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Name # Class Period The Causes and Effects of the Crusades - Honors Date What were the Crusades? The Crusades were holy wars fought between Christians in Europe and Muslims in the Middle East between 1095 and 1291. Although the main goal of the Crusades was to take control of Jerusalem away from the Muslims, there were many reasons why European knights and others were willing to travel and fight a war in a foreign land. Why were Europeans willing to fight the Crusades? For centuries, Christian pilgrims traveled from Europe to Jerusalem. In the 11th century, however, the Seljuk Turks, who were Muslim, began to interfere with these pilgrimages. In 1071, the Seljuk Turks fought against the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert. The Byzantines, who were Christian, lost. The Byzantine emperor asked the Christians in Europe to help protect his empire from the Turks. In 1095, Pope Urban II called for a crusade against the Muslims to regain control of Jerusalem. Read the following list of reasons and decide whether the reason is religious, political, or economic. Then, put a letter next to each reason: R (religious), P (political), and E (economic). Religious, Political or Reason Economic? The desire to take control of Jerusalem away from Muslims. The belief that fighting in a crusade would give you forgiveness of sins. The chance to travel and make money. The desire to defend the Byzantine empire from the Turks. The opportunity for younger sons of European nobles to get new land in the Middle East. The possibility of opening up new trade routes between Europe and the Middle East. Take another look at the reasons why Europeans were willing to fight. Which one would have convinced you most to go on a crusade? Why? Timeline of the First Four Crusades There were nine Crusades fought by European Christians against Muslims. The following chart summarizes the first four. Crusades Years Summary First 10951099 At the urging of Pope Urban II in 1095, the First Crusade succeeded in taking Jerusalem and was the most successful from the European point of view. When Jerusalem fell in 1099, crusaders massacred Jews, Christians and Muslims alike. Then the leaders divided up the land into territories, each governed by a European feudal lord. Second 11471149 The Second Crusade started when Europeans lost control of Edessa, territory that they had previously controlled, to the Muslims. Led by King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany, the Europeans failed to regain any land and the crusade was a failure from a European point of view. 11891192 The Third Crusade was a response to Jerusalem’s fall in 1187 to Salah al-Din (Saladin). Three great armies from Europe were led by Richard the Lion-hearted of England, Philip II of France, and the Holy Roman emperor Frederick Barbarossa, Europe’s greatest warrior. However, Frederick accidentally drowned, the other two kings quarreled, and the whole crusade failed from a European point of view. 12011204 Instead of going to Jerusalem, the Fourth Crusade went to the Byzantine Empire’s capital, Constantinople, for various reasons. The European armies looted (robbed) the city and overthrew the Byzantine emperor. The main outcomes of the Fourth Crusade were to deepen the division between Greek and Latin Christianity and to hasten the Byzantine Empire’s decline. Third Fourth 1) Why did the first crusade begin? What happened in Jerusalem? 2) Why was the second crusade seen as a failure? 3) What was the purpose of the third crusade? 4) What made the fourth crusade different from the first three? Effects of the Crusades Read the following, after each section summarize 2 of the major ideas in the organizer. Luxury Goods Having experienced the luxuries of the East, many Europeans returned home with a desire to possess more of the rich goods they had seen and brought back with them; rugs, silks, spices, camphor, musk, ivory, and pearls. This desire made trade and commerce necessary. Hundreds of Italian merchants from Venice, Genoa, Pisa and Naples settled in Asia Minor and set up trading stations. At these stations they could buy and ship home the new articles, which Muslim caravans were bringing from China, India and the Spice Islands (Sri Lanka and Indonesia). This trade was extremely profitable to the Italian merchants, who took advantage of the fact that sailing vessels had been improved and made larger during the Crusades. For Europeans, this increased trade was one of the important outcomes of the Crusades. Feudalism Weakens The Crusades also weakened both feudalism and the manorial system of medieval Europe. Many knights left their fiefs to fight in the Crusades, and many serfs were freed for service in the crusader armies. As the powerful nobles became involved in wars outside of Europe, the kings of Europe became more powerful. The Crusades also increased the use of money throughout Europe. A crusading knight could not pay his expenses with sacks of grain and needed a simpler way to pay for goods. Although most of these changes were slowly taking place as Europe became more stable, the Crusades helped to speed the process up. Political Changes in Europe and the East Nearly 200 years of struggle between the crusaders produced important political changes in the Muslim world. After the Fourth Crusade the Muslims won nearly all of Asia Minor. Zangi, Nural-Din, and Saladin drove the Christians back to the coasts and wiped out almost all the gains of the First Crusade, but the Europeans retained naval control of the Mediterranean and its islands, they established kingdoms in Sicily, Cyprus, Malta and Rhodes from which they could trade with or raid the Muslims. Although a split between the Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches destroyed the last chance of a united Christian front against the Muslims, the death of Saladin in 1193 led to political fragmentation in the united Muslims. An Exchange of Ideas Intellectually, the Crusades produced some positive results. Through the conflict over the Holy Land, Muslims learned how to improve their defenses and build better protections, which would later influence the designs of castles in Europe. Europeans also benefitted from the capture of parts of Spain in 1085 as it brought Europe into closer contact with the rich accumulation of Muslim learning. A school of translators had been established there, and Arabic works on science and philosophy were translated into Latin and circulated throughout leading universities of Europe. The sophisticated urban culture of Muslims also instructed its Christian conquerors in the planning and construction of cities, and the art of scholarship of the Muslim world extended its influence deeply into Italy, contributing to the Renaissance. Trade and Commerce Another means of interchange took place in the form of trade and commerce between the Europeans and the Muslims. All of the major seaports of the Mediterranean were inhabited by a wide variety of peoples, all brought together in the interest of exchanging goods and services. In this manner, particularly in Genoa and Venice, and exchange of languages took place. For example, the words sugar, syrup, cotton, admiral, magazine, and many others came directly from Arabic. Also, dockside workers and sailors often passed their free time by playing chess, which came to Europe through the Muslims. The introduction of paper led eventually to the development of the printing press in Europe. The Muslim pointed arch led to the contribution of enormous cathedrals with their vaulted ceilings. Also, Arabic themes began appearing in literature, as in Chaucer's The Squire's Tale. The silks and spices of India and China were exchanged for furs, leather goods, and wood from Europe. With such an enormous exchange of goods and ideas, the Muslims were able to create an advanced civilization. Luxury Goods Feudalism Weakens Political Changes in Europe and the East An Exchange of Ideas Trade and Commerce