ribosomes
7.
Endoplasmic reticulum
2.
Nuclear envelope
8.
Nuclear envelope
3.
Golgi apparatus
9.
Nucleolus
4.
Mitochondrion (cross section)
10.
Chromatin
5.
Chromatin
11.
Centriole
6.
Mitochondria
12.
Cell membrane
2.
Only nonliving cells can be observed, and only
sections of a cell can be observed.
PART E
1.
Answers will vary.
7
LABORATORY EXERCISE 5
MOVEMENTS THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES
Instructional Suggestion
Instead of using human blood for Procedure C, you may want to substitute some other type of animal blood obtained from a meat
packing house, a veterinarian, or a biological supplier.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
(experimental results)
2.
(experimental results)
3.
Answers will vary.
4.
Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an
area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration as a result of molecular motion.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
yes
yes
no
no
yes
PART B
1.
Answers will vary.
2.
Answers will vary.
3.
A greater volume of fluid is in the thistle tube.
4.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules
from an area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration through a selectively
permeable membrane.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
PART C
1.
(sketches)
3.
2.
Tube 3. There was a net movement of water out
of the cells.
Tube 1. There was a net movement of water into
the cells.
4.
Tube 2. There was no net movement of water into
or out of the cells.
8
PART D
1.
Water, glucose, and starch
2.
The tests for glucose and starch were positive.
3.
Gravity
4.
Charcoal
5.
Pores in the filter paper were too small.
6.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
no
yes
no
no
yes
9
Filtration is the movement of substances through
a membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure
that is greater on one side of the membrane than
on the other side.
LABORATORY EXERCISE 6
THE CELL CYCLE
Figure Labels
FIG. 6.1
1.
Prophase
3.
Anaphase
2.
Metaphase
4.
Telophase and cytokinesis
FIG. 6.2
1.
Chromosome (chromatid)
3.
Centriole
2.
Centromere
4.
Spindle fiber (microtubules)
Critical Thinking Application Answer
Interphase. Even in rapidly dividing cells interphase is the most prevalent because it requires the longest period of time for
growth and duplication of cell structures.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
Table:
Stage
Major Events Occurring
Interphase
Growth, duplication of cell structures, and normal metabolism take place.
Prophase
Nuclear envelope disappears; chromatin fibers condense, forming chromosomes (paired chromatids);
centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell.
Metaphase
Chromosomes align midway between centrioles.
Anaphase
Microtubules pull chromosomes toward centrioles.
Telophase
Chromosomes elongate and become chromatin fibers; nuclear envelopes reappear.
Cytoplasmic division
Cell membrane constricts, dividing cell into new cells (daughter cells).
PART B
(sketches)
PART C
1.
Each new cell contains identical chromosomes.
2.
They may be slightly different in size and
numbers of organelles.
3.
Mitosis involves the division of the nuclear
contents and the distribution of identical sets of
chromosomes to the new cells; cytoplasmic
division (cytokinesis) involves the division of the
cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles.
PART D (figure 6.5a–d)
a.
Metaphase
c.
Prophase
b.
Telophase
d.
Anaphase
PART E (figure 6.5a–d)
1.
Chromosome (chromatid)
4.
Nuclear envelope
2.
Cytokinesis (cleavage furrow)
5.
Centrioles/centrosome
3.
Cell membrane
6.
Spindle fibers (microtubules)
10
LABORATORY EXERCISE 7
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
f
4.
d
7.
e
10.
a
2.
d
5.
c
8.
f
11.
a
3.
c
6.
d
9.
b
12.
e
PART B
(sketches)
Critical Thinking Application Answer
Stratified squamous epithelium would have excellent protection as it is several cells thick. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
with cilia would provide good movement of mucus and trapped particles away from the lungs.
11
LABORATORY EXERCISE 8
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
e
5.
i
9.
g
13.
f
2.
a
6.
d
10.
h
14.
j
3.
b
7.
a
11.
a
4.
c
8.
h
12.
c
PART B
(sketches)
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The spleen is composed of reticular connective tissue. This type of tissue contains only short, thin, collagenous fibers (reticular
fibers) that are widely scattered. The result is a delicate distribution of fibers among cells and a fluid ground substance. (Spleen
repair is almost impossible due to the short reticular fibers. A ruptured spleen is usually removed in surgery.)
12
LABORATORY EXERCISE 9
MUSCLE AND NERVOUS TISSUES
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
b
4.
a
7.
c
2.
a
5.
c
8.
a
3.
d
6.
b
9.
d
PART B
(sketches)
13
10.
b
LABORATORY EXERCISE 10
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Figure Labels
FIG. 10.1
1.
Epidermis
5.
Sweat gland pore
2.
Dermis
6.
Sweat gland duct
3.
Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
7.
Sebaceous gland
4.
Hair shaft
8.
Arrector pili muscle
FIG. 10.2
1.
Stratum corneum
4.
Stratum spinosum
2.
Stratum lucidum
5.
Stratum basale
3.
Stratum granulosum
6.
Basement membrane
FIG. 10.3
1.
Arrector pili muscle
5.
Hair follicle
2.
Region of cell division
6.
Sweat gland (eccrine gland)
3.
Hair root (keratinized cells)
7.
Hair papilla
4.
Sebaceous gland
8.
Dermal blood vessels
Critical Thinking Application Answer
Melanin granules are concentrated within some of the most superficial living cells of the body. Because melanin absorbs the
ultraviolet radiation of sunlight, minimal damaging wavelengths reach the living cells of the dermis. (Most of the melanin
granules are oriented on the superficial side of the nucleus that serve as a protective shield of the nucleus of the epidermal cells.)
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
k
5.
c
9.
j
13.
f
2.
m
6.
d
10.
g
14.
b
3.
a
7.
i
11.
n
4.
h
8.
e
12.
l
PART B
1.
Answers will vary.
2.
Answers will vary.
3.
Epidermal cells at the base of the hair follicle
divide and grow, pushing older cells outward; as
these cells die, they become the keratinized parts
of the hair.
4.
The pigment melanin is produced by
melanocytes.
PART C
1.
Epidermis is the outer layer of the skin, whereas
dermis is the inner layer; the subcutaneous layer
binds the dermis to the underlying organs.
2.
Cells of the stratum basale are living and
reproduce actively; cells of the stratum corneum
are dead and keratinized and form the surface
layer of the skin.
14
3.
Melanin is found in the stratum basale.
4.
It contains both elastic and collagenous fibers
that give the dermis the qualities of elasticity and
strength.
PART D
1.
Hair root
2.
Dermis
PART E
(sketch)
15
3.
Sebaceous glands are usually connected to hair
follicles and secrete sebum into the follicles.
4.
Dermis
LABORATORY EXERCISE 11
STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF BONE
Figure Labels
FIG. 11.1
1.
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
6.
Periosteum
2.
Spongy bone (red marrow)
7.
Proximal epiphysis
3.
Compact bone
8.
Diaphysis
4.
Medullary cavity
9.
Distal epiphysis
5.
Yellow marrow
FIG. 11.2
1.
Spongy bone
6.
Perforating canal
2.
Compact bone
7.
Blood vessels
3.
Osteon
8.
Nerve
4.
Periosteum
9.
Canaliculus
5.
Osteonic canal
10.
Osteocyte
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The closest blood supply to an osteocyte is located in the osteonic canal of an osteon unit. Nutrients and wastes can move from
one cell to another via small cellular processes located in minute tubes in the matrix called canaliculi. In this way, all of the
osteocytes of one osteon are tied together to a blood source.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
flat
2.
short
3.
long
4.
irregular
5.
round or sesamoid
6.
flat
7.
Epiphysis refers to the expanded end of a long
bone; diaphysis refers to the shaft between the
ends of such a bone.
8.
Hyaline cartilage covers the articular ends of a
long bone.
9.
Dense connective tissue comprises the
periosteum that encloses the bone except for its
articular ends.
10.
Periosteum forms the outer covering of a bone,
whereas endosteum lines its hollow, internal
chambers.
PART B
1.
Compact bone has osteons closely packed
together, and spongy bone has large spaces
between thin bony plates called trabeculae.
2.
Compact bone provides strength in the shaft and
along the borders of the bone. Spongy bone
reduces the weight of the bone and provides
spaces occupied by red marrow.
3.
The marrow in the medullary cavity of an adult is
yellow, but marrow in the spaces of spongy bone
is red.
PART C (figure 11.3a and b)
1.
Epiphysis (distal)
4.
Medullary cavity (occupied by yellow marrow)
2.
Diaphysis
5.
Compact bone
3.
Epiphysis (proximal)
6.
Spongy bone (occupied by red marrow)
16
LABORATORY EXERCISE 12
ORGANIZATION OF THE SKELETON
Figure Labels
FIG. 12.1a
1.
2.
Cranial bones
(cranium)
5.
Sternum
9.
Carpals
14.
Metatarsal
6.
Rib
10.
Metacarpal
15.
Phalanx
Facial bones
(face)
7.
Vertebral
column
(vertebra)
11.
Phalanx
12.
Patella
13.
Tarsals
3.
Skull
4.
Clavicle
8.
Coxal bone
FIG. 12.1b
16.
Scapula
19.
Radius
22.
Fibula
24.
Sacrum
17.
Humerus
20.
Femur
23.
25.
Coccyx
18.
Ulna
21.
Tibia
Vertebral
column
(vertebra)
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The largest foramen in the skull is the foramen magnum in the occipital bone. The largest foramen in the human body is the
obturator foramen in the coxal bone.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
sutural bones (wormian bones)
9.
ulna
2.
reduce friction where tendons pass over bony
prominences
10.
carpals
11.
sacrum
3.
skull
12.
pelvis
4.
hyoid
13.
patella
5.
coccyx
14.
tarsals
6.
sternum
15.
phalanges
7.
twelve
8.
pectoral girdle
PART B
1.
c
3.
a
5.
g
2.
f
4.
e
6.
b
PART C
1.
c
5.
b
2.
a
6.
d
3.
g
7.
f
4.
e
17
7.
d
LABORATORY EXERCISE 13
THE SKULL
Instructional Suggestion
You might want to have the students use colored pencils to color the bones in figures 13.1 through 13.5. They should use a
different color for each of the individual bones in the series. This activity should cause the students to observe the figures more
carefully and help them to locate the various bones that are shown from different views in the figures. The students can check
their work by referring to the corresponding full-color figures in the textbook.
Figure Labels
FIG. 13.1
1.
Parietal bone
9.
Supraorbital foramen
2.
Frontal bone
10.
Nasal bone
3.
Coronal suture
11.
Sphenoid bone
4.
Temporal bone
12.
Zygomatic bone
5.
Perpendicular plate (of ethmoid bone)
13.
Middle nasal concha (of ethmoid bone)
6.
Infraorbital foramen
14.
Inferior nasal concha
7.
Vomer bone
15.
Maxillary bone
8.
Mandible
16.
Mental foramen
FIG. 13.2
1.
Parietal bone
12.
Coronal suture
2.
Squamosal suture
13.
Frontal bone
3.
Lambdoidal suture
14.
Sphenoid bone
4.
Temporal bone
15.
Lacrimal bone
5.
Occipital bone
16.
Nasal bone
6.
Temporal process (of zygomatic bone)
17.
Zygomatic bone
7.
External auditory meatus
18.
Maxillary bone
8.
Mastoid process
19.
Mental foramen
9.
Styloid process
20.
Mandible
10.
Mandibular condyle
21.
Coronoid process
11.
Zygomatic process (of temporal bone)
FIG. 13.3
1.
Maxillary bone
8.
Occipital condyle
2.
Zygomatic bone
9.
Temporal bone
3.
