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CHAPTER 19: Enlightenment
and Revolution
The Scientific Revolution
What led to the dawn of modern
science?
• People challenged the church
• New theories proposed and tested
• Exploration
• Scientific method
• During the Middle Ages people looked to
the Church for answers to the natural
world. People believed that the Earth was
the center of the universe. This is known
as the Geocentric theory.
It was proposed by Aristotle in
the 300s BC. This was the start
of the Scientific Revolution.
The Scientific Method contains
five parts:
•
•
•
•
•
Identify
Hypothesis
Experiment
Record
Analyze
Developed by Francis Bacon and
Rene Descartes.
• Bacon believed that the only way to truly
gain scientific knowledge was through
experimentation
• Descartes believed that everything should
be doubted until it could be proven by
reason.
Heliocentric Theory
• Nicolaus Copernicus disagreed with the
Geocentric Theory and came up with his
own theory: Heliocentric Theory.
• the sun is the center of the universe. He
would not publish his findings until right
before he died for fear of backlash from
the Church.
• Tycho Brahe believed that the sun
revolved around the earth but the other
planets revolved around the sun.
• Johannes Kepler discovered that the
planets revolved around the sun in an
ellipse.
• Galileo Galilei built the first telescope
used for astronomy in 1609. He also
discovered that the Milky Way was made
up of stars.
• Sir Isaac Newton came up with the Law of
Universal Gravitation.
• It states that gravity affects objects in the
universe as well as on earth. He also
developed calculus.
• Andreas Vesalius made discoveries
about anatomy. He was even given dead
bodies to use by the king.
• William Harvey discovered how the heart
works.
• Antony van Leeuwenhoek developed a
microscope. He was the first person to
describe microorganisms. Robert Hooke is
credited creating the term cell.
• Robert Boyle was the first chemist to
define an element. He said that elements
were tiny clusters of particles.
• Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier developed the
first periodic table.
Discoveries in astronomy,
physics, and math
• Heliocentric theory
• Planets orbited the sun
• Laws of gravity
• Calculus
Scientific ideas move beyond the realm
of science and affect society?
• Challenged the church
• Science and religion combined to produce
new works
• Renaissance
Enlightenment is influenced by
reason
• Philosophers used reason to understand
the truth
The Enlightenment
• Thinkers decided that reason could be
used to solve all human problems. This is
the start of the Enlightenment.
Enlightenment thinkers would have
gatherings called salons were they would
meet and discuss ideas.
• Thomas Hobbes believed that people
needed government in order to preserve
order. He came up with the social
contract where people would give up their
rights to a strong ruler in exchange for
safety. He also believed that the best type
of government is a absolute monarchy.
• John Locke believed that people were
naturally happy, tolerant, and reasonable.
He said that people where born equal with
three natural rights: life, liberty, and
property. The purpose of government was
to protect their natural rights.
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that
people were born good. He believed that
government should work for the benefit of
the common good. He also wanted
people to give up some of their rights in
order to benefit the whole.
• Baron de Montesquieu argued that the
best form of government included a
separation of powers. This would
prevent someone from abusing their
power. He liked it because it would serve
as a system of checks and balances.
• French philosopher Voltaire attacked
injustice in the government and church. He
like to write in satire. The French
government would later exile him.
• Denis Diderot published the
Encyclopedia. It would contain 28 volumes
and it would take 28 years for him to finish
it. Mary Wollstonecraft demanded equal
rights for women. Adam Smith believed in
a free market and laissez-faire
economics.
• Rulers who used these Enlightenment
ideas were called Enlightened Despots.
Frederick II of Prussia would establish
public education and he abolished torture
and supported religious tolerance.
• Catherine II (The Great) of Russia drafted
a constitution and code of laws.
• Joseph II of Austria would eliminate the
death penalty and provide free food and
medicine for poor people.
How did Enlightenment ideas
spread?
• Salons
• encyclopedia
Causes of American Revolution
• Taxes to pay for war
• Navigation Acts
• Stamp Act
• Boston Tea Party
American Revolution
• Who: Loyalists (British) vs. Patriots
(Americans/Colonists)
• Why: Separation from British control in
North America
• Winner: Patriots
The American Revolution
• The American colonies declared
independence from England in 1776. The
Declaration of Independence was
approved by the Continental Congress on
July 4, 1776. It was written by Thomas
Jefferson. George Washington would be
named leader of the Continental Army.
• The British general Lord Cornwallis
surrendered to George Washington after
the Battle of Yorktown, Virginia in
September 1781. The Treaty of Paris
ended the war.
• The first government of the new United
States of America was the Articles of
Confederation. It was very weak. The
government did not have the power to tax
and all states have to approve any
change.
• In 1787, delegates met to create a new
constitution. The Constitutional
Convention was held in Philadelphia and
would last four months. It would go into
effect in 1789.
• It created a federal system, of
government. This is when some powers
are held by the federal government and
some by the state governments. It also
created three branches of government:
executive, legislative, and judicial. In
order for all of the states to ratify it, a Bill
of Rights was added to it.
Enlightenment ideas influenced
independence
• Enlightenment ideas used in the
Declaration of Independence
• Social contract gave people the idea of
independence
Formation of a new government
• Replaced Articles of Confederation with
new constitution and Bill of Rights