Download Chapter 16.2 Reading Notes answers

Biology 30 Reading Notes
Section 16.2
Pages 556-561
Name:______________________
The Reproduction of Somatic Cells

The linked processes of _______________ and _______________ have three
important functions:
o _______________: They enable organisms to grow from a
_______________ into a ___________ _______________.
o _______________: They produce new cells to _______________ worn
out or dead cells.
o _______________: They can _______________ damaged tissues.

Each daughter cell must have the correct _______________ _______________
and several cellular events must take place:
o Genetic material must be _______________.
o The replicated _______________ must be _______________and
_______________ as _______________ in the nucleus.
o One complete set of _______________ must be divided into each of two
new _______________.
o The _______________ must divide.
Phases of Mitosis

Mitosis consists of a precise _______________ of events. This sequence is
_______________.

Cell biologists have grouped the events into four main _______________:
o _______________: The chromatin _______________ into tightly packed
chromosomes; the _______________ _______________breaks down;
the _______________ disappears; _______________ moves to
_______________ poles of the cell; ____________ _____________
forms between the centrioles.
o _______________: The _______________ _______________guide the
_______________ to the _______________ of the cell and the spindle
fibres attach to the _______________ of each _______________. One
sister _______________ faces one _______________, while the other
sister chromatid faces the _______________ _______________.
o _______________: Each _______________ splits apart and the sister
chromatids _______________ from one another, the _______________
_______________ shorten and _______________ _______________ are
pulled to _______________ poles. The spindle apparatus
_______________ and _______________ the poles of the cell away from
one another. At the end of _______________, one complete
_______________ set of _______________ has been gathered at each
_______________of the cell.
o _______________: The _______________ begin to _______________
into the _______________ and less _______________ strands of
_______________; the _______________ _______________ break
down; a _______________ _______________ forms, and a
_______________ forms within each new nucleus.
Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis is the division of the _______________ to complete the creation of
two new daughter cells.

In animal cells, an _______________ forms in the __________
____________________ along the cell _______________ which deepens until
the cell is _______________ in two.

The cytoplasm and _______________ divide _______________ between the
two halves of the cell. _______________ ends with the separation of the two
_______________ _______________daughter cells. The daughter cells are
now in ______ of _______________.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis in Plant Cells

The _______________ differences between plant cells and animal cells lead to
some _______________ in cell _______________:
o Plants do not have _______________, but they do form a
_______________ _______________.
o The cell wall of a plant cell is much _______________ than the membrane
of an animal cell. The cell wall does not _______________ and pinch in
during cytokinesis. Instead, a _______________ called a ______
_________forms between the two daughter nuclei, eventually creating a
new _______ ________.
Regulation of the Cell Cycle

For organisms to develop properly and to remain _______________, its cells
must divide only at certain _______________ and they must _______________
dividing at the _______________ time.

Specific _______________ _______________serve as “_______________” or
“_______________” signals for cell division

Anything that _______________ with regulatory signals can cause the cell cycle
to proceed at an _______________ rate.

The group of diseases that are associated with uncontrolled, rapid cell division
are known as _______________. Rather than spending much of their cell cycle
as functioning tissue cells in _______________, cancerous cells move quickly
from _______ ________ _______________ to the next.
Applying Knowledge of Mitosis

The _________ ______ has proven to be a useful model organism for studies
because its _______________ _______________ contains _______________
to many of the human genes involved in _______________ the cell cycle.

_______________ and _______________ _______________have advanced
our understanding of the cell cycle. For example, scientists can now _____
individual _______________ _______________with _______________ dyes to
track the movements and reactions of _______________ at different stages of
the ______ _________.