Sphenoid bone
10.
Palatine process (of maxillary bone)
4.
Vomer bone
11.
Palatine bone
5.
Zygomatic arch
12.
Foramen magnum
6.
Styloid process
13.
Lambdoidal suture
7.
Mastoid process
14.
Occipital bone
18
FIG. 13.4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ethmoid bone
Foramen magnum
Crista galli
Cribriform plate (olfactory foramina)
Frontal bone
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Sella turcica
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Parietal bone
Squamosal suture
Lambdoidal suture
Occipital bone
Sella turcica
Styloid process
Sphenoidal sinus
Vomer bone
FIG. 13.5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Frontal sinus
Crista galli
Nasal bone
Perpendicular plate (of ethmoid bone)
Maxillary bone
Mandible
Temporal bone
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone with numerous olfactory foramina is a weak location of the cranium. Excessive pressure
on the cribiform plate could result in a skull fracture.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
2.
3.
d
a
a
4.
5.
6.
f
c
f
7.
8.
9.
f
a
c
10.
11.
12.
4.
5.
6.
squamosal
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
maxillary bone
e
f
b
PART B
1.
2.
3.
coronal
sagittal
lambdoidal
PART C
1.
2.
3.
e
c
c
4.
5.
6.
h
d
g
7.
8.
9.
h
a
d
10.
11.
12.
c
f
b
3.
4.
g
f
5.
6.
d
b
7.
e
6.
7.
8.
9.
Mandible
Middle nasal concha (of ethmoid bone)
Inferior nasal concha
Mental foramen
PART D
1.
2.
c
a
PART E (figures 13.7–13.11)
FIG. 13.7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Frontal
Nasal
Zygomatic
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
19
FIG. 13.8
1.
Parietal
8.
Mandibular condyle
2.
Squamosal suture
9.
Coronal suture
3.
Temporal
10.
Frontal
4.
Lambdoidal suture
11.
Zygomatic process (of temporal bone)
5.
Occipital
12.
Zygomatic
6.
External auditory meatus
13.
Maxilla
7.
Mastoid process
14.
Mandible
FIG. 13.9
1.
Maxilla
7.
Palatine process of maxilla
2.
Zygomatic bone
8.
Palatine bone
3.
Sphenoid bone
9.
Vomer bone
4.
Temporal bone
10.
Occipital condyle
5.
Occipital bone
11.
Foramen magnum
6.
Incisive foramen
FIG. 13.10
1.
Frontal bone
5.
Ethmoid bone
2.
Temporal bone
6.
Sphenoid bone
3.
Parietal bone
7.
Sella turcica
4.
Occipital bone
8.
Foramen magnum
FIG. 13.11
1.
Parietal bone
5.
Maxilla
2.
Sphenoid bone
6.
Frontal bone
3.
Temporal bone
7.
Mandible
4.
Zygomatic bone
20
LABORATORY EXERCISE 14
VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THORACIC CAGE
Figure Labels
FIG. 14.1
1.
Cervical vertebrae
5.
Intervertebral foramina
2.
Thoracic vertebrae
6.
Sacrum
3.
Lumbar vertebrae
7.
Coccyx
4.
Intervertebral disks
FIG. 14.2
1.
Fovea dentis (facet for dens)
6.
Superior articular facet
2.
Facet that articulates with occipital condyle
7.
Transverse foramen
3.
Transverse foramen
8.
Body
4.
Transverse process
9.
Spinous process
5.
Dens (odontoid process)
FIG. 14.3
1.
Lamina
11.
Spinous process
2.
Body
12.
Transverse process
3.
Lamina
13.
Facet for rib tubercle
4.
Pedicle
14.
Superior articular facet
5.
Body
15.
Facet for rib head
6.
Lamina
16.
Vertebral foramen
7.
Superior articular facet
17.
Transverse process
8.
Spinous process (bifid)
18.
Pedicle
9.
Transverse foramen
19.
Body
10.
Transverse process
FIG. 14.4
1.
Sacral promontory
5.
Tubercle of medial sacral crest
2.
Pelvic (ventral) sacral foramen
6.
Dorsal sacral foramen
3.
Superior articular process
7.
Sacral hiatus
4.
Sacral canal
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The four curvatures allow more resiliency and flexibility, which will enable the vertebral column to function more like a spring
instead of a rigid rod.
FIG. 14.5
1.
Sternal notch
7.
Clavicular notch
2.
Sternal angle
8.
Manubrium
3.
True ribs
9.
Body
4.
False ribs
10.
Xiphoid process
5.
Floating ribs
11.
Sternum
6.
Thoracic vertebrae
12.
Costal cartilage
21
FIG. 14.6
1.
Neck
5.
Anterior (sternal) end
2.
Head
6.
Tubercle
3.
Tubercle
7.
Anterior (sternal) end
4.
Shaft
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
spinal cord
10.
atlas
2.
33
11.
axis
3.
26
12.
dens
4.
primary
13.
lumbar
5.
bodies
14.
five
6.
intervertebral disks
15.
sacroiliac
7.
vertebral arch
16.
sacral promontory
8.
spinal nerves
17.
sacral hiatus
9.
vertebral arteries
PART B
Vertebra
Number
Size
Body
Spinous Process
Transverse
Foramina
Cervical
7
Smallest
Smallest
C2 through C5 are forked
Present
Thoracic
12
Intermediate
Intermediate
Pointed and angle
downward
Absent
Lumbar
5
Largest
Largest
Short, blunt, and nearly
horizontal
Absent
PART C
1.
206
5.
clavicles
2.
floating
6.
a.
supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs
3.
transverse
b.
protects visceral organs
4.
hyaline cartilage
c.
functions in breathing
PART D (figure 14.7)
1.
Spinous process
4.
Transverse process
2.
Atlas
5.
Intervertebral disk
3.
Axis
6.
Body of sixth cervical vertebra
22
LABORATORY EXERCISE 15
PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB
Figure Labels
FIG. 15.1
1.
Acromion process
7.
Costal cartilage
2.
Head of humerus
8.
Scapula
3.
Coracoid process
9.
Humerus
4.
Clavicle
10.
Ulna
5.
Rib
11.
Radius
6.
Sternum
FIG. 15.2
1.
Acromion process
7.
Medial (vertebral) border
2.
Coracoid process
8.
Glenoid cavity
3.
Superior border
9.
Lateral (axillary) border
4.
Supraspinous fossa
10.
Coracoid process
5.
Spine
11.
Glenoid cavity
6.
Infraspinous fossa
12.
Acromion process
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The clavicles brace the freely movable scapulae, helping to hold the shoulders in place. If an excessive lengthwise force occurs
on this structurally weak bone, as when a person breaks a fall with an outstretched rigid upper limb, it is likely to fracture.
FIG. 15.3
1.
Head
9.
Lesser tubercle
2.
Greater tubercle
10.
Intertubercular groove
3.
Anatomical neck
11.
Deltoid tuberosity
4.
Surgical neck
12.
Coronoid fossa
5.
Olecranon fossa
13.
Capitulum
6.
Lateral epicondyle
14.
Trochlea
7.
Capitulum
15.
Medial epicondyle
8.
Greater tubercle
16.
Trochlea
FIG. 15.4
1.
Trochlear notch
5.
Styloid process
2.
Coronoid process
6.
Olecranon process
3.
Head of radius
7.
Head of ulna
4.
Radial tuberosity
8.
Styloid process
FIG. 15.5
1.
Olecranon process
4.
Head of radius
2.
Humerus
5.
Radius
3.
Olecranon fossa
6.
Ulna
23
FIG. 15.6
1.
Distal phalanx
8.
Hamate
2.
Middle phalanx
9.
Phalanges
3.
Proximal phalanx
10.
Trapezium
4.
Metacarpals
11.
Trapezoid
5.
Carpals
12.
Scaphoid
6.
Pisiform
13.
Capitate
7.
Triquetrum
14.
Lunate
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
scapulae
5.
spine
2.
manubrium (clavicular notch)
6
acromion process
3.
acromion processes
7.
coracoid process
4.
clavicle
8.
head
PART B
1.
a
5.
d
9.
f
13.
b
2.
b
6.
b
10.
e
14.
f
3.
b
7.
a
11.
a
15.
e
4.
c
8.
b
12.
a
PART C (figures 15.7, 15.8, and 15.9)
1.
Ulna
9.
Clavicle
2.
Humerus
10.
Scapula
3.
Olecranon process
11.
Rib
4.
Head of radius
12.
Phalanges
5.
Radius
13.
Metacarpals
6.
Acromion process
14.
Carpals
7.
Head of humerus
15.
Distal phalanx
8.
Humerus
16.
Proximal phalanx
24
LABORATORY EXERCISE 16
PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB
Figure Labels
FIG. 16.1
1.
Coxal bone
2.
Sacrum
3.
Coccyx
FIG. 16.2a
1.
Ilium
7.
Ischial tuberosity
2.
Posterior superior iliac spine
8.
Iliac crest
3.
Greater sciatic notch
9.
Anterior superior iliac spine
4.
Ischial spine
10.
Acetabulum
5.
Lesser sciatic notch
11.
Pubis
6.
Ischium
12.
Obturator foramen
FIG. 16.2b
13.
Anterior superior iliac spine
18.
Posterior superior iliac spine
14.
Ilium
19.
Greater sciatic notch
15.
Pubis
20.
Ischial spine
16.
Iliac crest
21.
Lesser sciatic notch
17.
Iliac fossa
22.
Ischium
Critical Thinking Application Answer
All the features examined are wider in the female pelvis which will result in a larger pelvic cavity and must also serve as a birth
canal for a vaginal delivery.
FIG. 16.3
1.
Fovea capitis
8.
Head
2.
Neck
9.
Neck
3.
Lesser trochanter
10.
Lesser trochanter
4.
Medial epicondyle
11.
Linea aspera
5.
Lateral epicondyle
12.
Lateral condyle
6.
Patellar surface
13.
Medial condyle
7.
Greater trochanter
FIG. 16.4
1.
Medial condyle
6.
Lateral condyle
2.
Tibial tuberosity
7.
Head of fibula
3.
Anterior crest
8.
Fibula
4.
Tibia
9.
Lateral malleolus
5.
Medial malleolus
25
FIG. 16.5
1.
Medial condyle
4.
Fibula
2.
Femur
5.
Tibia
3.
Lateral condyle
FIG. 16.6a
1.
Fibula
4.
Calcaneus
2.
Tibia
5.
Navicular
3.
Talus
6.
Medial cuneiform
FIG. 16.6b
1.
Tarsals
8.
Lateral cuneiform
2.
Metatarsals
9.
Intermediate cuneiform
3.
Phalanges
10.
Medial cuneiform
4.
Calcaneus
11.
Proximal phalanx
5.
Talus
12.
Middle phalanx
6.
Navicular
13.
Distal phalanx
7.
Cuboid
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
coxal bones
4.
ischial spines
6.
iliac crest
2.
acetabulum
5.
7.
tuberosity
3.
ilium
symphysis
pubis
9.
obturator
foramen
8.
pubic arch
10.
sacroiliac
PART B
1.
e
4.
a
7.
g
10.
b
2.
a
5.
f
8.
f
11.
d
3.
g
6.
f
9.
a
12.
c
PART C (figures 16.7, 16.8, and 16.9)
1.
Obturator foramen
10.
Lateral condyle
2.
Symphysis pubis
11.
Head of fibula
3.
Ilium
12.
Fibula
4.
Sacrum
13.
Tibia
5.
Head of femur
14.
Talus
6.
Pubis
15.
Calcaneus
7.
Femur
16.
Metatarsal
8.
Tibia
17.
Proximal phalanx
9.
