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CHAPTER 5 REVIEW 1. Why was Leonardo da Vinci an excellent example of Renaissance Italy’s social ideal? A. Because he was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and mathematician 2. Who painted frescoes that have long been regarded as the first masterpieces of Renaissance art? A. Massaccio 3. What was the first Protestant faith? A. Lutheranism 4. What did Calvin’s reformation of Geneva include? A. The creation of a church government and the formation of the Consistory 5. Who founded the Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits? A. Ignatius of Loyola 6. Why did parents in Renaissance Italy carefully arrange marriages? A. To strengthen business and family ties 7. What movement had a profound effect on education? A. The Humanist movement 8. Who was the best known of all the Christian humanists? A. Desiderius Erasmus 9. What doctrine did Calvin and Luther disagree upon? A. Predestination 10.What did the final decrees of the Council of Trent do? A. It reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs 11.What event occurred in England in 1534? A. The Church of England separated from Rome 12.What event ended the war between France and Spain for control of Italy? A. When Spanish mercenaries were let loose to sack the city of Rome 13.What is Christine de Pizan best known for? A. Her works in defense of women 14.What did Christian humanists believe would make people more pious? A. If people read the classics, especially the works of Christianity 15.What did the Peace of Augsburg formally do? A. It accepted the division of Christianity in Germany 16.What did the Protestant Reformation do to change the role of women? A. It did nothing to change women’s subordinate role in society 17.What was Baldassare Castiglione’s work, The Book of the Courtier, about? A. It described the characteristics of the perfect noble 18.Why was Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales an important work? A. Because his use of the English vernacular was important in making his dialect the chief ancestor of the modern English language 19.What three artists are associated with the High Renaissance in Italy? A. Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo 20.What was the purpose of Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses? A. It attacked the abuses in the sale of indulgences, beginning the Protestant Reformation 21.Who did the Catholics and Protestants consider to be dangerous radicals? A. The Anabaptists 22.What important event occurred in 1455 that made the spreading of ideas easier? A. The printing press with the printing of the Gutenberg Bible 23.What event occurred in England in 1533? A. The Archbishop of Canterbury annulled the marriage of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon 27. Describe the treatment of women at the humanist schools. A. Women were largely absent from the humanist schools. The few female students who did attend studied the classics and were encouraged to know some history, as well as how to ride, dance, sing, play the lute, and appreciate poetry. They were told not to learn mathematics or rhetoric. It was thought that religion and morals should be the foremost in the education of “Christian ladies,” so that they could become good mothers and wives. (pages 165-166) 28. Describe how the humanist movement took a new direction in Florence at the beginning of the fifteenth century. A. In Florence, the humanist movement took a new direction at the beginning of the 15th century. 14th century humanists such as Petrach had described the intellectual life as one of solitude. They rejected family and a life of action in the community. In contrast, humanists in the early 1400s took a new interest in civic life. They believed that it was the duty of an intellectual to live an active life for one’s state, and that their study of the humanities should be put to the service of the state. (pages 159-160) 29. Describe the Renaissance style of painting and its two major developments. A. The Renaissance style of painting employed the laws of perspective, enabling artists to create the illusion of three dimensions. This realistic style of painting was pioneered by Masaccio, and was used and modified by other Florentine painters in the 15th century. Especially important were two major developments. One stressed the technical side—understanding the laws of perspective and the organization of outdoor space and light through geometry. The second development was the investigation of movement and human anatomy. The realistic portrayal of the individual person, especially the human nude, became one of the chief aims of Italian Renaissance art. (pages 166-167) 30. Explain the main problems that Martin Luther had with Catholicism. A. The Catholic religion stressed faith and the believed good works lead to salvation. However, Luther believed humans were saved by faith alone. He opposed the sale of indulgences, which were certificates that were supposed to shorten one’s time in purgatory. He believed it was not necessary for priests to be celibate. In his opinion, only two sacraments, baptism and communion, were required. (pages 173-174)