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醫療風險管理的運用
以瞻妄病人之照護為例
台大醫院品質管理中心顧問醫師
老年醫學部主任 詹鼎正
譫妄DELIRIUM 又稱為•
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acute confusional state
acute mental status change
altered mental status
organic brain syndrome
reversible dementia
toxic or metabolic encephalopathy
dysergastic reaction
subacute befuddlement
譫妄常見嗎?
• 內科住院病人:約5~10%
• 一般住院老人:約14~24%
• ICU病人:高達70-87%
• 住院期間跟譫妄相關之死亡率達22~76%
• 可能衍變為慢性疾病,或產生永久後遺症
Resource: Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with delirium. American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1-20.
老年譫妄症,劉建良、陳亮恭,台灣老年醫學暨老年學雜誌 2011;6(1):1-14
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就算出院一年後,
曾發生譫妄的病人還是有較差的存活率
Slide 4
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為什麼一再發生?
• 臨床正確診斷機率僅:18~57%不等
• 對譫妄特性之認知不足 (風險辨識)
• 缺乏正確評估譫妄症的能力 (風險評估)
• 評估結果是否有效傳遞 (溝通有效性)
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如何診斷譫妄症?
DSM-V. 2013.
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譫妄診斷工具
Confusion Assessment Method
Requires features 1 and 2 and
either 3 or 4:
1. Acute change in mental status
and fluctuating course
2. Inattention
3. Disorganized thinking
4. Altered level of consciousness
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譫妄的分類
• Hyperactive or agitated delirium
– 25% of all cases
• Hypoactive delirium
– less recognized or appropriately treated
• Mixed
• Additional features include emotional symptoms,
psychotic symptoms, “sundowning”
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譫妄的形成模式
• Predisposing factors
•
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High vulnerability
Low vulnerability
Precipitating factors
Noxious insult
Less noxious insult
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PREDISPOSING FACTORS (無法改變的)
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Advanced age
Dementia
Functional impairment in ADLs
Medical comorbidity
History of alcohol abuse
Male sex
Sensory impairment (vision, hearing)
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PRECIPITATING FACTORS
(臨床需要尋找及處理的)
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Acute cardiac events
Acute pulmonary events
Bed rest
Drug withdrawal
(sedatives, alcohol)
• Fecal impaction
• Fluid or electrolyte
disturbances
• Indwelling devices
Slide 11
• Infections
(esp. respiratory, urinary)
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Medications
Restraints
Severe anemia
Uncontrolled pain
Urinary retention
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好背的口訣(AEIOU tips)
 Alcohol 酒精(震顫譫妄)
 Epilepsy 癲癇
 Insulin 胰島素(高或低血糖)
 Overdose 藥物過量
 Uremia 尿毒症(代謝性腦病變之代表)
 Trauma or Tumor 頭部外傷或腦部腫瘤
 Infection 感染症(中樞神經或全身性)
 Psychiatric 精神病
 Stroke 中風
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譫妄評估處置流程圖
Slide 13
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病史與身體檢查
• History
– Focus on time course of cognitive changes, esp. their
association with other symptoms or events
– Medication review, including OTC drugs, alcohol
• Physical examination
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Vital signs
Oxygen saturation
General medical evaluation
Neurologic and mental status examination
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檢驗與檢查
– Base on history and physical
– Include CBC, electrolytes, renal function tests
– Also helpful: UA , LFTs, serum drug levels, arterial blood
gases, chest x-ray, ECG, cultures
– Cerebral imaging rarely helpful, except with head trauma or
new focal neurologic findings
– EEG and CSF rarely yield helpful results, except with
associated seizure activity or signs of meningitis
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治療方針
• Treat the underlying disease
• Address contributing factors
• Avoid the complications of delirium by:
- removing indwelling devices ASAP
- preventing or treating constipation and urinary
retention
- encouraging proper sleep hygiene, avoiding sedatives
• Optimize medication regimen (see next slide)
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藥物回顧很重要
Almost any medication if time course is appropriate
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Alcohol
Antibiotics
Anticholinergics
Anticonvulsants
Antidepressants
Antihistamines
Antiparkinsonian
agents
• Antipsychotics
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Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Chloral hydrate
H2-blocking agents
Lithium
Opioid analgesics (esp.
meperidine)
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過激症狀的處理
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Provide “social” restraints
Consider a sitter or allow family to stay in room
Avoid physical or pharmacologic restraints
If absolutely necessary, use haloperidol
(or atypical antipsychotoics
- for mild delirium: 0.25-0.5 mg po or 0.125-0.25 mg IV/IM
- for severe delirium: 0.5-2 mg IV/IM
- additional dosing q 60 min, as required
- assess for akathisia and extrapyramidal effects
- avoid in older persons with parkinsonism
- in ICU, monitor for QT interval prolongation, torsade de pointes,
neuroleptic malignant syndrome, withdrawal dyskinesias
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–Regular re-orienting
communication
Slide 19
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避免約束
• The highest relative risk of the precipitating factors for
delirium*
• Significant association with the severity of delirium†
• Misconceived reason for physical restraint use among
delirious patients to prevent injury
• Restraint reduction: not associated with falls
• Restraint free care: the standard of care
*Inouye
SK, et al. JAMA. 1996;275(11):852–857.