Lateral epicondyle
18.
Distal phalanx
26
LABORATORY EXERCISE 17
THE JOINTS
Critical Thinking Application Answer
Maximum flexion of body parts can occur when in fetal position or performing a cannon ball into a swimming pool.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
b
4.
e
2.
c
5.
a
3.
d
PART B (figure 17.6)
1.
Suture
6.
Hinge
2.
Symphysis
7.
Pivot
3.
Symphysis
8.
Condyloid
4.
Pivot
9.
Saddle
5.
Gliding
10.
Ball-and-socket
PART C
1.
a
6.
a
2.
b
7.
d (b and c also present)
3.
e
8.
f
4.
d
9.
c
5.
d
10.
c
PART D (figure 17.7)
1.
Rotation
14.
Flexion
2.
Elevation
15.
Extension
3.
Supination
16.
Flexion
4.
Pronation
17.
Flexion
5.
Abduction
18.
Extension
6.
Adduction
19.
Flexion
7.
Flexion
20.
Extension
8.
Extension
21.
Flexion
9.
Abduction
22.
Extension
10.
Adduction
23.
Flexion
11.
Protraction
24.
Extension
12.
Retraction
25.
Dorsiflexion
13.
Extension
26.
Plantar flexion
27
PART E
Table:
Type of Joint
Bones Included
Types of Movement Possible
Ball-and-socket
Humerus, scapula
Movements in all planes and rotation
Hinge and gliding
Humerus, radius, ulna
Flexion and extension between humerus and ulna;
twisting movements occur between humerus
and radius
Ball-and-socket
Femur, coxal bone
Movements in all planes and rotation
Hinge (modified), condyloid, and
gliding
Femur, tibia
Flexion and extension between femur and tibia and
slight rotation when flexed; sliding
movements occur between femur and patella
28
LABORATORY 18
SKELETAL MUSCLE STRUCTURE
Figure Labels
FIG. 18.2
1.
Epimysium
7.
Tendon
2.
Perimysium
8.
Fascia
3.
Endomysium
9.
Fascicle
4.
Muscle fibers (cells)
10.
Nucleus
5.
Sarcolemma (cell membrane)
11.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
6.
Myofibrils
12.
Filaments
FIG. 18.3
1.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
6.
Sarcoplasm
2.
Transverse tubule
7.
Sarcolemma
3.
Openings to transverse tubules
8.
Myofibrils
4.
Mitochondria
9.
Cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum
5.
Myofilaments
10.
Nucleus
FIG. 18.4
1.
Coracoid process
4.
Radius
2.
Origins of biceps brachii (tendons)
5.
Insertion of biceps brachii (tendon)
3.
Biceps brachii
6.
Ulna
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
n
5.
b
9.
j
13.
g
2.
k
6.
a
10.
c
14.
f
3.
e
7.
i
11.
l
4.
h
8.
d
12.
m
7.
prime movers
PART B (figure 18.5)
1.
Z line
4.
M line
2.
I band (light)
5.
A band (dark)
3.
H zone
6.
Sarcomere
PART C
1.
origin
3.
two heads
5.
prime mover
2.
insertion
4.
biceps brachii
6.
synergists
29
LABORATORY EXERCISE 19
SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
h
6.
f
2.
a
7.
g
3.
c
8.
d
4.
i
9.
e
5.
b
PART B
1.
Answers will vary.
2.
Answers will vary.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
Probably not; differences in electrolyte concentrations and various other factors would probably result in slightly different values.
PART C
1.
(attached myogram)
2.
(labels for myogram)
3.
Answers will vary.
PART D
1.
(attached myogram)
4.
Answers will vary.
2.
(labels for myogram)
5.
Answers will vary.
3.
Answers will vary.
6.
Answers will vary.
30
LABORATORY EXERCISE 20
MUSCLES OF THE FACE, HEAD, AND NECK
Figure Labels
FIG. 20.1
1.
Frontalis of epicranius
6.
Orbicularis oculi
2.
Occipitalis of epicranius
7.
Zygomaticus
3.
Masseter
8.
Buccinator
4.
Sternocleidomastoid
9.
Orbicularis oris
5.
Temporalis
10.
Platysma
2.
Medial pterygoid
2.
Splenius capitis
FIG. 20.2
1.
Lateral pterygoid
FIG. 20.3
1.
Longissimus capitis (erector spinae)
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
zygomaticus
7.
lateral
2.
buccinator
8.
orbicularis oculi
3.
orbicularis oris
9.
sternocleidomastoid
4.
lateral pterygoid
10.
splenius capitis
5.
raise the jaw/elevate mandible (as in biting)
11.
platysma
6.
medial
12.
zygomaticus
PART B
1.
epicranius
6.
buccinator
2.
zygomaticus
7.
platysma
3.
masseter
8.
temporalis
4.
lateral pterygoid
9.
splenius capitis
5.
sternocleidomastoid
10.
semispinalis capitis
Critical Thinking Application Answers
PART C (figure 20.4)
1.
Epicranius (frontalis)
4.
Orbicularis oris
2.
Zygomaticus
5.
Platysma
3.
Orbicularis oculi
31
LABORATORY EXERCISE 21
MUSCLES OF THE CHEST, SHOULDER, AND UPPER LIMB
Figure Labels
FIG. 21.1
1.
Trapezius
6.
Infraspinatus
2.
Deltoid
7.
Teres minor
3.
Latissimus dorsi
8.
Teres major
4.
Levator scapulae
9.
Rhomboideus major
5.
Supraspinatus
FIG. 21.2
1.
Pectoralis minor
4.
Trapezius
2.
Internal intercostal
5.
Deltoid
3.
Serratus anterior
6.
Pectoralis major
FIG. 21.3a
1.
Levator scapulae
5.
Teres minor
2.
Supraspinatus
6.
Teres major
3.
Deltoid
7.
Triceps brachii
4.
Infraspinatus
FIG. 21.3b
1.
Deltoid
4.
Coracobrachialis
2.
Biceps brachii
5.
Brachialis
3.
Subscapularis
FIG. 21.4a
1.
Biceps brachii
7.
Flexor carpi radialis
2.
Brachialis
8.
Palmaris longus
3.
Supinator
9.
Flexor carpi ulnaris
4.
Pronator teres
10.
Pronator quadratus
5.
Brachioradialis
11.
Flexor digitorum superficialis
6.
Extensor carpi radialis longus
FIG. 21.4b
1.
Triceps brachii
5.
Extensor carpi radialis longus
2.
Flexor carpi ulnaris
6.
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
3.
Extensor carpi ulnaris
7.
Extensor digitorum
4.
Brachioradialis
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
c
5.
j
9.
a
13.
d
2.
h
6.
i
10.
b
14.
g
3.
e
7.
m
11.
o
15.
f
4.
k
8.
l
12.
n
32
PART B (figure 21.5)
1.
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
7.
Extensor carpi ulnaris
2.
Extensor carpi radialis longus
8.
Flexor digitorum profundus
3.
Pronator teres
9.
Flexor digitorum superficialis
4.
Brachioradialis
10.
Flexor carpi ulnaris
5.
Flexor carpi radialis
11.
Palmaris longus
6.
Extensor digitorum
PART C
1.
rhomboideus major
9.
pronator teres
2.
serratus anterior
10.
pronator quadratus
3.
pectoralis minor
11.
brachioradialis
4.
coracobrachialis
12.
flexor carpi radialis
5.
teres major
13.
palmaris longus
6.
subscapularis
14.
extensor carpi radialis longus
7.
teres minor
15.
extensor carpi ulnaris
8.
brachialis
Critical Thinking Application Answers
PART D (figure 21.6)
1.
Trapezius
12.
Biceps brachii
2.
Deltoid
13.
Triceps brachii
3.
Pectoralis major
14.
Latissimus dorsi
4.
Rectus abdominis
15.
Pectoralis major
5.
Sternocleidomastoid
16.
Serratus anterior
6.
Biceps brachii
17.
Biceps brachii
7.
Serratus anterior
18.
Trapezius
8.
External oblique
19.
Deltoid
9.
Deltoid
20.
Triceps brachii
10.
Trapezius
21.
Brachioradialis
11.
Infraspinatus
33
LABORATORY EXERCISE 22
MUSCLES OF THE DEEP BACK, ABDOMINAL WALL, AND
PELVIC OUTLET
Figure Labels
FIG. 22.1
1.
Iliocostalis
2.
Longissimus
3.
Spinalis
FIG. 22.2
1.
Rectus abdominis
3.
Transversus abdominis
2.
Internal oblique
4.
External oblique
FIG. 22.3
1.
Ischiocavernosus
4.
Levator ani
2.
Bulbospongiosus
5.
Gluteus maximus
3.
Superficial transversus perinei
6.
External anal sphincter
FIG. 22.4
1.
Ischiocavernosus
4.
Levator ani
2.
Bulbospongiosus
5.
Gluteus maximus
3.
Superficial transversus perinei
6.
External anal sphincter
Critical Thinking Application Answer
An appendectomy incision would involve the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles from
superficial to deep.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
linea alba
2.
rectus abdominis
3.
transversus abdominis
4.
tense the abdominal wall and compress the
contents of the abdominal cavity
5.
tense the abdominal wall and flex the vertebral
column
6.
erector spinae group
PART B
1.
pelvic diaphragm
6.
ischial tuberosity
2.
anal canal and vagina
7.
levator ani
3.
support the pelvic viscera and provide
sphincterlike action in the anal canal and vagina
(aid the levator ani)
8.
support the pelvic viscera
9.
ischial spine
10.
sphincter urethrae
4.
bulbospongiosus
5.
constrict the vagina
34
LABORATORY EXERCISE 23
MUSCLES OF THE HIP AND LOWER LIMB
Figure Labels
FIG. 23.1
1.
Psoas major
6.
Vastus lateralis
2.
Iliacus
7.
Adductor longus
3.
Tensor fasciae latae
8.
Gracilis
4.
Sartorius
9.
Vastus medialis
5.
Rectus femoris
FIG. 23.2
1.
Gluteus medius
5.
Sartorius
2.
Gluteus maximus
6.
Rectus femoris
3.
Biceps femoris
7.
Vastus lateralis
4.
Tensor fasciae latae
FIG. 23.3
1.
Adductor magnus
5.
Gastrocnemius
2.
Gracilis
6.
Gluteus medius
3.
Semitendinosus
7.
Gluteus maximus
4.
Semimembranosus
8.
Biceps femoris
FIG. 23.4
1.
Tibialis anterior
3.
Extensor digitorum longus
2.
Peroneus (fibularis) longus
4.
Peroneus (fibularis) brevis
FIG. 23.5
1.
Gastrocnemius
4.
Tibialis anterior
2.
Soleus
5.
Extensor digitorum longus
3.
Peroneus (fibularis) longus
6.
Peroneus (fibularis) brevis
FIG. 23.6
1.
Gastrocnemius
4.
Peroneus (fibularis) longus
2.
Soleus
5.
Peroneus (fibularis) brevis
3.
Flexor digitorum longus
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
c
6.
b
2.
d
7.
j
3.
f
8.
a
4.
h
9.
g
5.
e
10.
i
35
PART B
1.
gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
6.
vastus lateralis
2.
adductor magnus
7.
semitendinosus
3.
sartorius
8.
vastus medialis
4.
gastrocnemius
9.
flexor digitorum longus
5.
tensor fasciae latae
10.
tibialis anterior
PART C (figure 23.7)
1.
Gastrocnemius
5.
Flexor digitorum longus
2.
Peroneus (fibularis) longus
6.
Tibialis posterior
3.
Extensor digitorum longus
7.
Tibialis anterior
4.
