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Organic Chemistry
Student Handout
• Organic Chemistry- study of
carbon containing compounds.
• Exceptions: oxides and carbonates
• Unique bonding of Carbon
1) four valence electrons
2) relative small size, making covalent
bonds very stable.
• Properties of Organic
Compounds
1)
2)
3)
4)
insoluble in water
low melting & boiling point
Decompose easily with heat
reacts with O2 to produce CO2 & H2O
(Combustion rxn)
Hydrocarbons- organic molecules that
contain only carbon & hydrogen.
# Carbon Atoms
Prefix
1
meth2
eth3
prop4
but5
pent6
hex7
hept8
oct9
non10
dec-
Saturated Hydrocarbon
Alkanes
• All carbon-carbon single bonds
• General formula CnH2n+2
• Straight chain alkane- all carboncarbon bonds are connected in a
single line.
• Saturated hydrocarbon- carbon
skeleton is filled to capacity with
hydrogen atoms.
• To name:
1) Use the prefixes to note # of carbons
2) Add the –ane ending.
Practice Problems
1) Write the name for C2H6
& C3H8.
2) Write the formula for
butane & heptane.
3) Draw the lewis dot
(structural formulas) for
C2H6 ,C3H8, butane &
heptane.
Branched Alkanes
•
Carbon chain is not in a straight line,
it is branched.
To name:
1. Find the longest continuous chain of
carbon atoms (“parent chain”) and name it.
2. Name the shorter chain with prefixes and
–yl ending, then specify location
Practice Problems
Write the chemical formula and name
for each.
a)
b)
Cylcoalkane
•
•
•
•
Hydrocarbon with a carbon ring.
Single carbon-carbon bonds.
General formula CnH2n
To name:
1. Use the prefixes to note # of carbon
atoms
2. Add the –ane ending
3. Add cyclo- to the beginning of the
name.
Practice Problems
1) Write the chemical formula for
Cyclobutane, Cyclopentane,
cyclohexane
2) Write the name for C8H16, & C3H6.
3) Draw the lewis dot (structural
formula) for Cyclobutane,
Cyclopentane, cyclohexane,
C8H16 & C3H6.
Structural Isomerssame Chemical
formulas but with
different structural
formulas.
There are three structural
isomers for pentane. There
are five possible structural
isomers for hexane. There
are nine structural isomers
for heptane. As you increase
the number of carbons which
are being used in a compound,
you continue to increase the
number of structural isomers
that can exist.
Name
Molecular
Formula
Number of
Structural
Isomers
methane
CH4
1
ethane
C2H6
1
propane
C3H8
1
butane
C4H10
2
pentane
C5H12
3
hexane
C6H14
5
heptane
C7H16
9
octane
C8H18
18
nonane
C9H20
35
decane
C10H22
75
Practice Problems
• Pentane, C5H12, has three chain
isomers. You draw butane C4H10 two
chain isomers.
Practice Problems
Write the chemical formula and
draw the lewis dot (structural
formulas) for each.
• 1,1-dimethylcyclopentane
• 1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane
• 2,2,6-trimethyloctane
• 5-ethyl-2,8-dimethyldecane
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Alkenes
• Contain a carbon-carbon double
bond
• General formula: CnH2n
• To name:
1)Use the prefix to note the number of carbons
2)Add the –ene ending
3)Designate the location of the double bond.
Benzene
• A cyclic arrangement of 6
carbon atoms and 6
hydrogen atoms
• exist as an individual
molecule
• usually found as part of
larger molecules called
aromatic compounds
Practice Problems
1) Write the name for C2H4 & C3H6.
2) Write the chemical formula for
2-butene 3-hexene, & 4heptene.
3) Draw the lewis dot (structural
formulas) for C2H4 ,C3H6, 2-butene
3-hexene, & 4-heptene.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Alkynes
• Contain a carbon-carbon triple
bond
• General formula: CnH2n-2
To name:
1) Use the prefixes to note the number
of carbon atoms
2) Add the –yne ending
3) Designate the location of the triple
bond.
Practice Problems
1) Write the name for C2H2
& C3H4.
2) Write the formula for
3-butyne & 4-heptyne.
3) Draw the lewis dot
(structural formulas) for
C2H2 ,C3H4, 3-butyne &
4-heptyne.