Download INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW

2015
INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW
Investigating the Solar
System(6.8)
Which planet is closest to the sun?
Mercury
Which two planets are considered twin
planets?
Uranus & Neptune
KEY TERMS
*planet – a large round object that orbits a star
Highlight the correct answer to the
*meteor – burning rock or metal that fall from
following:
space into Earth’s atmosphere
The first four planets are made of gas/rock.
*asteroid – one of many planets that revolve
The last four planets are made of gas/rock.
the sun
*comet – an object in outer space that produces
Role of Gravity:
a big, shiny tail near the sun
Label where the low tides are located by
*rotation – the process of moving around a
placing text boxes in the correct areas.
point the
List the eight planets incentral
order from
*revolution – the act of circling around an
sun outward:
object in a path
1. Mercury
*solar eclipse – when the moon blocks the sun
2.Venus
from the earth
3.Earth
*lunar eclipse – when the earth blocks the sun
4.Mars
from the moon
5.Jupiter
6.Saturn
7.Uranus
8.Neptune
Planet Questions:
The diagram shows the four inner planets at
various positions in their orbits.
What causes tides on Earth?
The gravity between the Earth & the moon.
The force that holds objects close to Earth is
calledgravity.
Phases of the Moon:
Match the definitions to the terms.
CNew Moon
ECrescent
Moon
FGibbous
Moon
DFull Moon
AWaxing
Which planet is visible from Earth in the
night sky? Mars
Which planet is the largest? Jupiter
Which planet is the smallest? Mercury
BWaning
A. This is when the moon is going
from a new moon to a full moon.
B. This is when the moon is going
from a full moon to a new moon.
C. The phase of the moon
occurring when it passes between
earth and the sun and is invisible.
D. The moon is completely visible
E. The figure of the moon as it
appears in its first or last quarter,
with concave and convex edges
terminating in points.
F. More than half but less than
fully illuminated.
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW
Remember you are standing on Earth at
night time looking up.
At which position in the moon’s orbit can
none of the moon’s lighted side be seen
from the Earth? New moon
2015
2. Which point will be
experiencingnighttime next? B
The Earth makes a complete rotation once
every 24 hours. Which of these would best
illustrate rotation?(highlight correct answer)
A. Coin spinning
B. Marble going around the edge of a plate
C. Puck sliding on ice
D. Ball falling
Earth Tilt and Seasons
Seasons occur because of the tilt of the
Earth. When the Earth's axis points towards
the Sun, it is summer for that hemisphere.
When the Earth's axis points away from the
sun, winter can be expected.
At which position in the moon’s orbit can all
of the moon’s lighted side be seen from
Earth? full
The moon is Earth’s natural satellite.
Revolution
One complete revolution of a planet around
the sun equals one year.
Rotation: Mechanics of Day and Night
Use the diagram below to answer the
following questions:
Use the diagram above to answer the
following questions:
1. Which position shows summer in the
Northern Hemisphere? 2
2. Which position shows winter in the
Southern Hemisphere? 2
3. Which position shows summer in the
Northern Hemisphere? 2
4. Which position shows winter in the
Southern Hemisphere? 2
Use the diagram above to answer the
following questions:
1. Which point will be experiencing day
light next? D
1. What season is it in the southern
hemisphere of Earth 2? summer
2. Which point on Earth 1 will experience
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
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INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW
the most sunlight in 24-hour period of
time?D
Unique Properties of Earth
Use the terms below to fill in the blanks.
liquid
nitrogen
magnetic field
rocky
polar
solar
The Earth is a rocky planet, extensively
covered with large oceans of liquid water
and having frozen ice caps in its polar
regions. The Earth has a protective
atmosphere consisting predominantly of
nitrogen and oxygen and has a magnetic
field. The atmosphere and the magnetic field
help shield the Earth’s surface from harmful
solar radiation. Scientific evidence indicates
that the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old.
Theories of the Solar System
Explain the following scientist’s models of
the solar system:
Scientist
Ptolemy
Explain
Earth is the center of the
universe and everything
orbits Earth
Galileo
Proofed the Copernicus
model
Space Exploration
List some important events in the history of
space exploration.
1969 – Neil Armstrong is the 1st man to walk
on the moon
1970 – Apollo 13 took flight & had problems
Describe the importance of the following:
1. Modern Rockets
2. Satellites
3. Telescopes
4. Orbital Missions
Lunar and Solar Eclipse
Use the diagram below to answer the
following questions:
Aristotle
Planets are stars have
personal space around
Earth. The planets,
stars, moon, and the sun
all have their circle.
1. What is the order of the moon, Earth, and
Sun in a Lunar Eclipse?Moon, Earth, & Sun
2. What is “hidden” in a Lunar Eclipse?
Sun
Copernicus
The sun is the center of
the universe. Stars do
not move. Planets orbit
in a circular path.
Use the diagram below to answer the
following questions:
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW
2015
1. What is the order of the moon, Earth, and
Sun in a Solar Eclipse? Earth, Moon, Sun
2. What is “hidden” in a Solar Eclipse?
Moon
The number of each type of element in the
compound (other than 1) is represented by a
small number (subscript) to the right of the
element symbol.
Highlight the answer to the following
questions:
1. A lunar/solar eclipse occurs when the
moon is between the sun and the Earth.
2. A lunar/solar eclipse occurs when the
Earth is between the sun and the moon.
Chemical equations
Chemical equations are used to model
chemicalbonds, illustrating how elements
become arranged in a chemical reaction.
Investigating Atoms, Elements,
Molecules, and Compounds(6.4)
Important Elements
Write the names of the elements in each
section below:
List the elements in the Earth’s Crust
Ca= Calcium
KEY TERMS
Fe= Iron
om– the smallest particle is a substance that can exist by itself
Al= Aluminum
ectron–a particularly tiny part of matter that contains a negative charge
Si=
Silicon
oton– an extremely petite part of an atom’s nucleus that contains a positive
charge
Oxygen
utron– the other small part of an atom’s nucleus. This part possess’ O=
no charge
K=
Potassium
ement– a basic substance made up of one type of atoms
Na= Sodium
mpound- a chemical grouping of two or more elements
C= areCarbon
emical formula– an expression with which atoms and how many of them
in a compound
H=
Hydrogen
emical equation– a written representation of what happened during a chemical reaction
Mg= Magnesium
Atoms
Draw and label a picture of a water atom.
Yellow = hydrogen
Purple = oxygen
The basic structure of an atom includes the
neutrons, protons, and electrons. Protons
and neutrons compose the nucleus of an
atom.
Compounds
Draw and label the following
compounds.Identify the name and number of
each element represented.
O2
H2O
CO2
CaCO3
List the elements in living matter
S=
Sulfur
Cl= Chlorine
N=
Nitrogen
Ca= Calcium
H=
Hydrogen
O=
Oxygen
C=
Carbon
K=
Potassium
Ph= Phosphorus
Na= Sodium
Mg= Magnesium
List the elements in the Earth’s oceans
H=
Hydrogen
O=
Oxygen
Na= Sodium
K=
Potassium
Cl= Chlorine
Mg= Magnesium
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW
S=
Ca=
Sulfur
Calcium
List the elements in the Earth’s atmosphere
N=
Nitrogen
O=
Oxygen
C=
Carbon
H=
Hydrogen
Ar= Argon
Investigating Energy (6.2, 6.9)
KEY TERMS
*potential – capable of becoming
*kinetic– movement of physical objects
*renewable energy-energy from a source
not lessen when used
*nonrenewable energy–energy depleted
after use, may be minor or major
Potential
*energy–and
the Kinetic
ability toEnergy
move and work
Use the diagram below to answer the
question:
Describe what is happening in terms of
energy as this boy skates down the ramp.
The potential energy is dropping as the
kinetic energy is rising.
Role of sun in formation of most energy
sources on Earth
The sun is the primary source of energy on
Earth!
2015
Why are fossil fuels and nuclear considered
two forms of non-renewable energy?
Coal & oil
What are the forms of fossil fuels used for
energy? (List at least four)
Petroleum
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
What does non-renewable mean?
Not able to be refilled
RenewableResources
Many of Earth’s resources are available on a
perpetual basis. Some energy sources can
be replenished easily. These would be
considered renewable. Explain why each of
the following resources are renewable.
Wood/Biomass
Trees can be grown.
Wind
Winds keeps blowing. Nothing can keep it from
appearing
Hydro (water)/Tidal
Water energy is made from the motion of the
compound. 75% of our Earth is water.
Geothermal
Earth contains hot rock below the surface. Hot
water works just as well.
Solar
The sun is a burning star that will take a
long time to run out of energy.
Energy Transformations
Use the information below to answer the
question.
Energy can be changed from one type of
energy to another. When this occurs, some
energy is always lost as heat.
KEY TERMS
NonrenewableResources
*conservation – the monitored usage of natural resources
Modern industrial society is dependent upon
to prevent extinction
energy. Fossil fuels are a major source of
*pollution –Whattype
the process
making
land, water, is
or air not
of of
energy
transformation
energy in industrializes nations. Fossil fuels
suitable for occurring
usage
in this picture?
are rich in carbon and hydrogen.
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
2015
INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW
____________________________________
electrical.
Some forms of energy are:
Mechanical
Electrical
Heat
Light
released into
enviroment