Soleus
Critical Thinking Application Answers
PART D (figure 23.8)
1.
Rectus femoris
5.
Vastus medialis
2.
Vastus medialis
6.
Tibialis anterior
3.
Vastus lateralis
7.
Gastrocnemius
4.
Sartorius
8.
Soleus
36
LABORATORY EXERCISE 24
CAT DISSECTION: MUSCULATURE
Instructional Suggestions
1.
You may want to provide the students with embalmed cats that have been preskinned. Such cats are available from
various biological supply companies. The use of preskinned cats will save about an hour of class time and avoid the
unpleasantness that some students associate with the skinning procedure.
2.
You may want to reduce the amount of time spent in dissecting the cat muscles by having the students dissect only
selected areas of the cat. For example, you might have them complete Procedure D (muscles of the thorax), Procedure
E (muscles of the abdominal wall), Procedure F (muscles of the shoulder and back), and Procedure H (muscles of the
hip and hind limb), omitting the other sections.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
sternocleidomastoid
2.
masseter
3.
sternohyoid, mylohyoid
PART B
1.
pectoantebrachialis
5.
external oblique
2.
xiphihumeralis
6.
internal oblique
3.
pectoralis major
7.
transversus abdominis
4.
pectoralis minor
8.
rectus abdominis
PART C
1.
clavotrapezius
6.
spinodeltoid
2.
acromiotrapezius
7.
supraspinatus
3.
spinotrapezius
8.
infraspinatus
4.
clavodeltoid
9.
infraspinatus
5.
acromiodeltoid
10.
teres major
PART D
1.
biceps brachii
3.
epitrochlearis
2.
brachialis
4.
triceps brachii
PART E (figure 24.12)
1.
Tensor fasciae latae
9.
Vastus medialis
2.
Sartorius
10.
Biceps femoris
3.
Rectus femoris
11.
Semitendinosus
4.
Adductor longus
12.
Semimembranosus
5.
Vastus lateralis
13.
Gastrocnemius
6.
Peroneus (fibularis) longus
14.
Gluteus medius
7.
Tibialis anterior
15.
Gluteus maximus
8.
Gracilis
37
LABORATORY EXERCISE 25
NERVOUS TISSUE AND NERVES
Figure Labels
FIG. 25.1
1.
Chromatophilic substance (Nissl bodies)
6.
Axon (nerve fiber)
2.
Dendrites
7.
Schwann cell
3.
Nucleus
8.
Cell body
4.
Nucleolus
9.
Neurofibrils
5.
Nodes of Ranvier
FIG. 25.2
1.
Neurilemmal sheath (of Schwann cell)
3.
Schwann cell nucleus
2.
Myelin (of Schwann cell)
4.
Axon (nerve fiber)
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
g
3.
h
5.
e
7.
a
2.
c
4.
f
6.
d
8.
b
PART B
1.
d
3.
h
5.
e
7.
c
2.
f
4.
g
6.
a
8.
b
3.
(sketch)
2.
(sketch)
PART C
1.
(sketch)
2.
(sketch)
PART D
1.
(sketch)
38
LABORATORY EXERCISE 26
NERVE IMPULSE STIMULATION
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
potassium
8.
repolarization
2.
sodium
9.
refractory period
3.
potassium
10.
all-or-none
4.
resting potential
11.
lipid
5.
depolarized
12.
Schwann cells
6.
summation
13.
saltatory
7.
repolarized
14.
faster
PART B
1.
Answers will vary.
3.
Answers will vary.
2.
Answers will vary.
4.
Answers will vary.
39
LABORATORY EXERCISE 27
THE MENINGES AND SPINAL CORD
Figure Labels
FIG. 27.1
1.
Spinal nerve
6.
Epidural space
2.
Dorsal root ganglion
7.
Ventral root of spinal nerve
3.
Gray matter
8.
Dorsal root of spinal nerve
4.
Subarachnoid space
9.
White matter
5.
Body of vertebra
FIG. 27.2
1.
Posterior funiculus
6.
Anterior funiculus
2.
Posterior horn
7.
Posterior median sulcus
3.
Lateral funiculus
8.
Central canal
4.
Lateral horn
9.
Gray commissure
5.
Anterior horn
10.
Anterior median fissure
FIG. 27.3
12
11
4
10
9
2
5
3
7
1
8
6
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
b
3.
d
5.
g
2.
c
4.
f
6.
a
PART B
1.
spinal nerves
7.
gray commissure
2.
cervical enlargement
8.
central canal
3.
lumbar enlargement
9.
funiculi
4.
posterior median sulcus
10.
nerve tracts
5.
horns
11.
meninges
6.
anterior
PART C
1.
b
4.
d
2.
e
5.
c
3.
a
PART D (figure 27.4)
1.
Dorsal root of spinal nerve
5.
Gray matter
2.
White matter
6.
Dorsal root ganglion
3.
Ventral root of spinal nerve
7.
Anterior median fissure
4.
Posterior median sulcus
8.
Central canal
40
7.
e
LABORATORY EXERCISE 28
THE REFLEX ARC AND REFLEXES
Figure Labels
FIG. 28.1
5
1
3
2
4
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
Nerve pathways
7.
quadriceps femoris
2.
central nervous system (spinal cord)
8.
upright posture
3.
Reflexes
9.
skin
4.
muscles
10.
Flexor
5.
sensory
11.
flexion
6.
quadriceps femoris
12.
Babinski
PART B
1.
Table:
Response Observed
Effector Involved
Extension of leg
Quadriceps femoris
Plantar flexion
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Flexion of forearm or slight biceps twitch
Biceps brachii
Extension of forearm or slight triceps twitch
Triceps brachii
Plantar flexion of foot and flexion of toes
Gastrocnemius, soleus, and flexor digitorum longus
2.
The quadriceps femoris is stretched, stimulating stretch receptors within the muscle. As a result, impulses pass along
sensory neurons into the spinal cord and synapse with a motor neuron. Motor impulses travel out of the cord on nerve
fibers that lead to the quadriceps femoris. Muscle fibers contract, and the leg is extended.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
All of these reflexes are rapid, subconscious responses to physical stimuli.
41
LABORATORY EXERCISE 29
THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES
Figure Labels
FIG. 29.1
12
10
6
7
1
4
11
9
8
3
5
2
FIG. 29.2
1.
Frontal lobe
3.
Parietal lobe
2.
Temporal lobe
4.
Occipital lobe
FIG. 29.3
1.
Motor area for voluntary muscle control
4.
Cutaneous sensory area
2.
Motor speech area (Broca’s area)
5.
General interpretative area
3.
Auditory area
6.
Visual area
FIG. 29.4
1.
(I) Olfactory nerve
7.
(VII) Facial nerve
2.
(II) Optic nerve
8.
(VIII) Vestibulocochlear nerve
3.
(III) Oculomotor nerve
9.
(IX) Glossopharyngeal nerve
4.
(IV) Trochlear nerve
10.
(X) Vagus nerve
5.
(V) Trigeminal nerve
11.
(XI) Accessory nerve
6.
(VI) Abducens nerve
12.
(XII) Hypoglossal nerve
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
j
8.
l
2.
f
9.
h
3.
k
10.
e
4.
d
11.
m
5.
c
12.
g
6.
a
13.
b
7.
i
42
PART B
Table:
Location
Major Functions
Anterior to primary motor cortex (frontal lobe)
Coordinates speech
Medulla oblongata
Regulates heartbeat
Between cerebellum and brain stem
Relays impulses to and from cerebellum
Midbrain
Provides motor pathways between cerebrum and lower parts
Midbrain
Contains visual and auditory reflex centers
Frontal lobe superior to Broca's area
Controls voluntary movements of eyes and eyelids
Diencephalon
Regulates body temperature and many visceral activities
Diencephalon floor and associated inner cerebrum
Controls emotional feelings
Medulla oblongata
Regulates rate and depth of breathing
Brain stem
Activates state of wakefulness
Diencephalon
Relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex
Medulla oblongata
Controls diameter of blood vessels and blood pressure
PART C (figure 29.5)
1.
Corpus callosum
6.
Pons
2.
Thalamus
7.
Medulla oblongata
3.
Hypothalamus
8.
Brain stem
4.
Diencephalon
9.
Cerebrum
5.
Midbrain
10.
Cerebellum
PART D
1.
vestibulocochlear
9.
oculomotor
2.
facial, glossopharyngeal
10.
oculomotor
3.
optic
11.
oculomotor, trochlear, abducens
4.
olfactory
12.
facial, glossopharyngeal
5.
vestibulocochlear
13.
accessory
6.
trigeminal
14.
vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
7.
trigeminal
15.
glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
8.
oculomotor
43
LABORATORY EXERCISE 30
DISSECTION OF THE SHEEP BRAIN
Instructional Suggestion
Rather than have students dissect sheep brains, you might want to provide the class with samples of whole sheep brains and
sectioned brains for examination. This should extend the use of the available specimens.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
The human cerebral hemispheres are relatively
larger than those of the sheep.
5.
The olfactory bulbs of the sheep brain are larger
than those of the human brain.
2.
There are more convolutions and sulci in the
human cerebrum.
6.
The olfactory, optic, and trigeminal nerves seem
to be most highly developed in the sheep brain.
3.
The human cerebrum with its larger size and
greater number of convolutions is more complex
and thus able to carry on more complex
functions.
7.
The senses of smell and sight and the sensory
functions associated with the trigeminal nerve are
highly developed.
4.
The human cerebellum is divided in the midline
(vermis) into two hemispheres, whereas the sheep
cerebellum is not divided.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
PART B
1–5.
Answers will vary. The sheep brain and the human brain features are more similar than different. Therefore a complete
list of similar features would be very long. Among similar features include two cerebral hemispheres, medulla
oblongata, pineal gland, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, pons, olfactory bulb, four ventricles, and others. (Note
only 5 answers are needed.)
44
LABORATORY EXERCISE 31
RECEPTORS AND SOMATIC SENSES
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
chemoreceptors
9.
touch
2.
pain
10.
pressure
3.
thermoreceptors
11.
25C (77F) and 45C (113F)
4.
mechanoreceptors
12.
10C (50F) and 20C (68F)
5.
photoreceptors
13.
nerve tissue of the brain
6.
sensation (perception)
14.
pain receptors
7.
projection
15.
referred pain
8.
sensory adaptation
3.
Answers will vary.
2.
Answers will vary.
3.
Answers will vary.
PART B
1.
(experimental results)
2.
(experimental results)
PART C
1.
(experimental results)
PART D
1.
(experimental results)
2.
(experimental results)
45
LABORATORY EXERCISE 32
SENSES OF SMELL AND TASTE
Figure Labels
FIG. 32.1
6
1
5
2
3
4
7
FIG. 32.3
6
5
1
3
4
2
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
bipolar
6.
olfactory tracts
2.
cilia
7.
frontal
3.
water
8.
sensory adaptation
4.
cribriform plate
9.
outside environment
5.
crista galli
10.
odorless
3.
Answers will vary.
PART B
1.
(experimental results)
2.
(experimental results)
Critical Thinking Application Answer
Answers will vary. Any variation in time for sensory adaptation could be a result of the concentration of the test substance,
volatility of the test substance, or the number of receptors for the test substance.
PART C
1.
epithelial
5.
receptor
2.
taste pore
6.
acids
3.
taste hairs (microvilli)
7.
salts
4.
water
8.
bitter
2.
Answers will vary.
PART D
1.
(experimental results)
46
LABORATORY EXERCISE 33
THE EAR AND HEARING
Figure Labels
FIG. 33.1
1.
Auricle
7.
Vestibulocochlear nerve
2.
Malleus
8.
Oval window
3.
