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Review 11 ____ 1. The embryonic stage of prenatal development refers to a) the formation of a zygote b) the implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine wall c) the second through eighth weeks of prenatal development d) the last seven months of the pregnancy ____ 2. Chelsey is pregnant and she is concerned about taking an over-the-counter medication for her allergies. She should be MOST concerned if her pregnancy is currently at the a) placental stage b) germinal stage c) fetal stage d) embryonic stage ____ 3. The age of viability, referring to the age at which the fetus __________, is reached __________. a) can first respond to stimulation; at about 9 weeks b) can survive if born prematurely; between 22 and 26 weeks c) first has a heartbeat; at about 16 weeks d) experiences no further cell division in the brain; between 36 and 38 weeks ____ 4. If a baby is born with a small head, heart defects, and retarded mental and motor development, the mother is MOST likely to have a) had smallpox early in her pregnancy b) been an alcoholic pregnancy d) smoked during pregnancy ____ c) continued to work during 5. Which of the following has NOT been associated with women who smoke during pregnancy? a) increased risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, or prematurity b) increased risk of attention deficit disorder in the infant c) increased risk for microcephaly in the newborn d) increased risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) ____ 6. The cephalocaudal trend in physical development suggests that infants will be able to control their a) hips and legs before they can control their shoulders and arms b) shoulders and arms before they can control their hands and fingers c) hands and fingers before they can control their shoulders and arms d) shoulders and arms before they can control their hips and legs ____ 7. With respect to maturation, it has been discovered that a) all children go through roughly the same sequence of physical development b) the sequence of physical development varies from culture to culture c) the sequence of physical development varies from individual to individual d) while sequence varies a lot, rates are fairly universal across children ____ 8. Jade is a graduate student who is studying the way in which selective attention develops during the preadolescent years. She selects a group of 10-year-olds, and she assesses their selective attention every six months over a two-year period. In this example, Jade is using a) a longitudinal research design b) a cross-sectional research design c) a multi-factorial research design d) a nested condition research design ____ 9. If an infant is temperamentally easy, what would be the best prediction to make about the child's temperament at age 10? a) The child is fairly likely to retain the easy temperament. b) The child is likely to overcompensate by becoming "difficult" later on. c) No reasonable prediction can be made. d) By the age of 10, the child is likely to develop whatever temperament the primary caregiver has. ____ 10. One-year-old Tommy is extremely distressed whenever his mother leaves him, yet resists her attempts to comfort him when she returns. Tommy probably has __________ attachment with his mother. a) no attachment b) a secure attachment c) an anxious-ambivalent attachment d) an avoidant attachment ____ 11. Preschool children who had secure attachments during infancy tend to display all of the following characteristics EXCEPT a) greater curiosity b) better peer relationships self-reliance c) higher levels of moral reasoning d) more ____ 12. According to Belsky, if the local environment is relatively safe and rich in resources, then individuals are more likely to form __________ attachments as children, and as adults they will be more likely to pursue a reproductive strategy that fosters __________ in mating relationships. a) secure; quality b) secure; quantity c) insecure; quality d) insecure; quantity ____ 13. The elementary school-age child who does well in school and who receives praise and support at home will develop what Erikson calls a sense of a) industry b) superiority c) generativity d) trust ____ 14. Shawn is concerned with how he compares to his peer group. For example, he is always trying to kick the football farther than his friends, and he constantly wonders if he is doing as well in school as the other boys in his second grade class. According to Erikson, Shawn is most likely in the stage of a) initiative versus guilt b) autonomy versus shame and doubt c) identity versus role confusion d) industry versus inferiority ____ 15. To Piaget, cognitive development involves a) stages that are characterized by fundamentally different thought processes b) increases in the quantity, but not the quality, of knowledge with age c) passive reception of environmental stimuli d) age-related changes in attention and memory ____ 16. Four-year-old Melanie is exploring one day, and she finds a bottle of vitamins in a cupboard. They look just like some of the candies she got for Halloween, so she eats them all. Melanie's error illustrates the process that Piaget referred to as a) accommodation b) object permanence c) assimilation d) centration ____ 17. Six-year-old Sidney thought all dogs were big, like his dog, until he saw his friend's new Chihuahua. The change in Barry's understanding of dogs illustrates the process that Piaget referred to as a) assimilation b) object permanence c) reversibility d) accommodation ____ 18. According to Piaget, during which stage of cognitive development do children come to realize that an object continues to exist even when they cannot see it or touch it? a) sensorimotor b) preoperational c) concrete operational d) formal operational ____ 19. Lane is currently attending preschool. According to the stages outlined by Piaget, Lane would most likely be in the a) sensorimotor period of cognitive development b) formal period of cognitive development c) preoperational period of cognitive development d) concrete period of cognitive development ____ 20. Patricia is upset because she is convinced that her brother has a bigger piece of cake than she does. Her dad quickly slices Patricia's piece of cake in two and tells her that she now has "more" cake. If Patricia calms down and is convinced that she does have more cake than her brother, it would suggest that she a) has not yet mastered object permanence b) does not understand the process of assimilation c) does not yet understand conservation d) is displaying egocentric reasoning ____ 21. When Matthew saw his older brother's bicycle fall off its kick stand, Matthew told his