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1) Functions of the digestive system include which of the following?
A) ingestion of foods and liquids
B) mechanical processing of food materials and liquids
C) boosting expiratory efficiency by lifting the diaphragm via intestinal gas
secretions
D) warming the body with heat released from the digestive organs as they process
food
E) both A and B
2) Which of the following is not part of the digestive tract?
A) spleen
B) pharynx
C) intestine
D) esophagus
E) stomach
3) Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis
externa is the
A) mucosa.
B) myenteric plexus.
C) submucosa.
D) mesocolon.
E) muscularis mucosa.
4) The lining of the digestive tract plays a defensive role by protecting surrounding
tissues against
A) the corrosive effects of digestive enzymes.
B) pathogens that are swallowed with food.
C) the corrosive effects of acids.
D) mechanical stresses.
E) all of the above.
5) Functions of the gallbladder include
A) secretion of gastrin, a stomach hormone.
B) secretion of acids to assist the duodenum in breakdown of lipids.
C) storage of bile.
D) secretion of bile.
E) all of the above.
6) The stomach functions to
A) absorb most of the nutrients from foods.
B) dehydrate materials prior to sending them to the next segment of the tract.
C) primarily break down foods by mechanical means.
D) store food material for later use, as fat.
E) do all of the above.
7) Which of the following are true of the mesenteries?
(1) They are sheets of serous membrane.
(2) They suspend portions of the digestive tract within the peritoneal cavity.
(3) They are double sheets of peritoneal membrane.
(4) They provide an access route to digestive structures for nerves, lymphatics and
blood vessels.
(5) They proprioceptive information to the spinal cord regarding the digestive organs.
provide
A) All of the above are true.
B) None of the above are true.
C) 1, 3, and 5 are true.
D) 2, 4, and 5 are true.
E) 1, 2, 3, and 4 are true.
8) Which of the following are not functions of the oral cavity?
A) lubrication of oral contents by mucus and salivary secretions
B) initial digestion of food materials by acids
C) analysis of material before swallowing
D) partial digestion of carbohydrates by a salivary enzyme
E) mechanical processing through the actions of the teeth, tongue, and palatal
surfaces
9) Protection for the interior surface of the stomach against the acids and enzymes in
the gastric lumen is afforded by
A) the shallow depressions called gastric pits.
B) the esophageal sphincter.
C) the rapid rate of mechanical mixing of the stomach contents, which exposes the
lining to chyme for only a short time.
D) the carpet of mucus secreted by the columnar epithelium lining all portions of
the stomach.
E) none of the above.
10) Functions of the greater omentum include
A) padding of the abdominal viscera.
B) storage of fat.
C) radiation of excess heat generated by the process of digestion through the
anterior abdominal wall to cool the body.
D) no known function; it is a vestigial structure.
E) A and B.
11) The hardest substance in the body is
A) pulp.
B) dentin.
C) cementum.
D) enamel.
E) bone.
12) Structures that unite to form the common bile duct include:
(1) hepatopancreatic sphincter
(2) porta hepatis
(3) cystic duct
(4) common hepatic duct
(5) duodenal papilla
A) 2, 4
B) 1, 2
C) 3, 4
D) 1, 2, 3
13) Chief cells secrete
A) gastrin.
B) HCl.
E) 1, 3, 5
C) pepsinogen.
D) pepsin.
E) mucus.
14) Functions of the urinary system include
A) regulating plasma concentrations of ions by controlling the amount lost in the
urine.
B) conserving nutrients by preventing their excretion in the urine.
C) regulating blood volume.
D) regulating blood pressure.
E) all of the above.
15) Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by the
A) ureters.
B) urethra.
C) urachus.
D) circulatory system.
E) lymphatics.
16) The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the
A) renal pyramid.
B) juxtaglomerular apparatus.
C) renal papilla.
D) renal corpuscle.
E) loop of Henle.
17) The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is maintained, in part, by (the)
A) overlying peritoneum.
B) osmotic pressure of the fluid in the ureters.
C) floating ribs.
D) diaphragm.
E) none of the above.
18) Kidneys are often difficult to see without dissection because they are surrounded by
a layer of fat. What is the significance of this fat?
A) It expands for storage of additional urine once the bladder is full; it acts as a
sponge.
B) It provides cushioning or padding for protection from sudden jolts or other
injuries.
C) There is no special significance; this fat stores energy as do other fat deposits in
the abdominal cavity.
D) This fat cools the kidneys during active filtration.
E) A and D are correct.
19) An obstruction in the glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the
A) intralobular artery.
B) lobular vein.
C) afferent arteriole.
D) efferent arteriole.
E) renal artery.
20) Urine is formed in the
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
kidney and bladder.
ureter and urethra.
urethra.
ureter and bladder.
kidney.
21) Most often, the kidney is confused with the __________ when viewed superficially.
A) gallbladder
B) urinary bladder
C) liver
D) spleen
E) pancreas
22) A glomerulus
A) is a capillary knot contained within the renal corpuscle.
B) occurs in the loop of Henle.
C) filters urine just prior to its exit from the kidney.
D) is a portion of the proximal convoluted tubule.
E) is or does none of the above.
23) The filtrate that escapes from the glomerular capillaries includes which of the
following?
A) a fluid similar to plasma, but without the blood proteins
B) all of the same components as are present in plasma
C) all of the same components as are present in whole blood
D) A and B
E) none of the above
24) Which of the following drains into the minor calyx?