Incus
9.
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
4.
Semicircular canals
10.
Auditory (Eustachian) tube
5.
Stapes
11.
External auditory meatus
6.
Cochlea
FIG. 33.2
4
2
3
7
5
6
1
8
9
FIG. 33.3a and b
1.
Scala vestibuli
5.
Organ of Corti (spiral organ)
2.
Vestibular membrane
6.
Tectorial membrane
3.
Cochlear duct
7.
Hair cell (receptor cell)
4.
Scala tympani
8.
Sensory nerve fibers of cochlear nerve
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The largest ear structure is the auricle which is able to trap and funnel a minute sound wave into the middle and inner ear
structures. This will allow a concentration of the vibrations making the sound detection more likely to occur.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
i
5.
k
9.
n
13.
f
2.
l
6.
h
10.
j
14.
a
3.
d
7.
c
11.
o
15.
g
4.
m
8.
b
12.
e
PART B (figure 33.7)
1.
Cochlear duct
4.
Basilar membrane
2.
Tectorial membrane
5.
Scala tympani
3.
Hair cells (receptor cells)
PART C
1.
(experimental results)
3.
(experimental results)
2.
(experimental results)
4.
Answers will vary.
47
LABORATORY EXERCISE 34
SENSE OF EQUILIBRIUM
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
utricle
6.
ampulla
2.
temporal
7.
crista ampullaris
3.
macula
8.
cupula
4.
calcium carbonate
9.
inertia
5.
vestibulocochlear (vestibular branch)
10.
cerebellum
PART B
1.
a. The eyes, inner ears, and proprioceptors
provide information needed to maintain
equilibrium when the eyes are open.
c. With the eyes closed, such a person would
receive very little sensory information needed to
maintain equilibrium.
b. The inner ears and proprioceptors provide
such information when the eyes are closed.
2.
a.
3.
(experimental results)
b. Probably yes; this demonstrates the
importance of visual information in maintaining
equilibrium.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
Vision, touch, and proprioception would all supplement equilibrium.
48
a.
(experimental results)
b.
Answers will vary.
LABORATORY EXERCISE 35
THE EYE
Figure Labels
FIG. 35.1
1.
Lacrimal gland
3.
Lacrimal sac
2.
Superior and inferior canaliculi
4.
Nasolacrimal duct
FIG. 35.2
1.
Superior oblique
5.
Lateral rectus
2.
Superior rectus
6.
Inferior rectus
3.
Levator palpebrae superioris
7.
Inferior oblique
4.
Medial rectus
FIG. 35.3
1.
Suspensory ligaments
9.
Sclera
2.
Iris
10.
Optic disk
3.
Cornea
11.
Optic nerve
4.
Pupil
12.
Fovea centralis
5.
Lens
13.
Vitreous humor
6.
Aqueous humor
14.
Posterior cavity
7.
Anterior cavity
15.
Retina
8.
Ciliary body
16.
Choroid coat
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The delicate retina is only located next to the choroid coat by the pressure maintained by the vitreous humor. Any alteration of
this pressure could allow the retina to detach as was easily observed during the dissection. No connective tissue was observed
between the inner and middle tunics of the eye.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
b
11.
k
2.
l
12.
m
3.
e
13.
c
4.
d
14.
h
5.
g
15.
6.
i
Cornea, aqueous humor, pupil of iris, lens,
vitreous humor, retina
7.
n
16.
8.
j
More rods than cones; rods stimulated by dim
light; cones enable perception of color [other
answers could be acceptable].
9.
f
10.
a
49
PART B
1.
The outer tunic/layer (sclera) is toughest.
2.
Dense (fibrous) connective tissue.
5.
The dark pigment absorbs excess light and keeps
the eye dark inside.
3.
The pupil of the dissected eye probably was
elliptical in shape, and the human pupil is round.
6.
The lens is biconvex, flexible, and transparent. It
may be firm and opaque in a preserved eye.
4.
Aqueous humor occurs between the cornea and
the lens.
7.
The vitreous humor is a transparent, jellylike
fluid.
PART C (figure 35.10)
1.
Aqueous humor
7.
Vitreous humor
2.
Lens
8.
Optic disk
3.
Cornea
9.
Optic nerve
4.
Iris
10.
Choroid coat/middle tunic
5.
Conjunctiva
11.
Sclera/outer tunic
6.
Retina/inner tunic
50
LABORATORY EXERCISE 36
VISUAL TESTS AND DEMONSTRATIONS
Critical Thinking Application Answer
When using both eyes for observations, if the image of a small object falls on the optic disk of one eye, the object is still seen by
the other eye. This can be confirmed because the blind-spot demonstration will not work with both eyes open.
Laboratory Report Answers
Part A
1.
(experimental results)
2.
(experimental results)
3.
(experimental results)
4.
(experimental results)
5.
a. A person with 20/70 vision can see from 20
feet what the normal eye sees from 70 feet. This
person has less than normal vision.
c. Astigmatism results in blurred vision
because some parts of the image on the retina are
in focus, while other parts are not in focus.
d. The elastic quality of the lens tends to
decrease with age.
e. The retina is lacking cones that are sensitive
to red or green wave lengths (an X-linked/sexlinked trait).
b. A person with 20/10 vision can see from 20
feet what the normal eye sees from 10 feet. This
person has better than normal vision.
PART B
1.
(experimental results)
2.
The optic disk lacks receptors (rods and cones)
and thus creates a blind spot in the retina.
3.
The photopupillary reflex involves the
construction of the pupil in response to exposure
to bright light.
51
4.
The photopupillary reflex occurs in both eyes
even when one eye is shielded from the light;
however, the shielded eye may not show as much
change as the exposed one.
5.
When an eye is focused on a close object, the
pupil constricts.
6.
When the eyes are focused on a close object, they
converge toward the midline.
LABORATORY EXERCISE 37
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Figure Labels
FIG. 37.1
1.
Pineal gland
6.
Pituitary gland
2.
Parathyroid glands
7.
Thyroid gland
3.
Pancreas
8.
Thymus
4.
Testis (male)
9.
Adrenal gland
5.
Hypothalamus
10.
Ovary (female)
FIG. 37.2
1.
Anterior pituitary gland
4.
Pituitary stalk
2.
Sphenoid bone
5.
Posterior pituitary gland
3.
Hypothalamus
6.
Sella turcica
FIG. 37.3
1
Thyroid gland
5.
Colloid
2.
Trachea
6.
Follicular cell
3.
Larynx
7.
Extrafollicular cell
4.
Isthmus
FIG. 37.4
1.
Pharynx
4.
Esophagus
2.
Thyroid gland
5.
Trachea
3.
Parathyroid glands
FIG. 37.5
1.
Medulla
4.
Zona fasciculata
2.
Cortex
5.
Zona reticularis
3.
Zona glomerulosa
FIG. 37.6
1.
Common bile duct
5.
Pancreatic duct
2.
Gallbladder
6.
Pancreas
3.
Small intestine
7.
Duct (of exocrine cells)
4.
Digestive enzyme-secreting cells (exocrine cells)
8.
Islet of Langerhans (endocrine cells)
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
Growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone,
adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating
hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin
2.
Antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin
3.
a.
follicle-stimulating hormone
b.
antidiuretic hormone
c.
growth hormone
d.
luteinizing hormone
52
e.
thyroid-stimulating hormone
f.
oxytocin
g.
adrenocorticotropic hormone
h.
prolactin
4.
Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)
5.
Calcitonin
6.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
7.
Bones, intestines, kidneys
8.
Epinephrine (adrenalin), norepinephrine
(noradrenalin)
9.
Increased heart rate, increased blood pressure,
rise in blood sugar concentration, increased
breathing rate, increased metabolic rate, dilation
of airways, decreased activity in the digestive
tract [These are seven possible responses for five
requested.]
10.
11.
Kidneys conserve sodium ions, kidneys increase
excretion of potassium ions, kidneys conserve
water (reduce urine volume)
12.
Cortisol (hydrocortisone)
13.
Increased blood concentration of amino acids by
inhibiting protein synthesis; increased release and
use of fatty acids; increased gluconeogenesis,
which increases blood sugar
14.
Insulin from beta cells, glucagon from alpha cells
Aldosterone
Critical Thinking Application Answer
Glucagon stimulates change of glycogen to glucose, causing an increase in the blood glucose concentration. Insulin causes a
decrease in the blood glucose concentration by promoting the transport of glucose into cells.
PART B
(sketches)
53
LABORATORY EXERCISE 38
BLOOD CELLS
WARNING
Because of the possibility of blood-borne infections being transmitted from one student to another if blood slides are prepared in
the classroom, it is suggested that commercially prepared blood slides be used in this exercise. The instructor, however, may
wish to demonstrate the procedure for preparing such a slide.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
erythrocytes
10.
neutrophil
2.
biconcave
11.
neutrophils
3.
transporting and exchanging gases
12.
eosinophils
4.
hemoglobin
13.
basophils
5.
oxyhemoglobin
14.
monocytes
6.
nuclei
15.
lymphocytes
7.
leukocytes
16.
megakaryocytes
8.
granulocytes
17.
collagen
9.
agranulocytes
18.
serotonin
2.
Answers will vary.
PART B
(sketches)
PART C
1.
(experimental results)
Critical Thinking Application Answer
A total white blood cell count provides the number of white blood cells in a given volume of blood; a differential white blood
cell count gives the relative percentages of types of white blood cells in a blood sample.
54
LABORATORY EXERCISE 39
BLOOD TESTINGA DEMONSTRATION
WARNING
Because of the possibility of blood-borne infections being transmitted from one student to another during blood-testing
procedures, it is suggested that the following demonstrations be performed by the instructor.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
(demonstration results)
PART B
1.
Answers will vary.
2.
Various forms of anemia and severe hemorrhage
will produce a decreased red blood cell
percentage.
3.
Polycythemia, due to dehydration, shock, or
excessive production of red blood cells, will
produce an increased percentage of red blood
cells.
3.
Polycythemia, obstructive pulmonary diseases,
congestive heart failure, and living at high
altitudes may cause an increased hemoglobin
content.
3.
Severe dehydration, diarrhea, exercise, living at
high altitudes, rise in temperature, or
polycythemia may cause an increased red blood
cell count.
3.
Acute infections, leukemia, infectious
mononucleosis, and menstruation may cause an
increased white blood cell count.
PART C
1.
Answers will vary.
2.
Iron-deficiency anemia, lack of certain amino
acids or vitamin B12, pregnancy, severe
hemorrhage, excessive menstrual flow, or
excessive fluid intake may cause a decreased
hemoglobin content.
PART D
1.
Answers will vary.
2.
Anemia, leukemia, and severe hemorrhage may
cause a decreased red blood cell count.
PART E
1.
Answers will vary.
2.
Aplastic anemia and adverse drug reactions may
cause a decreased white blood cell count.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
RBC percentage (hematocrit), hemoglobin, and RBC count are all blood tests that could indicate anemia.
55
LABORATORY EXERCISE 40
BLOOD TYPING
WARNING
Because of the possibility of blood-borne infections being transmitted from one student to another if blood-testing is performed
in the classroom, it is suggested that commercially prepared blood-typing kits, containing virus-free human blood, be used for
ABO blood typing. The instructor may wish to demonstrate Rh blood typing.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The anti-A serum would contain anti-A antibodies if clumping was observed for a person with type A blood. The anti-B serum
would contain anti-B antibodies if clumping was observed for a person with type B blood.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
red blood cell membranes
6.
anti-A
2.
four
7.
AB
3.
A
8.
O
4.
B
9.
two to eight months
5.
anti-B
PART B
1.
(experimental results)
25.
Answers will vary.
