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DELIRIUM RECOGNITION AND MANAGEMENT DR AISLING O’GORMAN Consultant in Palliative Medicine LOUTH & MEATH SPECIALIST PALLIATIVE CARE SERVICES DELIRIUM The entity formally known as …. – – – – Confusion & agitation - Organic psychosis Acute confusional state - Opioid toxicity Cognitive impairment / failure Acute brain syndrome - ITU encephalopathy 2 DELIRIUM An aetiologically non-specific, global, cerebral dysfunction characterised by concurrent disturbance of level of consciousness, attention, thinking, perception, memory, psychomotor behaviour, emotion and the sleep-wake cycle. 3 Confused ???? Delirium = Brain Failure DELIRIUM An aetiologically non-specific, global, cerebral dysfunction characterised by concurrent disturbance of level of consciousness, attention, thinking, perception, memory, psychomotor behaviour, emotion and the sleep-wake cycle. 5 Delirium Subtypes Hyperactive Hypoactive Mixed Hypoactive Mixed Hyperactive Delirium – What’s it to YOU ??? Delirious patients Stop eating Stop drinking fluids Stop taking important medications May fall and injure themselves Are often placed in restraints and suffer complications such as aspiration and decubitus Morbidity: – Associated with prolonged hospitalisation – More hospital-acquired complications e.g. falls & pressure sores – Increased risk of long term cognitive decline – More likely to require admission to long term care – Loss of independent living Delirium Is Deadly !!! Mortality rates: – 10% - 65% But - With appropriate management, may be reversible in up to 50% DELIRIUM Prevalence: – 10% - 35% of hospitalised patients Elderly Patients – 30% of hospitalised elderly Cancer Patients – 25% - 40% of cancer patients – Up to 85% of cancer patients with advanced disease 10 Risk FactorAssessment for Delirium Age 65 yrs or older Cognitive impairment (past or present) Current hip fracture Severe illness 11 Mental Health Problems among elderly in hospitals 50% cognitive impairment 27% delirium 8-32% depressive illness 6% hallucinations 8% delusions 21% apathy 9% agitation/aggression Goldberg et al; Age Ageing 2011 Sep 1 Elderly patients with mental health problems in hospital – 47% – 49% – 44% Incontinent Assistance with feeding required Major assistance to transfer Goldberg et al; Age Ageing 2011 Sep 1 Delirium – Differential Diagnosis Dementia Depression Mania Psychosis DELIRIUM DEMENTIA Acute. Chronic. Often remitting & Usually progressive reversible. & irreversible. Mental clouding. Brain damage. (info not taken in) (info not retained) Poor concentration Impaired short term memory Disorientation Living in past Misinterpretations Hallucinations Delusions 15 DELIRIUM DEMENTIA Speech rambling & incoherent. Speech stereotypes & limited. Often diurnal variation. Constant (in later stages). Often aware & anxious. Unaware & Unconcerned (in later stages). 16 17 18 Pathophysiology of Delirium ↓ Acetylcholine ↑ Dopamine ↑ Noradrenaline ↑ Serotonin ↓ Histamine Gaba Cytokines- IL-1, IL-2,6; TNF; IF Recognising Delirium - Indicators Recent changes or fluctuations in behaviour – Cognitive function – Perception – Physical function – Social behaviour Clinical Features Acute onset Fluctuating course Inattention Disorganised thinking Altered consciousness Cognitive deficit Perceptual disturbance Psychomotor disturbance Altered sleep-wake cycle Emotional disturbance ESSENTIAL CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSING DELIRIUM Disturbance of consciousness / impaired attention. Change in cognition Acute / subacute onset & fluctuating course Evidence of general medical condition judged to be aetiologically related to the disturbance. DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS IV 22 Consciousness Level of consciousness = awake/alertness Content of consciousness = awareness Hypoalert Hyperalert Attention Inability to direct, focus and sustain attention – Distractable – Neglect – Perseveration Serial 7’s Count down 20-1 ‘WORLD’–‘DLROW’ Digit span forward & backwards Linked to arousal/ consciousness Registration of new information does not occur –> immediate & short term memory loss Change in Cognition Disorganised thinking – Memory deficit – Disorientation – Language disturbance – Perceptual disturbance Bedside Tests Cognitive Tests – MMSE – SOMCT Tests to Differentiate Delirium from Dementia – DRSR-98 – MDAS Tests for Delirium – – – – Cognitive Test for Delirium DRS – R-98 CAM – Confusion Assessment Method NUDESC Management of Delirium SOLVE THE PROBLEM !!!! Treat the underlying causes Environmental interventions Antipsychotics – Haloperidol, risperidone, quetiapine, olanzapine, CAUSES