Download Unit 4 Chapter 11: The Civil War

Unit 4 Chapter 11: The Civil War
Common Final Terms
Rohr/Iverson Unit Essays
Common Essays
The Civil War Begins (11.1)
• Confederates fire on Fort Sumter
– South Carolina still held by Union soldiers had only enough
supplies for 6 weeks.
– Lincoln’s Dilemma: Attack rest of slave states might secede
or Evacuate gives power to Confederacy and angers
republicans. Solution send food to hungry men.
– First shots fired by Confederacy who attack and take the
fort.
– Virginia Secedes on April 17, after Lincoln calls for more
soldier volunteers.
• May = Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina
• Western counties of Virginia were anti-slavery and seceded from
Virginia rejoining the Union as West Virginia 1863.
The Civil War Begins (11.1): Americans
expect a short war
Union Strategy
• Advantages: fighting power,
factories, food production,
railroad, Lincoln decisive
patient leader.
• Anaconda Plan
– Blockade southern ports
– Move down Mississippi split
confederacy in two
– Capture confederate capitol
Richmond Virginia
Confederate Strategy
• Advantages: Cotton - world
market, first-rate Generals,
strong military tradition,
motivated soldiers.
• Yet state’s rights still more
important that confederate
government.
• Nation survival - strategy
mostly defensive.
The Civil War Begins (11.1):
• Bull Run: See saw battle Union gets upper hand
then looses to Confederates
– Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson Stonewall
Jackson in spires his soldiers.
– Considered the first victory of the South.
• Union Armies in the West: Lincoln appoints
General George McClellan to lead Union.
– Forts Henry and Donelson fall to Union General
Ulysses S. Grant in just 11 days.
– Battle of Shiloh: Confederates ambush Grant, who
attacks back next day
• Lesson for both sides: send out scouts, dig trenches, build
fortifications.
The Civil War Begins (11.1):
• Revolution in Warfare
– Iron Clads: Ships of iron could splinter wood ships
Grant used 4 when he captured Forts Henry and
Donelson.
– New Weapons:
• Rifles
– More accurate
– Load quickly
– Shoot more rounds.
• Minie ball (soft lead bullet more destructive)
• Primitive hand grenades
• Primitive land mines
The Civil War Begins (11.1):
• War for the Capitals
– Robert E. Lee takes over as Confederate General
when previous general is hurt.
– McClellan fights battles (7 days’) against Lee but
he backs away many times.
– Antietam Creek Sept 17 bloodiest battle 26,000
die. Lee retreats and McClellan fails to follow
possibly ending the war.
– Lincoln fires McClellan Nov. 7, 1862
The Politics of War 11.2
• Britain remains neutral not needing to rely on South for cotton.
• Lincoln Announces Emancipation Proclamation: Union’s ability to
Free slaves from Confederates that they take over.
– Doesn’t apply to slave states in the Union.
– Free blacks welcomed to enlist in Union who had previously been
turned down.
• Political Problems for both sides
– Dissent or Disloyalty to the cause
• Lincoln’s Writ of Habeas Corpus: court order that requires authorities to bring
a person from Jail before the court to determine why he or she is jailed.
• Jefferson Davis first ridicules Lincoln for this than follows suit doing the same
in the Confederacy
– Conscription: A draft forcing others to serve in the Army
• Union = drafted white men 20-45 for 3 yrs., allowed paid substitutes, and a
commutation, $300 fee to get out of it. 92% of soldiers were still volunteers
• Confederacy = Drafted able bodied men 18-35 then changed to 17-50, allowed
paid substitutes, exempted planters w/ 20+ slaves.
– Draft Riots in N.Y. poor workers rioted about being made to fight to
free slaves who might come North after the war and compete for their
jobs.
Life During War Time (11.3)
• African Americans Fighting for Freedom
– Soldiers: originally neither side allowed A.A.
soldiers. Emancipation Proclamation increased
A.A. soldiers in the North. In the South tried to
force slaves to fight since “they caused the fight.”
– Slave Resistance: In the South they sabotaged
farm equipment, neglected live stock, broke
fences, etc. Which compounded the stress for
whites.
Life During War Time (11.3)
• The War Affects Regional Economies
– Southern Shortages: loss of slaves to work fields
caused food shortages: meat, rice, corn, etc. Union
blockade of ports: salt, sugar, coffee, nails, needles,
and medicines.