PART C
1.
rhesus monkey
4.
Rh-negative
2.
antigen D
5.
clump (agglutinate)
3.
Rh-negative
6.
Rh-positive
PART D
1.
(demonstration results)
25.
Answers will vary.
56
LABORATORY EXERCISE 41
STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
Instructional Suggestions
1.
2.
You may want to have the students use colored
pencils to color the features of the heart and
blood vessels in figure 41.3. This activity should
help them observe the illustrations more carefully
and locate the various features shown from
different views in the figures. They can check
their work by referring to the corresponding
figures in the textbook, which are presented in
full color.
3.
To reduce the cost of specimens used, you might
provide predissected, preserved sheep hearts for
observation and save the specimens for use with
other classes.
4.
Fresh beef hearts are sometimes available from
meat-packing houses. You might want to
demonstrate the dissection of this large heart. Try
to make sure that the atria and large blood vessels
are left attached for this purpose.
Instead of using preserved sheep hearts, you
might want to provide fresh pig hearts for
dissection.
Figure Labels
FIG. 41.1
1.
Aorta
7.
Pulmonary trunk
2.
Superior vena cava
8.
Left atrium
3.
Right atrium
9.
Left coronary artery
4.
Right coronary artery
10.
Great cardiac vein
5.
Right ventricle
11.
Left ventricle
6.
Inferior vena cava
FIG. 41.2
1.
Aorta
6.
Apex of the heart
2.
Left pulmonary artery
7.
Superior vena cava
3.
Left pulmonary veins
8.
Right atrium
4.
Left atrium
9.
Inferior vena cava
5.
Left ventricle
10.
Right ventricle
FIG. 41.3
1.
Aorta
10.
Pulmonary trunk
2.
Superior vena cava
11.
Left pulmonary veins
3.
Aortic valve
12.
Left atrium
4.
Right atrium
13.
Pulmonary valve
5.
Opening of coronary sinus
14.
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
6.
Tricuspid valve
15.
Papillary muscle
7.
Chordae tendineae
16.
Interventricular septum
8.
Inferior vena cava
17.
Left ventricle
9.
Left pulmonary artery
18.
Right ventricle
57
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
c
9.
h
2.
k
10.
j
3.
o
11.
l
4.
m
12.
e
5.
i
13.
f
6.
d
14.
a
7.
n
15.
b
8.
g
4.
The thicker wall of the aorta allows it to
withstand the higher pressure of the blood
pumped out from the left ventricle. The thinner
wall of the pulmonary trunk (artery) is related to
the lower pressure of the blood that leaves the
right ventricle.
5.
Vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right
ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk,
pulmonary artery, capillary of lungs, pulmonary
vein, left atrium, bicuspid (mitral) valve, left
ventricle, aortic valve, aorta
PART B
1.
The tricuspid valve is composed of three
relatively large cusps that contain chordae
tendineae; the pulmonary valve is made up of
three smaller pocketlike cusps that lack chordae
tendineae.
2.
The cusps of the tricuspid valve move upward
into a horizontal position and close the opening
between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
3.
The chordae tendineae and papillary muscles
prevent the cusps of the tricuspid and bicuspid
valves from swinging into the atria when the
ventricles contract.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The thicker wall of the left ventricle allows it to contract with greater force and create the high pressure needed to move blood to
all parts of the body (systemic circuit) except the lungs. The thinner wall of the right ventricle creates the lower pressure needed
to move blood a relatively short distance to the lungs (pulmonary circuit).
58
LABORATORY EXERCISE 42
THE CARDIAC CYCLE
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
70
6.
ventricles
2.
systole
7.
vibrations
3.
diastole
8.
A-V valves
4.
closed
9.
pulmonary and aortic valves
5.
open
10.
murmur
2.
(experimental results)
PART B
1.
(experimental results)
PART C
1.
cardiac muscle
9.
ventricles
2.
S-A (sinoatrial)
10.
ventricles
3.
A-V (atrioventricular)
11.
4.
A-V bundle (bundle of His)
5.
Purkinje fibers
6.
cardiac cycle
Atrial repolarization occurs at the same time that
the ventricular fibers depolarize. The QRS
complex indicating ventricular depolarization
obscures any recording of the atrial
repolarization.
7.
polarized
12.
tachycardia; bradycardia
8.
atria
5.
Because each QRS wave in the pattern indicates a
ventricular contraction, the heart rate can be
determined by counting the QRS waves that
occur in a minute.
6.
(experimental results)
PART D
1.
(labeled ECG recordings)
2.
Answers will vary.
3.
Normal is 0.120.20 sec.
4.
The P-Q (P-R) interval indicates the time it takes
for the atria to depolarize and the cardiac impulse
to reach the A-V node.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
36
59
LABORATORY EXERCISE 43
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CARDIAC CYCLE
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
pump the blood to the lungs and body cells
7.
medulla oblongata
2.
S-A node
8.
blood pressure (stretch)
3.
vagus
9.
sympathetic (accelerator)
4.
acetylcholine
10.
increase
5.
accelerator
11.
potassium (K+), calcium (Ca++)
6.
norepinephrine (noradrenalin)
4.
The S-A node activity at room temperature is
slower than the human resting heart rate. Colder
temperatures slow the rate; warmer temperatures
increase the rate.
2.
Normally the rate and force of contractions
decrease by altering the usual polarized state of
cardiac muscle cells. Excessive potassium ions
may result in cardiac arrest.
PART B
1.
The atria contract as a unit followed by the
contraction of the ventricle (single in frogs).
2.
(experimental results)
3.
(experimental results)
PART C
1.
The force (amplitude) of the contractions
normally increases as calcium ions help initiate
muscle contractions. There is danger of
prolonged contraction.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
This will allow the ionization to occur providing K+ and Ca++ when in a solution of water.
60
LABORATORY EXERCISE 44
BLOOD VESSELS
Instructional Suggestions
If live frogs are not available for the microscopic observation of blood vessels, you might want to provide small goldfish. The
head of a fish can be wrapped loosely in wet cotton to keep its gills moist, and the fish can be placed on a glass plate on the stage
of a microscope. If its tail is spread out beneath a microscope slide, the blood vessels can be observed with low- and high-power
magnification. However, if the fish is not returned to water within a few minutes, it will likely die.
Figure Labels
FIG. 44.1
1.
Tunica interna
2.
Tunica media
3.
Tunica externa
FIG. 44.2
1
3
4
2
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
endothelium
11.
precapillary sphincters
2.
tunica media (middle layer)
12.
diffusion
3.
tunica externa (outer layer)
13.
lipid
4.
vasoconstriction
14.
pores
5.
vasodilation
15.
hydrostatic
6.
arteriovenous shunt
16.
osmotic
7.
capillaries
17.
lymphatic
8.
small
18.
histamine
9.
blood-brain barrier
19.
valves
10.
greater
20.
veins
PART B
1.
(sketch)
2.
(sketch)
3.
The tunica interna and tunica externa are similar
in the artery and vein. The tunica media of the
artery contains relatively greater amounts of
smooth muscle and elastic tissue than that of the
vein.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
Because arteries are under higher pressure than veins, the thicker arterial walls help to maintain the strength and elasticity
necessary against their walls.
61
PART C
1.
The blood in an arteriole moves with a pulsating
rapid flow, whereas that in a venule moves with a
steady slower flow.
2.
A capillary could be identified by its small
diameter and the presence of blood cells moving
in single file.
62
3.
Blood moves fastest in arterioles, somewhat
slower in venules, and slowest in capillaries.
4.
If noted, the flow from an arteriole into a
capillary will change from continuous flow to an
interrupted flow and may cease flow for brief
periods of time. This irregular flow into the
capillary is a result of changes caused by the
precapillary sphincter.
LABORATORY EXERCISE 45
PULSE RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE
Instructional Suggestions
The following suggestions should be considered when trying to obtain an accurate blood pressure:
1.
The room environment should have a moderate temperature and be quiet (no talking).
2.
The client needs to be relaxed and comfortable. A temporary increase in blood pressure could exist from smoking, pain,
anxiety, or a full urinary bladder.
3.
Palpate the pulse first so that you are certain to pump the cuff high enough to not miss the first tapping sound. It also
assures that you do not pump the cuff so high that we alter the blood pressure when releasing air.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
arterial
7.
millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
2.
systolic
8.
systolic
3.
diastolic
9.
pulse pressure
4.
heart
10.
diastolic
5.
pressure
11.
brachial
6.
sphygmomanometer
2.
Answers will vary.
PART B
1.
(test results)
PART C
1.
(test results)
3.
Answers will vary.
2.
(test results)
4.
Answers will vary.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
A palpated pulse would be characteristic of the systolic pressure as the arterial wall is expanding at that moment under the higher
pressure.
63
LABORATORY EXERCISE 46
MAJOR ARTERIES AND VEINS
Figure Labels
FIG. 46.1
1.
Superior vena cava
4.
Pulmonary veins
2.
Pulmonary trunk
5.
Pulmonary artery
3.
Inferior vena cava
6.
Aorta
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The left ventricle wall is thicker which provides a more powerful contraction to force the blood through the longer distance of the
systemic circuit.
FIG. 46.2
1.
Superficial temporal artery
6.
Facial artery
2.
Internal carotid artery
7.
Superior thyroid artery
3.
External carotid artery
8.
Common carotid artery
4.
Vertebral artery
9.
Brachiocephalic artery
5.
Subclavian artery
FIG. 46.3
1.
Subclavian artery
4.
Brachial artery
2.
Axillary artery
5.
Radial artery
3.
Deep brachial artery
6.
Ulnar artery
FIG. 46.4
1.
Celiac artery
5.
Left gastric artery
2.
Hepatic artery
6.
Superior mesenteric artery
3.
Renal artery
7.
Inferior mesenteric artery
4.
Splenic artery
8.
Common iliac arteries
FIG. 46.5
1.
Right common iliac artery
6.
Femoral artery
2.
External iliac artery
7.
Anterior tibial artery
3.
Deep femoral artery
8.
Posterior tibial artery
4.
Abdominal aorta
9.
Dorsalis pedis artery
5.
Internal iliac artery
FIG. 46.6
1.
External jugular vein
4.
Internal jugular vein
2.
Vertebral vein
5.
Brachiocephalic vein
3.
Subclavian vein
64
FIG. 46.7
1.
External jugular vein
8.
Internal jugular vein
2.
Subclavian vein
9.
Brachiocephalic vein
3.
Superior vena cava
10.
Cephalic vein
4.
Axillary vein
11.
Superior hemiazygos vein
5.
Brachial vein
12.
Posterior intercostal vein
6.
Basilic vein
13.
Inferior hemiazygos vein
7.
Azygos vein
FIG. 46.8
1.
Internal jugular vein
7.
Cephalic vein
2.
External jugular vein
8.
Basilic vein
3.
Subclavian vein
9.
Median cubital vein
4.
Right brachiocephalic vein
10.
Radial vein
5.
Axillary vein
11.
Ulnar vein
6.
Brachial vein
FIG. 46.9
1.
Hepatic portal vein
4.
Splenic vein
2.
Superior mesenteric vein
5.
Inferior mesenteric vein
3.
Gastric vein (right)
6.
Inferior vena cava
FIG. 46.10
1.
Common iliac vein
6.
Great saphenous vein
2.
External iliac vein
7.
Popliteal vein
3.
Inferior vena cava
8.
Anterior tibial vein
4.
Internal iliac vein
9.
Dorsalis pedis vein
5.