A) proximal convoluted tubule
B) renal corpuscle
C) collecting duct
D) papillary duct
E) distal convoluted tubule
25) The glomerulus is made up of many
A) arterioles.
B) sinusoids.
C) fenestrated capillaries.
D) venules.
E) A and C.
26) The parts of the urethra in the male, in correct order from the bladder to the exterior,
are:
(1) urachus
(2) penile urethra
(3) dysuria
(4) membranous urethra
(5) prostatic urethra
A) 4, 2, 1
B) 5, 4, 2
C) 1, 3, 5
D) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
E) 2, 4
27) The cells of the endocrine and nervous systems work together to
A) affect target organs, which are restricted to nerve, gland, muscle, and fat cells.
B) provide long-lasting effects on a systemic basis.
C) monitor and adjust physiological activities in the body at any given moment.
D) provide gradual onset of the systemic effects.
E) provide widespread physiological effects throughout the body.
28) All of the following are true of the adrenal medulla except
A) the adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion.
B) some cells of the adrenal medulla secrete norepinephrine.
C) some cells of the adrenal medulla secrete epinephrine.
D) the systemic effects of the adrenal medulla are immediate.
E) there are no exceptions; all of the above are true.
29) Hypothalamic centers regulate nervous and endocrine system activities by
A) acting as an endocrine organ, releasing ADH and oxytocin.
B) direct control over endocrine cells.
C) secreting regulatory hormones to control pituitary gland activities.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.
30) A rise in the concentration of electrolytes in the blood or a fall in blood volume or
pressure causes the posterior pituitary to release
A) antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
B) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
C) luteinizing hormone (LH).
D) oxytocin (OT).
E) growth hormone (GH).
31) Negative feedback on a releasing hormone by the presence of a peripheral hormone
is an example of which type of endocrine reflex?
A) hormonal
B) humoral
C) central
D) neural
E) inhibitory
32) Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?
A) release of insulin in response to low blood sugar
B) release of insulin in response to high blood sugar
C) release of oxytocin in response to uterine contractions
D) ADH release due to low blood pressure
E) release of PTH in response to low calcium levels
33) The only hormone to target all cells to some degree is
A) insulin.
B) luteinizing hormone (LH).
C) thyroid hormone.
D) growth hormone (GH).
E) none of the above.
34) Another name for the anterior lobe of the pituitary is
A) pars intermedia.
B) neurohypophysis.
C) hypophysis.
D) adenohypophysis.
E) none of the above.
35) The thyroid gland is located just anterior to the
A) trachea.
B) larynx.
C) esophagus.
D) spinal column.
E) heart.
36) An enzyme produced by the kidneys that is important for the regulation of blood
pressure and blood volume is
A) renin.
B) thyroxine.
C) bilirubin.
D) thymosin.
E) angiotensin I.
37) The lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the
A) isthmus.
B) thyroid chiasm.
C) infundibulum.
D) cortex.
E) medulla.
38) A kidney hormone that stimulates red blood cell production by the bone marrow is
A) erythropoietin.
B) angiotensin II.
C) insulin.
D) renin.
E) none of the above.
39) The main hormone(s) secreted by the male testes include
A) antidiuretic hormone.
B) estrogens.
C) follicle-stimulating hormone.
D) progestins.
E) testosterone.
40) The __________ is firmly attached to the superior border of the kidney.
A) thyroid
B) stomach
C) pancreas
D) adrenal gland
E) all of the above
41) Which of the following is the primary sex organ in the male?
A) the epididymis
B) the prostate
C) the testis
D) the penis
42) The correct sequence of sperm-transporting tubules that transport spermatozoa to
the epididymis is the
A) seminiferous tubule to efferent ductule to straight tubule to rete testis.
B) seminiferous tubule to rete testis to straight tubule to efferent ductule.
C) seminiferous tubule to straight tubule to rete testis to efferent ductule.
D) seminiferous tubule to rete testis to efferent ductule to straight tubule.
43) The female homologue of the male scrotum is the
A) penile urethra.
B) bulb of the vestibule.
C) ovary.
D) labia majora.
44) The seminal vesicles
A) are glands that secrete most of the volume of the semen.
B) store sperm.
C) secrete digestive enzymes when cancerous.
D) empty into the epididymis.
45) The prepuce of the clitoris is formed by
A) the labia minora.
C) the fourchette.
B) the hymen of the vagina.
D) the mons pubis.
46) The milk-producing cells in the breast are
A) simple cuboidal epithelial cells in alveoli.
B) columnar epithelial cells in lobules.
C) adipose cells (because milk contains 4% fat).
D) endocrine cells.
47) Erection is caused by
A) impulses from the sympathetic nervous system.
B) erectile bodies filling with blood.
C) the penis filling up with semen that is about to be ejaculated.
D) a jointed bone in the penis that unfolds.
48) In which part of the uterine tube does fertilization usually occur?
A) infundibulum
B) ampulla
C) isthmus
D) It doesn't occur in the uterine
tubes.
49) Most support of the uterus is provided by the
A) round ligament.
B) mesometrium.
C) cardinal ligament.
D) muscles of the pelvic floor.
50) The vaginal fornix
A) is in the middle layer of the vaginal wall.
B) surrounds the external vaginal orifice.
C) is in the superior part of the vestibule.
D) surrounds the tip of the cervix.