†McCusker J, et al. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49(10):1327–1334.
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加強復健
• Use orienting stimuli (clocks, calendar, radio)
• Provide adequate socialization
• Use eyeglasses and hearing aids appropriately
• Mobilize patient as soon as possible
• Ensure adequate intake of nutrition and fluids, if necessary by
hand feeding
• Educate and support the patient and family
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預防重於治療
• The Yale Delirium Prevention Trial
– Orientation and activities for cognitive impairment
– Early mobilization to avert immobilization
– Nonpharmacologic approach to minimize drug use
– Interventions to prevent sleep deprivation
– Equipment for vision and hearing impairment
– Early intervention for volume depletion
• Limit or avoid psychoactive and other high-risk medications
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The Yale Delirium Prevention Trial
P = 0.03 by log-rank test
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急性瞻妄-躁動案例
背景說明
• 病人為77歲男性,原本即罹患慢性骨髓性白血病 (CML) ,治療遵從
性不佳,病情有惡化現象。門診時與主治醫師討論待肺炎好轉後進一
步安排骨髓檢查。
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我們看到了甚麼問題?
處理認知不足
• 未正確進行風險評估(藥物因素/內出血…)
病情掌握有限
• 而非主責的醫師進行病人照顧
• 未執行預防性策略
• 未能進行有效的病情傳遞
病情照護
• 未持續監測病人生命徵象
家屬衛教
• 未教導家屬需觀察點
• 未積極通報病人病情
• 未與家屬取得有效溝通
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避免相同的事件再發生
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臨床風險辨識
• 臨床上的表徵
– 如意識混亂、瞳孔放大、胡言亂語、定向感障礙,視幻覺、
觸幻覺,以及激躁不安、嗜睡、類似癲癇大發作的抽搐,攻擊
行為等
• 高風險族群
– 老年病人、失智病人
– 常見於加護單位
• 高風險行為
– 自拔管路
– 跌倒
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對於瞻妄症狀的風險控制
「預防勝於治療」&「找出病因,對症治療」
 1.預防
1)
2)
3)
4)
每日固定的常規活動。
固定的照顧者
提供夜間適當休息及睡眠,避免過度或不當使用鎮靜安眠藥。
避免不必要的約束
 2.治療
1) 足夠的敏感度及警覺性,及早發現,做必要診治。
2) 確認並矯正會造成譫妄的原因(鑑別診斷)。
3) 依需要照會專家
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Risk & Mitigation strategies
Risk
Mitigation
傷害程度
減輕傷害&立即處理
確立問題
通知主治醫師/
依需要照會專家
多人團隊/溝通問題
單位內召開會議統一一人向家屬說明
醫療爭議
轉介關懷小組
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瞻妄病人照護指引
對於焦慮躁
動的處置,
首先考慮非
藥物的處置
身體評估:
瞻妄病人鑑
別診斷
(AEIOU tips)
進一步通報
總醫師/主治
醫師與照會
專家
持續監測
病人狀況
臺大醫院品質管理中心小提醒
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我們還可以做甚麼?
在照護方式:建構親和環境
 Airway, Breathing, Circulation
 監測vital signs及I/O
 必要時給予氧氣
 注意病人可能之傷害行為
 必要時予以約束
 注意所服藥物的副作用
必要時提醒醫師
在醫學處置方面:
 沒有絕對的治療方式
 用藥安全:鬆弛劑的使用更需小
心
 對不同病人不同病情都需審慎評
估
在護理人員方面:
 使用和病人相符的溝通模式,例
如單子或短句 。
 在說話時要採用低音調、低音
量以及緩慢的速度。
 當病人不瞭解溝通內容的時候,
要重複傳遞訊息並增加手部的
動作。
 也可以運用輕觸覺刺激,譬如擁
抱、撫摸、拍打來表達構成。
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躁動不安病人其他照護原則
最重要的是「預防勝於治療」及「找出病因
,對症治療」。(鑑別診斷)
要有足夠的敏感度及警覺性,及早發現,做
必要診治。
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病
人
結論
• 當有些人望著你的時候,她們看到的只是一個診斷結果、
一個麻煩、一種類別,而不是一個完整的人格。
• 唯有站在同樣的角度看世界才會感受到真正的關切
(取自LETTERS TO SAM: A GRANDFATHER’S LESSONS ON LOVE, LOSS, AND THE GIFTS OF
LIFE, DANIEL GOTTLIEB,2007)
全人看待
全人評估
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Thanks for Attention!!
2014.07.26
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