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Download Unit 4 Chapter 11: The Civil War
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Unit 4 Chapter 11: The Civil War Common Final Terms Rohr/Iverson Unit Essays Common Essays The Civil War Begins (11.1) • Confederates fire on Fort Sumter – South Carolina still held by Union soldiers had only enough supplies for 6 weeks. – Lincoln’s Dilemma: Attack rest of slave states might secede or Evacuate gives power to Confederacy and angers republicans. Solution send food to hungry men. – First shots fired by Confederacy who attack and take the fort. – Virginia Secedes on April 17, after Lincoln calls for more soldier volunteers. • May = Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina • Western counties of Virginia were anti-slavery and seceded from Virginia rejoining the Union as West Virginia 1863. The Civil War Begins (11.1): Americans expect a short war Union Strategy • Advantages: fighting power, factories, food production, railroad, Lincoln decisive patient leader. • Anaconda Plan – Blockade southern ports – Move down Mississippi split confederacy in two – Capture confederate capitol Richmond Virginia Confederate Strategy • Advantages: Cotton - world market, first-rate Generals, strong military tradition, motivated soldiers. • Yet state’s rights still more important that confederate government. • Nation survival - strategy mostly defensive. The Civil War Begins (11.1): • Bull Run: See saw battle Union gets upper hand then looses to Confederates – Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson Stonewall Jackson in spires his soldiers. – Considered the first victory of the South. • Union Armies in the West: Lincoln appoints General George McClellan to lead Union. – Forts Henry and Donelson fall to Union General Ulysses S. Grant in just 11 days. – Battle of Shiloh: Confederates ambush Grant, who attacks back next day • Lesson for both sides: send out scouts, dig trenches, build fortifications. The Civil War Begins (11.1): • Revolution in Warfare – Iron Clads: Ships of iron could splinter wood ships Grant used 4 when he captured Forts Henry and Donelson. – New Weapons: • Rifles – More accurate – Load quickly – Shoot more rounds. • Minie ball (soft lead bullet more destructive) • Primitive hand grenades • Primitive land mines The Civil War Begins (11.1): • War for the Capitals – Robert E. Lee takes over as Confederate General when previous general is hurt. – McClellan fights battles (7 days’) against Lee but he backs away many times. – Antietam Creek Sept 17 bloodiest battle 26,000 die. Lee retreats and McClellan fails to follow possibly ending the war. – Lincoln fires McClellan Nov. 7, 1862 The Politics of War 11.2 • Britain remains neutral not needing to rely on South for cotton. • Lincoln Announces Emancipation Proclamation: Union’s ability to Free slaves from Confederates that they take over. – Doesn’t apply to slave states in the Union. – Free blacks welcomed to enlist in Union who had previously been turned down. • Political Problems for both sides – Dissent or Disloyalty to the cause • Lincoln’s Writ of Habeas Corpus: court order that requires authorities to bring a person from Jail before the court to determine why he or she is jailed. • Jefferson Davis first ridicules Lincoln for this than follows suit doing the same in the Confederacy – Conscription: A draft forcing others to serve in the Army • Union = drafted white men 20-45 for 3 yrs., allowed paid substitutes, and a commutation, $300 fee to get out of it. 92% of soldiers were still volunteers • Confederacy = Drafted able bodied men 18-35 then changed to 17-50, allowed paid substitutes, exempted planters w/ 20+ slaves. – Draft Riots in N.Y. poor workers rioted about being made to fight to free slaves who might come North after the war and compete for their jobs. Life During War Time (11.3) • African Americans Fighting for Freedom – Soldiers: originally neither side allowed A.A. soldiers. Emancipation Proclamation increased A.A. soldiers in the North. In the South tried to force slaves to fight since “they caused the fight.” – Slave Resistance: In the South they sabotaged farm equipment, neglected live stock, broke fences, etc. Which compounded the stress for whites. Life During War Time (11.3) • The War Affects Regional Economies – Southern Shortages: loss of slaves to work fields caused food shortages: meat, rice, corn, etc. Union blockade of ports: salt, sugar, coffee, nails, needles, and