OF DELIRIUM Drug Toxicity Direct CNS Causes Infection Hypoxia Surgery Environmental Metabolic Paraneoplastic encephalopathy Haematological Electrolyte Elimination disorder 28 Delirium - Causes – Medications • • • • • • • • Chemotherapy Steroids Radiotherapy Opioids Benzodiazepines Anticholinergics Antiemetics Withdrawal MANAGEMENT OF DELIRIUM Assess patient: – – – – – – – Determine cause ? Potentially reversible factors Check list History (NB collateral) Examination Review medication Blood tests 30 MANAGEMENT OF DELIRIUM Environmental Interventions: – – – – Supportive measures Keep to a routine Quiet & well lit room Orientate patient frequently – Separate past & present – Explanations to patient – Identify & respond to mood – Avoid unnecessary confrontation – Avoid restraints – Courtesy & respect – Presence of family member/close friend 31 MANAGEMENT OF DELIRIUM Communicate with family: – Clear explanation of goals of management & possible outcomes. 32 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF DELIRIUM There are 3 distinct clinical entities: – Hyperactive: Agitated – Mixed: Hypoactive – Hyperactive – Hypoactive – Hypoalert, withdrawn, confused 33 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF DELIRIUM Haloperidol: – Highly potent dopamine blocking agent – Half life: 20 hours – Minimal anticholinergic V/E – Less sedating than phenothiazines – Administration: • Po, iv, im, sc – Dose: • • • • • 1-2 mg po/sc q 6 hrly Elderly 0.5 – 1mg bd 1 mg q 1 hrly prn Titrate as needed Higher doses may be required initially, if severely agitated • Rarely exceed 20mg / 24 hours 34 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF DELIRIUM NEW ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS Olanzapine • Fewer Extrapyramidal V/E • Dose 2.5mg stat, prn • Available in Velotab preparation • V/E – Drowsiness & Weight Gain, ACH Risperidone • Dose 500mcg bd & prn • Increase by 500mcg bd on alt days • Median maintenance dose – 1mg/day Quetiapine • Dose 12.5 – 25mg bd 35 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF DELIRIUM Methotrimeprazine: – Dose: – Widely used in terminal stages – V/E: • sedating • postural hypotension • 6.25mg – 12.5 mg sc/po q 8-12h • Higher doses in terminal stages: – 12.5 mg – 25 mg sc/po q 4 – 8 hrly – Up to 300 mg / 24 hours via syringe driver reported 36 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF DELIRIUM Chlorpromazine: – Useful oral alternative when some sedation is desirable – Dose: 25mg po q 8 hrly Midazolam: – Rapid onset & short half life – Administration: iv, im, sc – Dose: 2.5 mg – 10 mg stat followed by 20mg – 100 mg / 24 hours Phenobarbitone: – Pre terminal agitation – Used with midazolam – Dose: 200 mg – 800 mg / 24 hours 37 Delirium and Suffering in the Dying Patient Suffering caused by delirium is hard to assess, even retrospectively. Interferes with meaningful contact Distressing to families Visions and visitation on the deathbed: -Pathologic? -Supernatural? 38 Delirium at End of Life Treatment Overview Primary Goals: -Maximizing Patient Comfort -Minimizing Patient (Family) Distress Tx Underlying Cause (When Possible & Appropriate Usually involves Medication: -Benzodiazepines -Neuroleptics May Require Heavy Sedation 39 TERMINAL DELIRIUM Delirium occuring in last days of life Cause – multifactorial, unknown Investigations – limited Focus – Patient comfort NB General measures Haloperidol 10 – 30mg/24hrs Methotrimeprazine 50 – 200mg/24hrs Phenobarbitone 800 – 1600mg/24hrs +/- Midazolam 10 – 100mg/24 hrs 40 CONCLUSION Prevention / Minimise Risk Early Diagnosis Early Treatment Careful Systematic Approach Correct Reversible Causes NB General Measures 41 References Inuoye S. Delirium in Older Persons. NEJM. 2006; 354:1157-65 Centeno C, Sanz A,Bruera E. Delirium in advanced cancer patients. Palliat Med. 2004; 18: 184-94 Lawlor P et al. Occurrence, Causes and outcome of delirium in patients with advanced cancer. Arch Intern Med; 160: 786-94 Caraceni A, Simonetti F. Palliating delirium in patients with cancer. The Lancet. 2009: 10; 164-72 Lonergan E et al. Antipsychotics for delirium. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Apr 18;(2):CD005594 References Grover S, Matoo SK, Gupta N. Usefulness of atypical antipsychotics and choline esterase inhibitors in delirium: a review. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2011 Mar; 44(2): 43-54 Grover S, Kumar V, Chakrabarti S. Comparative efficacy study of haloperidol, olanzapine and risperidone in delirium. J Psychosom Res. 2011. Oct;71(4): 277-81 Delirium: diagnosis, prevention and management. NICE clinical guideline 103.