brother that the bicycle must be tired from being ridden too much. Matthew's statement illustrates the type of thinking that Piaget referred to as a) centration b) animism c) preformal operations d) conservation ____ 22. The stage of concrete operations is said to be "concrete" because a) the child attributes human qualities to concrete objects b) facts are taken to be set in stone, not to be given up easily c) an object must be present for the child to recognize its existence d) children can perform operations only on tangible objects and actual events ____ 23. During elementary school, children gradually acquire the ability to take the perspective of others. In other words, they a) develop the ability to classify objects b) come to appreciate the logic of relations less imitative d) become less egocentric c) become ____ 24. A five-year-old boy tells you that his kindergarten class has more boys than children. This indicates that he a) fails to understand the concept of reversibility b) dislikes girls c) cannot yet solve problems involving conservation of number d) cannot handle hierarchical classification problems ____ 25. Jeremy's mother has been humming the same tune for five minutes. Four-month-old Jeremy is nearly asleep, and his heart rate and respiration are slow. His mother switches to a different tune, and Jeremy suddenly appears to be less drowsy and he is paying more attention. Jeremy's increase in attention when his mother switched tunes is an example of a) dishabituation b) a conditioned response c) habituation d) sensorimotor responding ____ 26. With respect to cognitive abilities, evolutionary theorists a) suggest that infants attend more to novel events because these events require more time for perceptual processing b) assert that abilities which are prewired will be less prone to habituation or dishabituation c) strive to understand the adaptive significance of abilities that appear to be prewired d) attempt to find out which abilities are prewired, without making any assumptions about why these abilities might be innate ____ 27. If you join your friends in a protest against nuclear power primarily because you want their approval, rather than because of any strong conviction you have about nuclear power, you would be said to be at which of the following levels of moral development? a) unconventional b) conventional c) preconventional d) postconventional ____ 28. The person who objects to war on the basis of higher moral principles and a personal code of ethics would be said to be at which of the following levels of moral development? a) postconventional b) preconventional c) conventional d) unconventional ____ 29. Research into Kohlberg's theory of moral development has suggested all of the following EXCEPT: a) compared to girls, boys generally show lower levels of moral reasoning b) most people show several levels of moral reasoning at one time c) there are sizable cultural disparities in progression through the stages d) children generally do progress through the stages in the order he outlined ____ 30. Females developing wider hips and males developing facial hair are examples of a) primary sexual characteristics b) secondary sexual characteristics c) tertiary sexual characteristics d) peripheral sexual characteristics ____ 31. Evolutionary theories, such as the one proposed by Belsky, suggest that stress in early family relations may a) decelerate sexual maturation, leading to a relatively late onset of puberty b) decelerate sexual maturation, leading to a relatively late onset of menopause c) accelerate sexual maturation, leading to a relatively early onset of puberty d) accelerate sexual maturation, leading to a relatively early onset of menopause ____ 32. Michael and his twin sister Doreen turned 12 a few months ago. Both Michael and Doreen have begun to go through the early signs of puberty. In this case, it is MOST likely that, a) compared to Doreen, Michael is at greater risk for using drugs or alcohol because he is maturing early b) compared to Michael, Doreen is at greater risk for using drugs or alcohol because she is maturing early c) both Michael and Doreen are at greater risk for using drugs or alcohol because they are both maturing early d) compared to Doreen, Michael is at lower risk for using drugs or alcohol because he is maturing early ____ 33. Relative to older age groups, adolescents a) complete suicide more often b) complete suicide just as often d) attempt suicide less often c) attempt suicide more often ____ 34. Leanna is 19 years old, but when people ask her what she wants to do when she finishes school, she tells them she hasn't really given it much thought. She is convinced there is lots of time before she even needs to begin thinking about her various career options. According to James Marcia, Leanna would be considered to be in a state of identity a) diffusion b) moratorium c) foreclosure d) postponement ____ 35. Finding and making commitments to society and future generations mark Erikson's stage of a) integrity versus despair b) identity versus role confusion c) intimacy versus isolation d) generativity versus self-absorption ____ 36. Which of the following is MOST likely to decline in the later years? a) intellectual accomplishment b) procedural memory c) problem-solving ability d) speed in processing information ____ 37. Research has supported the finding that, compared to males, females tend to be a) more sensitive to subtle, nonverbal cues b) more irrational c) more emotional d) more assertive ____ 38. The major qualification of the research findings on gender differences is that a) the data are indicative of group differences and tell us little about individuals b) the findings are based on only a few studies and are therefore not very representative of the population c) most of the research has been conducted on white middle-class children d) there is wide variation from study to study in how the variables have been operationalized ____ 39. Based on the research into the effects of hormones on behavior, you should predict that a boy who had an endocrine disorder that caused underproduction of androgens (male hormones) would have a) elevated scores on measures of spatial ability b) reduced scores on measures of creativity c) elevated scores on measures of verbal skills d) reduced scores on measures of leadership skills ____ 40. A nine-year-old child would be likely to be in the __________ stage of development according to Piaget, and the __________ stage of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg. a) preoperational; preconventional b) concrete operations; preconventional operations; conventional d) sensorimotor; postconventional c) concrete