Femoral vein
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
e
9.
i
2.
n
10.
m
3.
l
11.
j
4.
b
12.
f
5.
a
13.
g
6.
h
14.
o
7.
d
15.
k
8.
c
PART B
1.
right subclavian artery
6.
vertebral artery
2.
aortic arch
7.
facial artery
3.
superior mesenteric artery
8.
brachial artery
4.
inferior mesenteric artery
9.
external iliac artery
5.
right common carotid artery
10.
left and right pulmonary arteries
65
PART C
1.
a
5.
h
2.
b
6.
c
3.
d
7.
g
4.
e
8.
f
PART D
1.
right brachiocephalic vein
6.
femoral vein
2.
popliteal vein
7.
hepatic portal vein
3.
common iliac vein
8.
pulmonary veins
4.
basilic vein
9.
renal vein
5.
anterior tibial vein
PART E (figure 46.11)
1.
Common carotid artery
9.
Subclavian vein
2.
Brachiocephalic vein
10.
Pulmonary vein
3.
Superior vena cava
11.
Inferior vena cava
4.
Femoral vein
12.
Aorta
5.
Great saphenous vein
13.
Common iliac vein
6.
Internal jugular vein
14.
Common iliac artery
7.
External jugular vein
15.
Femoral artery
8.
Subclavian artery
66
LABORATORY EXERCISE 47
CAT DISSECTION: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
The parietal pericardium forms a relatively thick, tough sac that encloses the heart. It is attached to the large blood
vessels at the base of the heart and to the diaphragm.
2.
The walls of the atria are much thinner than those of the ventricles. The wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than
that of the right ventricle.
3.
Wall thickness is related to the force of its contraction and the amount of pressure it imparts to the blood inside a heart
chamber. The left ventricle has the thickest wall, contracts with the greatest force, and creates the greatest amount of
blood pressure in the heart chambers. The left ventricle is the pump for the systemic circuit.
4.
In the human, the right common carotid artery branches from the brachiocephalic artery, whereas the left common
carotid artery comes directly from the aortic arch. In the cat, both common carotid arteries branch from the
brachiocephalic artery.
5.
In the human, the aorta divides to form the two common iliac arteries, which in turn give rise to external and internal
iliac arteries. In the cat, the aorta divides to form the external iliac arteries, and the internal iliac arteries branch from
the aorta independently.
PART B
1.
In the human, the brachiocephalic vein is formed by the union of the internal jugular and the subclavian vein on each
side. In the cat, the brachiocephalic vein is formed by the union of the external jugular and the subclavian vein on each
side.
2.
In the human, the internal jugular vein is somewhat larger than the external jugular vein. In the cat, the external jugular
vein is larger.
3.
Answers will vary.
67
LABORATORY EXERCISE 48
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Figure Labels
FIG. 48.1
3
1
2
4
6
5
FIG. 48.2
3
2
1
5
6
4
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
lymphatic capillaries
6.
lymph nodes
2.
squamous epithelial
7.
intestinal
3.
lymph
8.
jugular
4.
veins
9.
thoracic (left lymphatic) duct
5.
valves
PART B
1.
lymphocytes
6.
tonsils
2.
hilum
7.
Peyer's patches
3.
nodules
8.
scalp, face, nasal cavity, and pharynx
4.
lymph sinuses
9.
inguinal
5.
afferent
PART C
1.
mediastinum
7.
hilum
2.
puberty
8.
blood
3.
adipose and connective tissues
9.
white pulp
4.
bone marrow
10.
red pulp
5.
thymosin
11.
macrophages
6.
spleen
PART D
(sketches)
68
LABORATORY EXERCISE 49
ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Figure Labels
Fig. 49.1
1.
Lip
5.
Palatine tonsil
2.
Hard palate
6.
Tongue
3.
Soft palate
7.
Vestibule
4.
Uvula
FIG. 49.2
1.
Parotid gland
5.
Tongue
2.
Masseter muscle
6.
Sublingual gland
3.
Submandibular gland
7.
Submandibular duct (Wharton's duct)
4.
Parotid duct (Stenson's duct)
FIG. 49.3
1.
Enamel
4.
Crown
2.
Dentin
5.
Gingiva
3.
Root
6.
Root canal
FIG. 49.5
1.
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
7.
Lingual tonsils
2.
Opening of auditory tube (eustachian tube)
8.
Epiglottis
3.
Nasopharynx
9.
Laryngopharynx
4.
Oral cavity
10.
Esophagus
5.
Palatine tonsils
11.
Trachea
6.
Oropharynx
FIG. 49.6
1.
Esophagus
6.
Pyloric region
2.
Cardiac region
7.
Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)
3.
Pyloric sphincter
8.
Fundic region
4.
Duodenum
9.
Body region
5.
Pyloric canal
10.
Rugae
FIG. 49.7
4
1
2
3
5
7
6
FIG. 49.9
1.
Liver
6.
Hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi)
2.
Hepatic duct (common)
7.
Common bile duct
3.
Gallbladder
8.
Pancreas
4.
Cystic duct
9.
Pancreatic duct
5.
Duodenum
69
FIG. 49.10
5
8
7
6
2
1
11
4
3
9
10
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The small intestine, which is much longer than the large intestine and contains villi, provides more surface area for absorption
than the large intestine.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
d
5.
j
9.
f
13.
a
2.
m
6.
n
10.
i
14.
c
3.
g
7.
l
11.
o
15.
b
4.
h
8.
k
12.
e
PART B
wall contract pulling the pharynx upward,
esophagus is opened, and a peristaltic wave
forces food into the esophagus.
1.
nasopharynx
2.
oropharynx
3.
laryngopharynx
4.
nasopharynx
5.
constrictors
6.
Soft palate is raised, hyoid bone and larynx are
elevated, tongue is pressed upward against the
soft palate, longitudinal muscles of pharyngeal
7.
trachea
8.
esophageal hiatus
9.
Mucus
10.
25
PART C
1.
cardiac, fundic, body, and pyloric regions
8.
gastrin
2.
pyloric sphincter
9.
chyme
3.
mucous, chief, and parietal cells
10.
4.
chief cells
5.
parietal cells
The stomach receives food from the esophagus,
mixes it with gastric juice, initiates the digestion
of protein, does limited amount of absorption,
and moves food (chyme) into the small intestine.
6.
pepsin
7.
intrinsic factor
PART D
1.
d
4.
e
7.
k
10.
h
2.
b
5.
a
8.
c
11.
j
3.
f
6.
g
9.
i
PART E
1.
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
3.
lacteal
2.
A mesentery supports and suspends organs. It
contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and
nerves that supply the organs.
4.
intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkühn)
5.
peptidases, sucrase, maltase, lactase, lipase,
enterokinase (only 5 of 6 needed to answer the
question)
70
6.
ileocecal sphincter (valve)
7.
vermiform appendix
8.
The small intestine receives secretions from the
pancreas and liver, completes digestion of
nutrients, absorbs the products of digestion, and
transports the residues to the large intestine.
9.
71
The large intestine absorbs water and
electrolytes, and forms and stores feces.
LABORATORY EXERCISE 50
CAT DISSECTION: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
The major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual) in the human and the cat occupy similar locations.
2.
The jaw of the cat has six incisors, two canines, six premolars, and two molars; the jaw of the human has four incisors,
two canines, four premolars, and six molars.
3.
The cat's canine teeth are adapted for stabbing and holding prey whereas its rear molars are adapted for cutting meat.
4.
The uvula is missing in the cat.
5.
The transverse ridges help to hold food.
6.
Many of the papillae on the cat's tongue have spiny projections that help the cat to clean its fur. These are lacking on
the human tongue.
PART B
1.
The peritoneum is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. Double-layered
folds in this membrane form the mesentery that supports the abdominal organs.
2.
The inner lining of the stomach is folded to form many ridges called rugae.
3.
The cat's liver has five lobes; the human liver has four.
4.
The cat's pancreas is relatively smaller than that of the human and it is double-lobed. One lobe lies along the
duodenum, and the other extends behind the stomach toward the spleen.
5.
The appendix is missing in the cat.
72
LABORATORY EXERCISE 51
ACTION OF A DIGESTIVE ENZYME
Instructional Suggestion
For this experiment to work, it is very important to obtain amylase that is free of sugar. Most of the amylase sold by laboratory
suppliers in 2001 contained sugar, as can be determined by the control in tube 1 of this experiment. Ward's Natural Science
Establishment, Inc. does handle amylase (alpha amylase from Bacillus subtilis; catalog #39W0058) that is free of sugar, and
several other companies plan to add this product to their catalogs. If in doubt, call the supply company and consult with a person
in technical support. Keep any of the unused amylase frozen.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
2.
Expected experimental results:
Tube
Starch
Sugar
1
0
0
2
+
0
3
(varies)
+
a.
Testing the amylase solution for the presence of starch and sugar demonstrates the negative results of the tests.
b.
Tube 2 demonstrates that starch will not change to sugar when warmed to 37C (98.6F).
c.
The change of starch to sugar is a result of the action of the amylase in tube 3.
PART B
1.
2.
Expected experimental results:
Tube
Starch
Sugar
4
+
(varies)
5
(varies)
+
6
+
0
a. Amylase is slow to act or inactive in low temperature and high temperature. Its optimum temperature is near 37C
(98.6 F).
b. The tubes in which digestion failed to occur could be placed in the 37C (98.6F) water bath. If digestion occurred
at this temperature, the enzyme was not destroyed by the previous treatment.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The test would show a positive result for sugar. The experiment would not be valid as it would not show a change from starch to
sugar when sugar is already present. (Note: some amylase sold is contaminated with sugar.)
73
LABORATORY EXERCISE 52
ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Figure Labels
FIG. 52.1
1.
Nostril (external naris)
7.
Frontal sinus
2.
Oral cavity
8.
Nasal cavity
3.
Epiglottis
9.
Pharynx
4.
Larynx
10.
Trachea
5.
Right primary bronchus
11.
Left lung
6.
Right lung
FIG. 52.2
1.
Frontal sinus
8.
Superior concha
2.
Nostril (external naris)
9.
Middle concha
3.
Auditory (Eustachian) tube opening
10.
Inferior concha
4.
Uvula
11.
Sphenoidal sinus
5.
Palatine tonsil
12.
Nasopharynx
6.
Epiglottis
13.
Oropharynx
7.
Trachea
14.
Laryngopharynx
FIG. 52.3
1.
Epiglottis (epiglottic cartilage)
5.
Corniculate cartilage
2.
Thyroid cartilage
6.
Arytenoid cartilage
3.
Cricoid cartilage
7.
Thyroid cartilage
4.
Epiglottis (epiglottic cartilage)
8.
Cricoid cartilage
FIG. 52.4
1.
Epiglottis
3.
False vocal cord
2.
Glottis
4.
True vocal cord
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
h
4.
a
7.
j
2.
b
5.
e
8.
f
10.
c
3.
i
6.
d
9.
g
3.
If the smooth muscle of the bronchial tree
relaxes, the air passages dilate, which allows a
greater volume of air movement.
PART B
(sketches)
PART C
1.
The sticky mucus is secreted into the upper and
lower respiratory tract, which will trap particles
of dust and microorganisms.
2.
The cilia create a current of mucus toward the
pharynx. The mucus contains entrapped particles
that are usually swallowed.
74
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The simple squamous epithelial cells allow for rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the alveolar
air.
75
LABORATORY EXERCISE 53
CAT DISSECTION: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Laboratory Report Answers
1.
The auditory tube allows air to pass between the cavity of the middle ear and the outside environment. As a result, air
pressure normally remains equal on both sides of the eardrum.
2.
The glottis is the opening at the superior (anterior in cats) end of the larynx. The epiglottis is a flaplike structure that
shunts food and liquid away from the glottis during swallowing.
3.
The tracheal rings are incomplete as they are in the human.
4.
