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USA CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Civil Rights What do you already know? We will first review our understanding of the African American Movement towards Civil Rights So, how does the movement start to take shape/Who was involved/What were the goals and outcomes/ and when did it occur? History 1620: First indentured servants arrive in Jamestown 1600s-1700s: Various attempts made by slaves to gain freedom 1776: Slave trade deleted from DOI 1786: Slavery is extended for another 20 years 1793: Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin 1800s: Slave Codes are further extended and ensure slaves have no rights Slavery becomes obsolete In the North, though heavy and severe discrimination persists. 1820: Missouri Compromise: Balance of slave states 1832: Nat Turner’s Rebellion (Slave codes) History Continue 1830s: Abolition movement 1850s: Era of more and more compromises and decisions (1850, 1854, Dred Scott Decision, John Brown’s raid) 1860-1865: Civil War 1863: Emancipation Proclamation 1865: 13th Amendment and the start of the Jim Crow Era 1867: 14th and 15th Amendment Supreme Court Case: Plessy v Ferguson Supreme Court Case 1896 Homer Plessy 1/8 African American, 7/8 Caucasian sat one white only train car and was arrested Supreme Court Rules separate but equal facilities are legal Video Clip: Jim Crow Law History Why were they called "Jim Crow"? The name "Jim Crow" comes from an AfricanAmerican character in a song from 1832. After the song came out, the term "Jim Crow" was often used to refer to African-Americans and soon the segregation laws became known as "Jim Crow" laws. Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow laws were designed to keep black and white people apart. They touched on many aspects of society. Here are a few examples of laws in different states: Alabama - All passenger stations shall have separate waiting rooms and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races. Florida - The schools for white children and the schools for black children shall be conducted separately. Georgia - The officer in charge shall not bury any colored persons upon the ground set apart for the burial of white persons. Mississippi - Prison wardens shall see that the white convicts shall have separate apartments for both eating and sleeping from the negro convicts. There were also laws that tried to prevent black people from voting. These included poll taxes (a fee people had to pay to vote) and reading tests that people had to pass before they could vote. Interesting Facts about Jim Crow Laws The U.S. army was segregated until 1948 when President Harry Truman ordered the armed services desegregated. As many as 6 million African-Americans relocated to the North and West to get away from the Jim Crow laws of the south. This is sometimes called the Great Migration. Not all Jim Crow laws were in the south or were specific to black people. There were other racial laws in other states such as a law in California that made it illegal for people of Chinese ancestry to vote. Another California law made it illegal to sell alcohol to Indians. The phrase "separate but equal" was often used to justify segregation. NAACP (Clip) 1909 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Based off the clip: What was the purpose and intent of this organization? What are some example of how this organization fought for equality? Civil Rights Movement, 1900-1950 – Niagara Movement begun by W.E.B. Du Bois, William Monroe Trotter, and others – denounced the vocational training and gradual progress espoused by Booker T. Washington 1911 – Urban League formed to help poor black workers in cities 1920s – Marcus Garvey’s “Back to Africa” movement and Universal Negro Improvement Association 1930 – Nation of Islam founded by Elijah Muhammad 1905 Segregation The NAACP became one of the most important African American organizations of the twentieth century. It relied mainly on legal strategies that challenged segregation and discrimination in the courts. Interestingly, Barak Obama became president 100 years after the founding of the NAACP. 20th Annual session of the N.A.A.C.P., 6/26/29 Cleveland, Ohio Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.; LCUSZ62-111535 12 Contents Segregation Historian and sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois was a founder and leader of the NAACP. Starting in 1910, he made powerful arguments protesting segregation as editor of the NAACP magazine The Crisis. Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois 13 Contents Why Did the Civil Rights Movement Take Off After 1945? I. Why Did the Civil Rights Movement Take Off After 1945? Black equality became a significant political issue for the Democratic Party WWII had been fought against racism abroad—hard to keep harboring it at home Black veterans came home dedicated to change Increasing number of White Americans condemned segregation Discrimination in the United States hurt our propaganda battle against the Communists Civil Rights Movement, 1900-1950 (Continued) 1941 – FDR ended discrimination in defense industries 1942 – Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded by James Farmer and others – advocated nonviolent protests 1944 – Gunnar Myrdal’s An American Dilemma published 1946 – Committee on Civil Rights appointed by Harry Truman 1947 – Major League Baseball desegregated when Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers 1948 – Harry Truman desegregated the United States military II. The Truman Years (19451948 election 1952) Truman’s year agenda No significant Civil Rights congressional legislation Truman moves on his own to do what he can for Civil Rights --Desegregation of the military (1948) Jackie Robinson’s breakthrough (1947) Desegregation of the Army 1948 Primary Source Eisenhower Years 1952-1960 Life for African Americans in the South (circa 1950) jure segregation – legal segregation through written laws Jim Crow laws – designed to separate blacks and whites Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 – “separate but equal” Segregation of beaches, cemeteries, hospitals, restaurants, schools, transportation, and more Disenfranchised – few could vote – grandfather clauses, literacy tests, poll taxes De Life for African Americans in the North (circa 1950) De facto segregation – unwritten segregation through customs, housing patterns, and traditions Segregation and discrimination in housing, jobs, and more Life for African Americans Nationwide (circa 1950) Segregated from whites, either legally or through custom, throughout the United States Employment – generally filled the lowest paid, least desirable positions – “last hired, first fired” Standard of living – higher rates of illiteracy and poverty, and shorter life expectancy, than whites Housing – fewer black than white homeowners World War II – following the defeat of Hitler and his racist ideology, African Americans expected changes within the United States Celebrating A Civil Rights Milestone Examine the booklet Take notes Group Discussion Due tomorrow South, Schooling, and Segregation Southern colleges and universities were so rigidly segregated at the time that Southern states would actually pay the tuition for black students to attend one of the many black colleges rather than admit them to white universities. Brown v Board of Education(pg. 994) 1954 Desegregate schools in four states – Kansas, SC, Virginia, and Delaware 9 year old Linda Brown’s father wanted her to go to all white school 4 blocks from their house Brown Vs. Board AS you watch the video clip: Identify what group contributed to the Civil Rights movement Explain how this group was able to be successful at campaigning for Civil Rights Be prepared to share your understanding of the video clip Brown v Board Court made unanimous decision Separate facilities were not equal therefore were illegal Affected 12 million school children Brown’s impact Within a year of Brown v Board 500 had desegregated Supreme Court made a second Brown decision – 1955 desegregation of schools must be done with deliberate speed Arkansas 1948 allowed an African American to attend UA-Fayetteville(Silas Hunt) First black to be admitted to a white college. Even though Hunt attended a white college, his classes were in the basement. 1957 Governor ordered National Guard of Arkansas to turn away 9 African American Students (Little Rock High School) Forced Pres Eisenhower to act – ordered thousands of federal troops to Little Rock Little Rock Nine As you watch: Reaction to the comments made by one of the participants in Little Rock Nine What message is he trying to keep passing along? Little Rock Broadcast on National TV Helped the nation focus on desegregation Forever in history (pg. 840) How else does the movement gain more momentum and become more progressive? Emmett Till Reflection and Reaction Based on the video of Emmett Till, how has your understanding of the Civil Rights Movement increased? Who is Emmett Till? Why is his story significant to the Civil Rights Movement? What is your reaction to the learning of Emmett Till? (Does this still happen today and if so, what lessons has our society learned or yet to learn?) MLA Format Rosa Parks December 1, 1955 Sat in the front row of the “colored section” of the bus Driver told Ms. Parks and 3 other African Americans to give up their seat for white passengers Rosa Parks refused Bus driver wanted them to give up their seats so one white man could sit in the row without having to sit next to an African American Rosa Parks said “It is certainly time for someone to stand up, so I refused to move” When told by the bus driver he would call the police, She said “You may do that.” News of the Arrest spread NAACP planned a boycott 26 year old Martin Luther King Jr. lead the group Montgomery Bus Boycott December 5, 1955 5000 people gathered to hear Dr. King Boycotted the buses 381 days no African American rode a bus in Montgomery Alabama Reaction Non-violent even after MLK,Jrs home was bombed 1956 Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation Dec 21, 1956 King boarded a bus and sat in the front row Dr Martin Luther King Jr. Minister Non-Violence Based his teachings on – Jesus, Henry David Thoreau, Mohandas Gandhi, A Philip Randolph New Organizations emerge and the movement intensifies SCLC CORE SNCC SCLC In 1957 MLK was elected president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference An organization formed to provide new leadership for the now