Download PARTS OF SPEECH: Components of Language

How much do I know about…
nouns, pronouns and adjectives?
Label each green word with its part of speech:
• Montag was a fireman.
• They started fires in his futuristic society.
• His job was to burn books.
Nouns: people, places, things and ideas
Common nouns are general.
Proper nouns are specific names and capitalized.
• Noun Exercise 1: Change the noun from
common to proper.
• Mildred watched television most of the time.
• Noun Exercise 2: Change the nouns from
proper to common.
• The river ran through the town’s west side.
Pronouns replace nouns.
There are many types, list them all:
1) Personal pronouns: associated with a person
First person: I, me, we, us
Second person: you
Third person: He, she, it, they, them
2) Possessive pronouns: indicate personal
ownership
First person: my, our, mine
Second person: your, yours
Third person: his, her, their, its, theirs
3) Demonstrative pronouns: point out a specific
noun
this, that, these, those
4) Interrogative pronouns: introduce a question
who, whom, which, what, whose
5) Relative pronouns: introduce a subordinate
clause
that, which, who, whom, whose
Pronouns exercise: What kind of
pronoun is it?
• What is your name?
• The mechanical dog that chased him was
programmed by Beatty.
This is the answer, I think.
Pronouns usually are paired with an
antecedent—a noun/pronoun that
they replace.
Ex: Find the antecedent of the pronoun:
0) The teacher taught us (students) writing skills.
1) We visited a factory in the city for a field trip.
2) The dog buried its bone in the yard.
3) The sisters knew that they looked alike.
INDEFINITE PROUNS: refers to a noun
that isn’t specifically named
List them all:
all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything,
both, each, either, everybody, everyone,
everything, few, many, more, most, much,
neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one,
other, several, some, somebody, something,
such.
SPECIAL PRONOUN RULE:
The following indefinite
Always pair them with a
pronouns are ALWAYS singular: singular pronoun
Anybody
Anyone
Anything
Everyone
Everything
Everybody
One
Nobody
None
No one
Nothing
Somebody
Something
Someone
Indefinite pronoun exercises:
Correct the pronoun agreement error:
0) Everyone in the room brought their his/her pencil.
1) No one among the young men knew if they would
be drafted into the military.
2) None of the students could say they were acclimated
to the new schedule.
3) Somebody texted me, but I did not recognize their
number.
Adjectives:
Describe or modify a noun or pronoun
Roles that adjectives serve for their
nouns/pronouns:
1) Quality: Ex: happy person, lost pet, blue eyes,
young man, tall tree, Spanish rice
2) Quantity: Ex: many vegetables, three flowers
3) Demonstrative: Ex: this day, that outfit
4) Interrogative: Ex: what homework?, whose
phone?
5) Extent: Ex: longest day, shorter haircut
A special adjective: Articles
• These adjectives indicate the specialness or
singularity of a noun or pronoun.
• A
• An
• The
OVERLAP ALERT:
Possessive pronouns can also be considered
adjectives.
• His book
• Their friend
• My room
Ex: Circle the adjective and draw a line
to the noun or pronoun it modifies.
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It was a sunny afternoon.
She thought it was a funny thing to say.
The white tiger had pale stripes.
The quiet girl decided to speak up.
SPECIAL RULE:
When you list adjectives, separate them with a
comma:
0) The fat, lazy cat rarely exercised.
1) It has been a long exhausting day.
2) She is a friendly outgoing person.
3) We prefer the scary dangerous rides at the
amusement park.
VERBS: Two kinds
• Action verbs: show an action
• Linking verbs: connect the subject to a word
or group of words that identify or describe the
subject.
• What are the most common linking verbs?
Appear, be, become, feel, grow, look, remain,
seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
RULE: Every verb must have a tense,
which tell us when it is happening.
The three basic tenses are past, present and
future. Literary essays should only include
present tense verbs.
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Ex: What is the verb and what tense is it in?
Montag escapes from the mechanical dog.
He disguised his scent and hid in the water.
3) Another man will be killed in his place.
The most common linking verb: TO BE
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Be
Being
Am
Is
Are
shall be
will be
has been
have been
had been
• Was
shall have been
• Were
will have been
should be
would be
can be
could be
should have
been
would
have been
could
have been
Find the linking verbs:
• Montag appeared withdrawn and felt ill.
• He was miserable and no longer wanted to be
a fireman.
• In fact, he had become certain he wanted to
read books, not burn them.
Verbs sometimes have helpers:
Helping verbs help the main verb express and
action or state of being.
• They are usually a form of “to be.”
• Helping verbs precede the main verb.
• Together the main verb and helping verb create a verb
phrase.
• Other helping verbs: can could, did, do, does, had, has,
have, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would.
• Ex: Montag was trying to rebel against the society he
had supported.
• Ex: He realized that television and technology were
destroying meaningful human communication.
Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives
or other adverbs
• Often end in “-ly”
• Tell us where, when, how, to what extent
Where? It is time we headed outside.
When? I’m going to the mall tomorrow.
How? We will eventually find each other.
To what extent? I am very hungry.
Ex: Adverb or adjective?
Adjectives modify_______
Adverbs modify _______, ______ and _________.
• The robotic dog could be regularly
programmed to kill.
• Clarisse seemed harmless, but was a
significant threat to the society.
• She blatantly refused to conform, and
probably was killed because of that.
Ex: Circle the adverb and draw a line to
the word it modifies:
• Bonus: Is the word the adverb modifies a verb,
adjective or another adverb? Remember, if it modifies
a noun, it is an adjective—not an adverb.
• When Montag finally found people, he knew he would
always be okay.
• He was slightly pained to have lost his old life, but now
believed in his new mission.
• His real mission was to quietly share books with his
gang of intellectual misfits and to eventually try to help
others.
Prepositions: show the relationship of
a noun or pronoun to another word.
• Prepositions indicate “position.”
• Prepositions locate a noun or pronoun in
space, time or direction.
• They always begin a phrase that ends in a
noun or pronoun. (at the show, in the tower,
under the car, for a minute, on paper, etc.)
• Preposition tip: If it fits into this blank, it is
probably a preposition: The bird flew _______
the clouds.
Prepositions!
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Aboard, about, above, across
Against, along, around
Amid, among, after, at
Except, for, during, down
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Behind, below, beneath, beside
Between, before, beyond
By, in, from, off, on, over, of
Until, unto, upon
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Under, underneath, since, up
Like, near, past, throughout, through
With, within, without, instead
Toward, inside, into, to
Ex: Write an original prepositional phrase using one
preposition from each color section.
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Aboard, about, above, across
Against, along, around
Amid, among, after, at
Except, for, during, down
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Behind, below, beneath, beside
Between, before, beyond
By, in, from, off, on, over, of
Until, unto, upon
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Under, underneath, since, up
Like, near, past, throughout, through
With, within, without, instead
Toward, inside, into, to
Preposition Rule Alert:
Never end a phrase or sentence in a preposition.
Revise the following sentences with incorrect
preposition usage:
• This is the last place I’m going to.
• I was surprised to hear what the test is on.
• Where should I find you at?
Ex: Circle the preposition and
underline the prepositional phrase.
• Montag memorized passages from the Bible.
• He felt safe and at home with his new
companions.
• The wandering life of the intellectual was his
noble calling.