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Download Honors Genetics: FINAL Exam Review REVIEW ALL OLD QUIZZES
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Honors Genetics: FINAL Exam Review REVIEW ALL OLD QUIZZES/TESTS! Chapter 1: Introduction to Genetics Know the differences between PROKARYOTES and EUKARYOTES What is the function of DNA? What is a MUTATION? What causes mutations? What 3 categories do mutations fall into and provide an example of each. What is RECOMBINATION? What organisms are currently being genetically engineered and for what purposes? Describe the CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE. Who first described inheritance patterns? Vocabulary Review DIPLOID HAPLOI ALLELE GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE Chapter 2: Mitosis and Meiosis Vocabulary Review CHROMATIN CHROMOSOMES SISTER CHROMATIDS HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES GENETIC VARIATION CROSSING OVER Describe the appearance of chromosomes based on centromere location. Describe the cell clock and apply to the type of cell that divides LABILE, STABILE, PERMANENT cells What is the purpose of MITOSIS? What is the purpose of MEIOSIS? Know the similarities and differences between SPERMATOGENESIS and OOGENSIS. Chapter 3: Mendelian Inheritance Be able to CREATE and DESCRIBE a MONOHYBRID cross, including percentages. Be able to INDEPENDENTLY ASSORT alleles for DIHYBRID and TRIHYBRID crosses. Vocabulary Review characteristic/trait gene segregation Homozygous heterozygous Know Mendel’s Postulates Unit factors occur in pairs Dominant/Recessive Segregation Independent Assortment – for more than 2 traits Be able to construct and analyze an AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT and AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE pedigree. Chapter 4: Modification of Mendelian Ratios Know how to differentiate between different pedigrees Autosomal Dominant/Autosomal Recessive X-linked Dominant/X-linked Recessive Review blood group inheritance ABO Describe the issues surrounding sex-linked inheritance in human males Chapter 5: Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes Vocabulary Review heteromorphic chromosomes Primary sex differentiation Secondary sex differentiation heterogametic sex homogametic sex isogamete heterogamete Bipotential gonads Mullerian ducts Wolffian ducts Testis-determining factor disjunction vs nondisjunction Aneuploidy vs. Euploidy Understand the process of sex differentiation in humans. Human DIPLOID number is ________; HAPLOID number is ________. Be able to differentiate human chromosome numbers in -ploidy conditions and –somic conditions (Chap 6/Question 1) Describe nondisjunction and the impact it CAN have on gamete chromosome numbers. Be able to identify the critical areas AND describe the functions of the Y chromosome and its influence in sex differentiation. PAR MSY SRY Describe/understand fetal sex development in humans. (Chap 5 Quest) Can you predict inheritance patterns of X-linked conditions in offspring? (Chap 6/Q 14) Practice Punnett Squares and recognize sex-linked pedigrees! Describe the genotype and phenotype – Be able to ID the karyotype - of the following -somic conditions: Turner Syndrome Klinefelter Syndrome Down Syndrome Viability issues concerning autosomal vs sex chromosome abnormalities/Why are some of these conditions in Chap5 and Chap6 lethal, minor, or detrimental? Why are polyploidy conditions lethal in humans? Why are some polysomy conditions in humans lethal? What is the difference between these two terms? What determines if polysomy conditions result in abnormalities or death? Chapter 9: Evidence Favoring DNA as Genetic Material Understand the sequence of experiments that proved DNA was the mechanism of inheritance. Griffith Avery, McCloud, McCarty Hershey-Chase Know the nucleotide structures, including sugars and phosphate arrangement. Describe the Watson-Crick Model of DNA (page 193-194) Describe electrophoresis Chapter 10: DNA Replication and Recombination Why must DNA replicate? Describe the process of DNA replication as a semiconservative replication process. Understand the difference between conservative and dispersive replication. How did the Messelson-Stahl experiment prove semiconservative replication? Know why E. coli was used as the organism for experimentation. What was significant about the Taylor-Woods-Hughes experiment? List the general steps of DNA replication and the enzymes involved, including their functions. Understand the significance of telomeres and telomerase in relation to cell division and cell aging. Chapter 12: The Genetic Code and Transcription What is the Central Dogma? Describe transcription as a mechanism in the creation of proteins. Know the characteristics of the 3 varieties of RNA, their locations, and their functions. How is mRNA read? What is RNA splicing? What is significant about introns and exons?