medicines. – Northern Growth: cotton textiles decline but most others grow: Uniforms, shoes, gun, woolen mills, steel foundries, coal mines, etc. Workforce decline benefited companies that sold newer technologies like the reaper for harvesting crops. However pay didn’t keep up. Life During War Time (11.3) • Soldiers suffer on both sides – Lives on the line: camps did not have appropriate garbage disposal, latrines, and personal hygiene lacked causing sicknesses. – Civil War Medicine: United States Sanitary Commission • Improve hygienic conditions of camps • Recruit and train nurses – Dorothea Dix, age 60, nation’s first superintendent of women nurses. – Clara Barton, Union Nurse, cared for wounded and sick on front lines surgeon described her as “angel of the battlefield.” – Prisons • North slightly better conditions 12% of confederate soldiers died • South 15% of Union soldiers died. The North Takes Charge (11.4) • Gettysburg – Most decisive battle of the war – Confederate soldiers (barefoot) looking for foot wear bump into Union brigades. – Confederates take the city, Union take the Seminary Ridge. – Union attack on Confederates continue even after artillery is gone, bayonet charge. – Union trick Confederates into advancing, then surround them. – Total losses: Union 23,000 – Confederates 28,000 The North Takes Charge (11.4) • Grant Wins at Vicksburg – U.S. Grant fighting at Vicksburg during battle at Gettysburg. • Grant draws attention away from the port city distracts Confederates • Lands Union just south of Vicksburg. • Barrage the city with artillery • People’s supplies run low. • Vicksburg surrenders 1 day after Gettysburg battle ends. The North Takes Charge (11.4) • Gettysburg Address – Lincoln spoke for only 2 minutes but his speech “remade America.” Before the war people said “The United States are . . .” After the speech “The United States is . . .” • Confederacy Wears Down – Confederate Morale: Soldiers flee to fight for Union army. Soldiers beg leaders to surrender. – Grant appoints William T. Sherman as commander of the Military division of Mississippi • Destroy the southern citizens spirit to fight = confederacy collapse – Grant immobilizes Lee’s army in Virginia while Sherman raided Georgia. – Sherman marches southeast of Georgia creating wide path of destruction. The North Takes Charge (11.4) • Election of 1864 – Lincoln’s running mate Andrew Johnson. They were challenged by nominations George McClellan (pro southern party) and John C. Fremont (Radical Republicans). • Admiral David Farragut takes Alabama, Sherman telegraphs “Atlanta is ours.” • Fremont withdraws from race. • Sheridan chases Confederates out of Shenandoah Valley • Union Soldiers Absentee ballots key to Lincoln’s second term win. – Appomattox Court House, Virginia April 9 1865 Confederates Surrender. • Within 2 months all remaining Confedreate resistances collapsed. 4 years of Civil War over. The Legacy of the War (11.5) • War changes the Nation: – Political changes: Federal Government has supreme power taxing private incomes, new paper currency, institution of a draft. – Economic Changes: • Bank Act 1863 – – – – Federally chartered banks Loan requirements Bank inspections Made banking safer for investors. • Northern economy boomed entrepreneurs rich selling war supplies to gov. • Southern economy devastated: 40% livestock gone, fee labor gone, farm’s destroyed, land uncultivated. – Cost of war • 3.3 billion total between North and South, more than the country spent the 80 years prior to the war. The Legacy of the War (11.5) • The War Changes Lives – Emancipation Proclamation only freed slaves from confederate states not union states • Need constitutional amendment abolishing slavery • 27 states vote to ratify 13th Amendment “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States.” The Legacy of the War (11.5) • Civilians follow new Paths: – William T Sherman remained in army fighting Native Americans – Robert E. Lee became president of Washington college in Virginia, swore allegiance to U.S. – Clara Barton goes to Europe to recuperate, gets involved in International Committee of the Red Cross, Founded the American Red Cross in 1881. – Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth 26 yr old actor, on April 14 1865, 5 days after Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House. • Civil War Ended: 2 problems – How to restore the south? – How to integrate 4 million newly freed African Americans into national life.