Download File - Ms. Peterman`s Class

■Essential Question:
–What were the causes & effects
of the Crusades?
■Warm-Up Question:
–What is feudalism?
–What is the manorial system?
Western Europe in the Middle Ages
After the fall of Rome,
Western Europe had
constant warfare
Medieval kingdoms lacked
trade, common language,
& cultural diffusion
Because the Middle Ages were so dangerous,
Western
Europe
the Middle
Ages
people used
a variety in
of strategies
to survive
Feudalism offered protection when land-owning lords
Western
Europe
in
the
Middle
Ages
gave fiefs to knights who swore to protect the manor
Castles were built to protect
the lord & his peasants
Medieval Europeans lived on self-sufficient manors;
The
manorial system
allowed
peasants
to farm
the
Western
Europe
in the
Middle
Ages
lord’s land in exchange for part of the food harvested
Besides feudalism & the manorial system,
what else was important in the Middle Ages?
The Role of the Medieval Church
Feudalism & the manor system divided people, but the
shared belief in Christianity unified medieval people
The Role of the Medieval Church
■ Roman Catholicism was the dominant religion
in Western Europe during the Middle Ages:
–Without a common
government to hold
everyone together,
the Catholic Church
filled an important
role in peoples’ lives
–The Catholic Pope
became the strongest
political leader in Western Europe
–The first pope to do this was Gregory I.
The
Catholic
Church
conducted
spiritual
rituals
The
Role
of
the
Medieval
Church
(called sacraments) & created a system of rules
called Canon Law that all Christians had to follow
Kings or lords who
Christians who violated
violated Canon Law
Canon Law could be
could face interdiction
excommunicated
(ban on religious
(banished from the church) services in a king’s lands)
EachRole
territory
in medieval
EuropeChurch
had a
The
of
the
Medieval
church which provided order on the manor.
Church officials were known as clergy.
Priests controlled peoples’
access to heaven by
delivering the sacraments
& absolving sins
Peasants’ lives were hard,
but the hope of a salvation
in heaven kept them loyal
& obedient the Church
Christians paid a tax to
Local priests were the
the church called a tithe
main contact most
people had with the
Catholic Church
Medieval
Christianity
was
so
important
Early
medieval
cathedrals
were
built
with
The
Role
of
the
Medieval
Church
that small
churches were
built on manors,
Romanesque
architecture
but large cathedrals were built in cities
But in the late medieval period,
Gothic architecture was introduced
Tall spires & pointed arches
directed the eye towards heaven
Flying buttresses allowed
for fewer columns &
more open space inside
Issues within the Medieval Church:
■ The church resented the practice of lay
investiture, a practice where kings and nobles
appointed church officials. Pope Gregory VII
banned this practice, and it upset king Henry IV.
■ Henry IV orders Pope Gregory to resign.
Pope Gregory VII issued an interdict against
Henry and his kingdom; Henry was so upset he
begged for 3 days for the Pope to forgive him.
■ Gregory forgives Henry, but the lay investiture
problem was not solved.
Concordat of Worms
■ The successors of Gregory and Henry
continued to argue over lay investiture.
■ In 1122 representatives of the Church
and the emperor met in the German city
of Worms and created a comprise called
the Concordat of Worms.
■ It stated that the Church alone could
appoint a bishop, but the emperor could
veto the appointment.
The Crusades
Why did Christians go to Jerusalem
during the Middle Ages?
Pope Urban II issued a call
Crusades
to Christians for aThe
Crusade
(a holy war) to regain
In 1095, the Islamic
control of the Holy Land
Empire invaded &
took the holy city of
Jerusalem
Over the next 300 years,
Christians fought Muslim armies
in 9 different Crusades
Why did Christians go on the Crusades?
Why did Christians go on the Crusades?
■ 1093, the Byzantine emperor Alexius
Comnenus asked for help from Robert, Count
of Flanders in fighting the Muslim Turks; they
were threatening to conquer his capital.
■ Pope Urban II also read the letter and called
for a crusade at the Council of Clermont to
gain control of the Holy Land.
Is this what the Byzantine
emperor asked for?
Why did Christians go on the Crusades?
The Pope wanted to unite Roman
Catholic & Eastern Orthodox Christians &
regain holy lands from Muslims
Kings and the Church saw the Crusades
as an opportunity to get rid of
quarrelsome knights who fought each
other.
Knights wanted to support the Church
and gain wealth
Merchants wanted access to trade
routes
Many fought who were not knights.
Many younger sons went on the
Crusades in hopes to gain land & wealth
Many people were
eager because the
Pope assured anyone
who died on Crusade
a place in Heaven.
The First Crusade was the But, Muslims took back
The Crusades
only successful crusade
Jerusalem & kept it during
because Christian
the Second & Third
soldiers took back
Crusades
Jerusalem.
More Crusades were
fought, but Christians
never regained the
Holy Lands
Richard the Lion-Hearted vs Saladin
■ English King Richard the Lion-Hearted led the 3rd
Crusade. He fought Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt and
Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty for
control of the Holy Land.
■ Both were brilliant warriors. After many battles they
agreed to a truce in 1192 although Saladin won the
Holy Land.
■ Jerusalem remained under Muslim control. In return,
Saladin promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims
could freely visit the city’s holy places.