The structure of the primary bronchi and the trachea are similar.
5.
The cat has three lobes in each lung. (The third lobe on the right has a fold of mediastinum that is sometimes called a
fourth lobe.) The human has three lobes in the right lung and two in the left.
6.
The diaphragm is attached to the lower rim of the thorax and to a central tendon.
7.
The heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland are found in the mediastinum. These are the same major structures
found in the human mediastinum.
76
LABORATORY EXERCISE 54
BREATHING AND RESPIRATORY
VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES
Critical Thinking Application Answer
Aging results in some natural loss of elasticity of the lungs as well as the muscles (diaphragm and intercostal muscles) used in
breathing. This can be measured by a vital capacity test.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
ventilation
8.
visceral pleura
2.
atmospheric
9.
surfactant
3.
760
10.
elastic recoil
4.
atmospheric pressure
11.
less
5.
phrenic
12.
internal intercostal
6.
increases
13.
abdominal wall
7.
external intercostal
PART B
1.
a
3.
e
5.
d
7.
c
2.
g
4.
f
6.
h
8.
b
3.
Answers will vary.
PART C
1.
(experimental results)
2.
a.
Answers will vary.
b.
Answers will vary.
c. A measurement of residual volume is
needed.
77
LABORATORY EXERCISE 55
CONTROL OF BREATHING
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
pons, medulla oblongata
9.
carbon dioxide
2.
rhythmicity area of the medulla, pneumotaxic
area of pons
10.
bicarbonate ions
11.
reduced
3.
dorsal respiratory
12.
carotid bodies, aortic bodies
4.
ventral respiratory
13.
increases
5.
pneumotaxic area
14.
stretch
6.
medulla oblongata
15.
vagus
7.
carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions
16.
increased
8.
increases
PART B
1.
(experimental results)
2.
a.
Hyperventilation lowers blood carbon dioxide levels, and the breathing center is stimulated to a lesser degree.
b. Air that is rebreathed has a higher concentration of carbon dioxide, and thus the breathing center is stimulated to a
greater degree.
c. Breath holding causes the blood carbon dioxide concentration to increase, stimulating the breathing center to a
greater degree.
d. Exercise causes an increase in the breathing rate. This is due in part to the joint reflex and in part to an increasing
concentration of blood carbon dioxide.
3.
a.
It is difficult for a person to breathe normally while thinking about it.
b.
Depth of breathing can be measured by breathing into an instrument that measures air volumes.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
A person who has hyperventilated may lose consciousness under water because of changes in the blood carbon dioxide and
oxygen levels causing respiratory alkalosis. This is accompanied by arteriole vasoconstriction to the brain, which deprives the
brain tissue of oxygen.
78
LABORATORY EXERCISE 56
STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY
Figure Labels
FIG. 56.1
1.
Kidney
3.
Urinary bladder
2.
Ureter
4.
Urethra
FIG. 56.2
1.
Renal pyramid
6.
Minor calyx
2.
Renal column
7.
Major calyx
3.
Renal capsule
8.
Renal pelvis
4.
Renal medulla
9.
Renal papilla
5.
Renal cortex
10.
Ureter
FIG. 56.4
1
Glomerular capsule
7.
Afferent arteriole
2.
Glomerulus
8.
Distal convoluted tubule
3.
Proximal convoluted tubule
9.
Interlobular vein
4.
Descending limb of the nephron loop
10.
Collecting duct
5.
Ascending limb of the nephron loop
11.
Peritubular capillary
6.
Efferent arteriole
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
e
6.
c
2.
a
7.
d
3.
h
8.
g
4.
f
9.
b
5.
i
PART B
1.
A renal corpuscle is the cluster of capillaries (glomerulus) and the saclike structure (glomerular capsule) that
surrounds it; a renal tubule is the coiled tube that leads away from the glomerular capsule and empties into a collecting
duct.
2.
3
5
2
4
1
3.
1
3
2
4
5
4.
Blood enters the glomerulus through the afferent arteriole and leaves through the efferent arteriole. Because the afferent
vessel has a somewhat greater diameter than the efferent one, blood pressure is increased in the glomerulus.
5.
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a structure composed of epithelial cells within the distal convoluted tubule and
smooth muscle cells within the walls of arterioles near the glomerulus that regulates the flow of blood through certain
renal blood vessels.
PART C
(sketch)
PART D
(sketch)
79
6
LABORATORY EXERCISE 57
URINALYSIS
Instructional Suggestion
Because most students’ urine will produce negative results for glucose, protein, ketones, bilirubin, and hemoglobin, you may
want to provide samples of “artificial urine” (distilled water that contains weak concentrations of some of these substances). By
performing the urinalysis tests on such samples, students will be able to obtain some positive results.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
(test results)
2.
Answers will vary.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
If urine is not refrigerated, substances within it will begin to change as a result of bacterial action, and the composition of the
urine will be altered.
PART B
1.
(sketch)
2.
Answers will vary.
80
LABORATORY EXERCISE 58
CAT DISSECTION: URINARY SYSTEM
Laboratory Report Answers
1.
In the human, the kidneys are located between the levels of the twelfth thoracic and the third lumbar vertebrae; in the
cat, the kidneys are found at the level of the third to the fifth lumbar vertebrae. In the human, the left kidney is usually
higher than the right one; in the cat, the right kidney is usually somewhat anterior to the left one. In both cases, the
kidneys are retroperitoneal.
2.
In the human, the adrenal glands are located on the superior ends of the kidneys; in the cat, the adrenal glands are
located anteriorly and medially to the kidneys.
3.
In the cat, the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder are retroperitoneal.
4.
The wall of the urinary bladder is relatively thick, tough, and somewhat elastic. Its inner surface is irregular.
5.
In the human kidney, there are about twelve renal pyramids that communicate with the renal pelvis by calyces. Each
calyx bears one or more papillae. In the cat kidney, there is a single pyramid and one papilla.
81
LABORATORY EXERCISE 59
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Figure Labels
FIG. 59.1
1.
Vas deferens
7.
Ejaculatory duct
2.
Urethra
8.
Prostate gland
3.
Penis
9.
Bulbourethral gland
4.
Glans penis
10.
Epididymis
5.
Prepuce
11.
Testis
6.
Seminal vesicle
12.
Scrotum
FIG. 59.2
1
7
5
2
4
6
3
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
spermatic cord
11.
acrosome
2.
testosterone
12.
epididymis
3.
gubernaculum
13.
fructose
4.
inguinal canal
14.
alkaline
5.
lobules
15.
bulbourethral
6.
epididymis
16.
alkaline
7.
spermatogenic
17.
scrotum
8.
meiosis (spermatogenesis)
18.
glans penis
9.
spermatids
19.
emission
10.
23
20.
ejaculation
PART B
1.
(sketch)
2.
(sketch)
3.
(sketch)
4.
a.
Sustentacular cells support, nourish, and regulate the spermatogenic cells.
b.
Spermatogenic cells give rise to sperm cells by meiosis (spermatogenesis).
c.
Interstitial cells produce and secrete male sex hormones.
d.
The epididymis stores sperm cells while they mature and propels them into the vas deferens.
e. The corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum form three columns of erectile tissue that contain vascular spaces
(sinuses) that become engorged with blood during an erection. They also form most of the body of the penis.
82
LABORATORY EXERCISE 60
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Figure Labels
FIG. 60.1
1.
Suspensory ligament of ovary
5.
Fimbriae of uterine tube
2.
Uterine tube
6.
Broad ligament
3.
Ovarian ligament
7.
Left ovary
4.
Round ligament of uterus
8.
Uterus
FIG. 60.2
1.
Uterine tube
6.
Labium majus
2.
Ovary
7.
Vaginal orifice
3.
Uterus
8.
Fimbriae of uterine tube
4.
Clitoris
9.
Cervix
5.
Labium minus
10.
Vagina
FIG. 60.3
1.
Clitoris
6.
Labium minus
2.
External urethral orifice (meatus)
7.
Vestibular bulb
3.
Vaginal orifice/vestibule
8.
Perineum
4.
Mons pubis
9.
Anus
5.
Labium majus
FIG. 60.4
5
8
10
1
9
2
4
7
3
6
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
pelvic
11.
round
2.
broad
12.
cervix
3.
ovarian follicles
13.
endometrium
4.
oogenesis
14.
smooth muscle
5.
follicular
15.
hymen
6.
first polar body
16.
vulva
7.
FSH
17.
mons pubis
8.
ovulation
18.
clitoris
9.
fallopian tubes or oviducts
19.
vestibular glands
10.
infundibulum
20.
sacral and lumbar
83
PART B
1.
(sketch)
2.
(sketch)
3.
(sketch)
4.
(sketch)
5.
a. A mature follicle swells and ruptures under the influence of certain hormones. As this happens, the secondary
oocyte (egg cell) and follicular fluid escape from the ovary.
b. The cilia that line the uterine tube beat toward the uterus and help draw the secondary oocyte into the
infundibulum of the tube and continue to move it toward the uterus.
c. The uterine lining thickens and then it becomes glandular and vascular. If fertilization does not occur, the lining
disintegrates and sloughs away, creating the menstrual flow.
84
LABORATORY EXERCISE 61
CAT DISSECTION: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
The cat uterine tubes are small, coiled tubes near the ovaries that travel relatively short distances to join the uterine
horns. The human uterine tubes are much larger and longer, traveling from the region of the ovaries to the uterine body.
2.
The human uterus contains a single chamber in which the offspring develop. The cat uterus is Y-shaped with branches,
forming right and left uterine horns.
3.
The uterine horns of the cat provide room for many offspring to develop at one time.
4.
In the cat, the vagina and urethra open into a common urogenital sinus; in the human each of these organs has a
separate opening to the outside.
PART B
1.
The glans of the cat has small spines on its surface, whereas that of the human does not.
2.
In the cat, the prostate gland is relatively small and is located some distance from the urinary bladder (it does not
surround the urethra). In the human, the prostate gland is relatively larger and surrounds the urethra near the base of the
bladder.
3.
The seminal vesicles are lacking in the cat.
4.
The prepuce of the cat encloses the entire penis for protection. In the human, the prepuce or foreskin is vestigial and
only covers the glans of the penis. A circumcision is commonly performed on humans to remove the prepuce for
sanitation and other reasons.
85
LABORATORY EXERCISE 62
FERTILIZATION AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT
Instructional Suggestions
Sea urchin egg and sperm suspensions can be obtained from ripe sea urchins. The “Sea Urchin Embryology Kit” from Carolina
Biological Supply Company is one source of these materials.
Figure Labels
FIG. 62.1
1.
First polar
body
2.
Secondary
oocyte
3.
Sperm cells
5.
Morula
4.
2-cell stage
6.
Blastocyst
FIG. 62.2
1.
Chorion
4.
Endoderm
6.
Amnion
8.
Connecting stalk
2.
Ectoderm
5.
Yolk sac
7.
Amniotic cavity
9.
Chorionic villi
3.
Mesoderm
3.
Amniochorionic
membrane
10.
fetus
10.
d
FIG. 62.3
1.
Umbilical cord
2.
Amniotic fluid
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
oocyte (egg cell)
4.
mitosis
7.
three
2.
acrosome
5.
cleavage
8.
blastocyst
3.
zygote
6.
cilia
9.
embryo
PART B
(sketches)
PART C
(sketches)
PART D
1.
h
4.
a
7.
e
2.
f
5.
j
8.
b
3.
g
6.
i
9.
c
PART E
1.
placental membrane
6.
yolk sac
2.
amnion
7.
allantois
3.
umbilical arteries
8.
eighth
4.
amniochorionic membrane
9.
embryonic
5.
yolk sac
10.
amniotic
86