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MUTATIONS p. 345 A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence. The mutation may be classified as: ______________________ or _____________ mutations. Most mutations are harmful, but a few can be beneficial or silent. A. Chromosomal Mutation 1. Chromosomal mutations involve the______________________ or __________________ of the entire chromosome. It affects all genes on that chromosome! 2. These errors generally occur during meiosis or mitosis. 3. May result in a number disorder (extra chromosome or deleted chromosome) insertion, deletion, or translocation of a piece of chromosome and the corresponding genetic information. B. Gene Mutation Gene mutations affect only one gene on an individual chromosome. This may result in a change to only one nucleotide or _______________ nucleotides. There are two types. 1. Point Mutation: a change at one point in the DNA sequence. This might have no effect or change on an amino acid sequence. Therefore, the resulting protein may or may not be altered. The incidence of these mutations is relatively low due to the action of _______________________ that proofread the DNA sequence after ________________________. a. substitution 2. Frameshift mutations involve the insertion or deletion of a _________________. An insertion or deletion of a nucleotide causes a shift in the reading of the remainder of the codons; therefore translation of the remainder of the mRNA is altered. This will usually result in tremendous changes in the polypeptide chain and completed protein. a. insertion b. deletion Chromosomal Mutations: Gene Mutations Substitution Insertion Deletion