burgeoning Civil Rights Movement The ideals for this organization he took from Christianity In the eleven-year period between 1957 and 1968, King traveled over six million miles and spoke over twenty-five hundred No turning back Early-mid 1960’s Students protested in 48 cities in 11 states Beat, arrested, tear gassed, fire hosed Non-violent student protests continue Includes caucasian students SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) Launched by the sit-in’s that took place in both the South and the North Ella Baker main leader CORE Congress of Racial Equality Created in 1961 in response to 1960 Supreme Court’s ruling against segregated bus terminals Called Freedom Riders: wanted to see if the government was really enforcing the rule Left from Washington, D.C. to New Orleans The Beginnings of Black Activism In 1960, students from NC A&T led a sit-in at a segregated lunch counter in Nonviolent Greensboro, NC: Protest Inspired similar sit-ins, wade-ins, Legal Action& kneel-ins across the South Nonviolent Led to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Protest Committee SCLC & SNCC soon surpassed the NAACP for leadership of the civil rights movement Greensboro Sit-in, 1960 Four African-American college students in Greensboro, North Carolina, ordered coffee and doughnuts at a Woolworth’s lunch counter Restaurant refused to serve them, so students sat there until it closed Sparked similar restaurant sit-ins, along with “read-ins” at libraries, “wade-ins” at beaches, etc. Greensboro Sit-in Tougaloo Sit-in NC A&T Woolwoth’s sit-in in 1960 Nashville Sit-ins led to jail Turn to page 854-855 Freedom Riders Desegregate buses and bus terminals in the South State by state Birmingham police pulled them off the buses and beat them Students returned and sat for 18 hours Caught on TV Freedom Rides, 1961 Alabama University of Governor George Alabama Wallace students blocks blackburn students’ desegregation entrance into notice of University Alabama Robert Kennedy Attorney General for Pres Kennedy (1961-1963) Asked for a cooling period to avoid any violence Freedom riders kept going all summer He did ask for the safety of the riders No police Violence provoked the response the students had hoped for Newspapers reported outrage at the police Pres Kennedy and sent 400 US Marshals to protect the riders to Miss Attorney General - ended segregation in bus terminals, lunch counters, restrooms Problems at the University level University of Mississippi: Refused to admit African Americans James Meredith took action of this policy In 1962, he was the first African American student admitted to the segregated Unv. Of Miss. Motivated by President JFK’s inaugural address, Meredith decided to exercise his constitutional rights and apply to the University of Mississippi. His goal was to put pressure on the Kennedy Administration to enforce civil rights for African Americans. “Ole Miss” Integrated, 1962 Medgar Evers worked to get Air Force veteran James Meredith into the allwhite University of Mississippi September 30, 1962 – riot sparked by rumors of Meredith’s campus arrival – 2 killed and 160 injured Meredith enrolled, graduating in 1963 June, 1963 – Medgar Evers assassinated 1966 – James Meredith shot and wounded Birmingham Ideal place to test non-violence Most segregated city in USA Good Friday, 1963 March through the city March after march – arrests made Children’s March – TV was there Medgar Evers assassinated Birmingham Marches, 1963 MLK forced JFK to openly support the plight of African-Americans in 1963, via the Birmingham march Police commissioner “Bull” Connor used brutal force to end the protests & MLK was jailed Police brutality helped sway public sentiment & allowed JFK to begin civil rights legislation MLK’s Letter From Birmingham Jail (1963) articulated the non-violent protest of the civil rights movement Analysis of Letter from a Birmingham jail 1963 Pres. Kennedy takes a stand June 11, 1963 sent federal troops to force Gov Wallace to desegregate Univ. of Alabama Went on TV that night – demanding congress pass a Civil Rights Bill March on Washington August 28, 1963 250,000 people including 75,000 Caucasians Demonstrated in Washington DC Dr Martin Luther King delivered his “I have a Dream” Speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial “I have a Dream” As you listen, try to identify the following: What speech does MLK refer to in his opening statement? What is the tone of his speech? How is he able to engage such a large crowd? What message does MLK send to the crowd? How does this message help other groups pursue the same dream? I have a Dream Activity Handout on the sections of the “ I have a Dream Speech” To create your own “I have a Dream” speech (Due: Monday! Extra Credit) Aftermath of March Read Birmingham 1963 Purpose of the March was the passage of the Civil Rights Bill Two weeks later Church bombed and four African American girls were killed Two months later November 22, 1963 Pres Kennedy was assassinated Civil Rights Act of 1964 1963 - supported by President Kennedy; after his assassination, President Johnson called for its passage as a tribute to JFK Outlawed segregation in businesses, banned discriminatory practices in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex and national