– Northern Growth: cotton textiles decline but most
others grow: Uniforms, shoes, gun, woolen mills, steel
foundries, coal mines, etc. Workforce decline
benefited companies that sold newer technologies like
the reaper for harvesting crops. However pay didn’t
keep up.
Life During War Time (11.3)
• Soldiers suffer on both sides
– Lives on the line: camps did not have appropriate garbage
disposal, latrines, and personal hygiene lacked causing
sicknesses.
– Civil War Medicine: United States Sanitary Commission
• Improve hygienic conditions of camps
• Recruit and train nurses
– Dorothea Dix, age 60, nation’s first superintendent of women nurses.
– Clara Barton, Union Nurse, cared for wounded and sick on front lines
surgeon described her as “angel of the battlefield.”
– Prisons
• North slightly better conditions 12% of confederate soldiers died
• South 15% of Union soldiers died.
The North Takes Charge (11.4)
• Gettysburg
– Most decisive battle of the war
– Confederate soldiers (barefoot) looking for foot wear
bump into Union brigades.
– Confederates take the city, Union take the Seminary
Ridge.
– Union attack on Confederates continue even after
artillery is gone, bayonet charge.
– Union trick Confederates into advancing, then
surround them.
– Total losses: Union 23,000 – Confederates 28,000
The North Takes Charge (11.4)
• Grant Wins at Vicksburg
– U.S. Grant fighting at Vicksburg during battle at
Gettysburg.
• Grant draws attention away from the port city distracts
Confederates
• Lands Union just south of Vicksburg.
• Barrage the city with artillery
• People’s supplies run low.
• Vicksburg surrenders 1 day after Gettysburg battle
ends.
The North Takes Charge (11.4)
• Gettysburg Address
– Lincoln spoke for only 2 minutes but his speech “remade
America.” Before the war people said “The United States are . .
.” After the speech “The United States is . . .”
• Confederacy Wears Down
– Confederate Morale: Soldiers flee to fight for Union army.
Soldiers beg leaders to surrender.
– Grant appoints William T. Sherman as commander of the
Military division of Mississippi
• Destroy the southern citizens spirit to fight = confederacy collapse
– Grant immobilizes Lee’s army in Virginia while Sherman raided
Georgia.
– Sherman marches southeast of Georgia creating wide path of
destruction.
The North Takes Charge (11.4)
• Election of 1864
– Lincoln’s running mate Andrew Johnson. They were
challenged by nominations George McClellan (pro
southern party) and John C. Fremont (Radical
Republicans).
• Admiral David Farragut takes Alabama, Sherman telegraphs
“Atlanta is ours.”
• Fremont withdraws from race.
• Sheridan chases Confederates out of Shenandoah Valley
• Union Soldiers Absentee ballots key to Lincoln’s second term win.
– Appomattox Court House, Virginia April 9 1865
Confederates Surrender.
• Within 2 months all remaining Confedreate resistances collapsed.
4 years of Civil War over.
The Legacy of the War (11.5)
• War changes the Nation:
– Political changes: Federal Government has supreme power
taxing private incomes, new paper currency, institution of
a draft.
– Economic Changes:
• Bank Act 1863
–
–
–
–
Federally chartered banks
Loan requirements
Bank inspections
Made banking safer for investors.
• Northern economy boomed entrepreneurs rich selling war
supplies to gov.
• Southern economy devastated: 40% livestock gone, fee labor gone,
farm’s destroyed, land uncultivated.
– Cost of war
• 3.3 billion total between North and South, more than the country
spent the 80 years prior to the war.
The Legacy of the War (11.5)
• The War Changes Lives
– Emancipation Proclamation only freed slaves from
confederate states not union states
• Need constitutional amendment abolishing slavery
• 27 states vote to ratify 13th Amendment
“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have
been duly convicted, shall exist within the United
States.”
The Legacy of the War (11.5)
• Civilians follow new Paths:
– William T Sherman remained in army fighting Native
Americans
– Robert E. Lee became president of Washington college in
Virginia, swore allegiance to U.S.
– Clara Barton goes to Europe to recuperate, gets involved in
International Committee of the Red Cross, Founded the
American Red Cross in 1881.
– Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth 26 yr old actor,
on April 14 1865, 5 days after Lee’s surrender at
Appomattox Court House.
• Civil War Ended: 2 problems
– How to restore the south?
– How to integrate 4 million newly freed African Americans
into national life.