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Transcript
History of the Future
The Cold War &
Paranoia in the 1950s
As World War II Finishes

Soviet Union has key role in Nazi defeat

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Builds up international credibility
Strong Communist parties in France, Italy
Asserts new control in E. Europe
US finishes war as sole Great Power

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50% of world manufacturing capability
Most power Army, Navy, Airforce
Only nuclear power
The US Policy: Containment

US policy from 1947
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Soviet expansionism as major world threat
Defensive response, open ended
Strengthening of international alliances
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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Bretton Woods (IMF, World Bank)
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade)
Marshall Plan (Rebuild Western Europe)
China


Mao takes power, 1949
War relations with Soviets through 1950s


Korean War begins 1950
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West tends to view Communism as monolithic
Finishes with battles between Chinese & UN (largely
American) troops
Result is a draw
More paranoia

Manchurian Candidate (1962, from 1959 novel)
McCarthyism

Joseph McCarthy, Republican Senator (19081957)



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Habitual liar, alcoholic
Facing defeat in 1950, claims list of 25 communists in
State department
Smears Truman administration as “Reds”
Chairs Committee on Government Operations



Many careers destroyed
Colleagues turn against after targeting US Army,
fellow Republicans
Exposed on TV, censured by Senate in 1954
Film Interlude

Anti-communist propaganda film
HUAC

House Committee on Un-American Affairs


Best known for “Hollywood Hearings” of 19471948


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Created in 1938, used by opponents of New Deal
10 screenwriters and directors jailed for contempt
uses hearings as political weapon
Nixon makes political mark here

Becomes Vice President in 1952
The Rosenberg Case

Julius & Ethel Rosenberg

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Arrested 1950 (around Korean war)


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Jointed communist party in 1939
Passed atomic secrets from Manhattan
project during WWII
Executed 1953 – unusual for civilians
Millions believed innocent
Other prominent spy trials of era


Alger Hiss (“pumpkin papers”)
Klaus Fuchs
Eisenhower & Politics


War leader turned president
Centrist, non-ideological



Accepted reforms of New Deal period
Leaned toward corporations
Cold war supports domestic truce

“New Deal Order” lasts into 1970s
Civil Rights & Religion

Cold War puts spotlight on “freedom”


Intensive activism following WWII

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MLK exploits cleverly & non-violently
Truman desegregates army
Brown v. Board of Education case, 1954
Rosa Parks and the bus, 1955
Civil Rights Act 1957, peak comes in 60s
Billy Graham – Christian Revivalism

Massive popularity in 1950s
Economic Competition

Soviet economy seen as dangerously
efficient



Used as argument for more planning,
simulation, modeling in USA
Used as argument for national scientific
database
Challenges capitalism to justify superiority
Sputnik

First artificial satellite, October 1957


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Soviet propaganda triumph
US effort undermined by political bickering
Crisis of confidence results
Eventual strengthening of US science


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Formation of ARPA (funds research)
Big boost for high school science, etc.
NASA created
George Orwell - 1984

Orwell – British leftist journalist
& novelist

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
Several famous concepts

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Published 1948
Critique of Stalinism
Big Brother
Newspeak
Doublethink
control of past = control of future
Influential use of future
Ray Bradbury

Well known as SF writer in 40s & 50s

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Fahrenheit 451

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Martian Chronicles issued as book 1950
Fantastic, nostalgic, small town
1951 in Galaxy, 1953 as book
Popular dystopia
Read widely as “mainstream” author
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.

Earliest novels were science fiction

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Slaughterhouse-Five, 1969

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Player Piano, 1952 – automation
Sirens of Titan, 1959 – religion
Cat’s Cradle, 1963 – science & morality
Hugely popular “mainstream” novel
Kilgore Trout

recurring character – SF writer
Paranoia: Alien Invasion

Aliens disguised as humans in
films



Invasion of the Body Snatchers
– 1956
I Married a Monster from Outer
Space (1958)
And in Print

The Puppet Masters (Heinlein) –
1951
The Cold War in SF

Surprisingly little direct coverage


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Some treatment of Communists


Other than nuclear aftermath stories
Interest in war stories fades somewhat
Who? (Algis Budrys) – 1958
More general sense of paranoia

Philip K. Dick - Time Out of Joint (1959)
Meanwhile

JRR Tolkien – Lord of the Rings

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Published 1954-1955
Seen as allegory of WWII
Builds cult following through 1960s