origin, and ended segregation in public places Civil Rights Bill 1964 Pres Johnson signed the Civil Rights Bill on July 2, 1964 Prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gender. Gave all citizens the right to enter libraries, parks, bathrooms, theaters, and other public facilities Civil Rights under LBJ Lyndon Johnson made civil rights the major component of his presidency: In 1964, the 24th Amendment was ratified banning poll taxes The Civil Rights Act of 1964 declared segregation in public facilities illegal & officially ended the majority of Jim Crow laws Civil Rights under LBJ Civil rights groups were not content & continued for equality: Freedom Summer in 1964 led to the registration of thousands of Mississippi blacks to vote The 1965 protest march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery led to police violence; “Bloody Sunday” shocked people in the North more than any other event 1964 – Freedom Summer 1000’s of college students went to Mississippi to help with voter registration and participate in sit ins and marches. The Fight This man spent 5 days in jail for “carrying a placard.” Sign says “Voter registration worker” White victims of violence This Rabbi was beaten with a tire iron for registering voters "Your work is just beginning. If you go back home and sit down and take what these white men in Mississippi are doing to us. ...if you take it and don't do something about it. ...then *%# damn your souls." Voter Registration If blacks registered to vote, the local banks could call the loan on their farm. Civil Rights under LBJ After the Selma march, LBJ & Congress passed the Voting Rights Act (1965) Banned literacy tests & sent federal voting officials into the South to protect voters The act finally accomplished what Radical Republicans had envisioned when the 15th Amendment was enacted in 1870 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Prohibits the use of voting laws, practices or procedures, such as poll taxes, literacy tests, intimidation…that discriminate in either purpose or effect on the basis of race, color, or membership in a minority language group Differences in Philosophy MLKJ- non-violent, all for equal rights, better life for all Malcolm X: Non-violence dehumanizing, separate selves from whites, movement only for AA, changed philosophy, white-black brotherhood Malcolm X Malcolm X A black militant, who symbolized black power, defense of African American rights and improvement of their conditions even if it meant violence Criminal background; while in prison, joined the Nation of Islam who stressed black nationalism but taught that white people were “devils.” Broke from the Black Muslims and traveled to Mecca, Saudi Arabia and Africa Changed his philosophy hoping one day all races will be joined in brotherhood 1965-Assassinated by three members of the Nation of Islam "I believe in the brotherhood of man, all men, but I don't believe in brotherhood with anybody who doesn't want brotherhood with me. I believe in treating people right, but I'm not going to waste my time trying to treat somebody right who doesn't know how to return the treatment." -- Malcolm X, 1964 Black Power(Ideology) Create a whole new culture and political institutions for AA Stockley Carmichael leader of SNCC developed and led this movement Rejected by most other Civil Rights movement groups Two African American athletes gave symbols of pride to black power in the 1968 Olympics (Banned for life) Black Power Continued "Black Power" expresses a range of political goals, from defense against racial oppression, to the establishment of social institutions and a self-sufficient economy Black Panther Party (1960’searly 1980’s) Focused on brutality of police Reforms included: Children’s Breakfast program, safer neighborhoods, etc. Often militant and violent Refuted black nationalism Read Violence Erupts on page 853. Black Panthers Influenced by Malcolm X Believed a revolution was necessary in the United States to gain equality Adopted a “Ten-Point Program” that called for black empowerment, an end to racial oppression, and control of major institutions and services in the African American Community Openly carried weapons in public and were prepared to use violence www.evergreen.edu/events/ brownvboard/events.htm http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/graphics/title2.jpg http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/jb/modern/jb_modern_parks_1_e.jpg http://www.columbia.edu/itc/law/witt/raw_images/lect28/13_rosa_parks.jpg dickinsg.intrasun.tcnj.edu/ diaspora/church.html http://www.korrnet.org/mlk/images/king.bus.jp www.christcenteredmall.com/ stores/art/sallman... www.nead.org.uk/bhm/ photos/people/ghandi.jpg academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/.../ thoreau.jpg www.pbs.org/.../articles/ a_philip_randolph.html http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.html http://www.learnhistory.org.uk/usa/woolworjthsitin2.jpg www.edwardsly.com/ steinem.htm www.brownsteins.net/.../ Betty%20Friedan.jpg http://www.theinitialjourney.com/Images/throughtheages/sixties.jpg members.aol.com/ Nowacumig/backgrnd.html hypatia.ss.uci.edu/.../ index%20casa.htm www.laprensa-sandiego.org/.../ 020329.html www.homeofheroes.com/ presidents/36_johnson.html