Sound
Chemical
Lower fuel
costs
Continous
supply
KEY TERMS
Management of Renewable Resources
*universal solvent – water because a large number of substances
dissolve inresources
it
Renewable
are those that can be
*density – dealing a quantity per amount of volume
replaced, under the right conditions.
*surface tension Examples of renewable resources include:
Investigating Conservation (6.9)
*adhesive – usually sticky
water, air, soil, plant life and animal life.
*cohesive – closely grouped
Management of Nonrenewable Resources
*weathering – weather conditions affecting the physical look orFor
texture
an
eachofresource,
give an example of how
object
the resource, if abused and not managed
*capillary action
could become a “nonrenewable” renewable
Nonrenewableresources
area finite
*climate – the usual
weather conditions in
certain area
resource.
(there is a limited supply that once used,
cannot be replaced. Examples of
WATER
nonrenewable resources include: coal, oil,
Exploited by man for many different uses such
natural gas, nuclear power and mineral
as agriculture, leisure, sanitation, drinking, and
resources. Many nonrenewable resources are
manufacturing
used to supply power, but are also the source
AIR
of pollution.
Describe some of the costs/benefits of each
nonrenewable resource.
FOSSIL FUELS
(coal, oil, natural gas, petroleum)


COSTS
Not green
Creates high
levels of
carbon dioxide
BENEFITS
Easily
available
 Produces large
amounts of
energy
 Easily
transported
 Low cost

SOIL
Necessary to protect water quality, wetlands,
wildlife, & vegetation communites
PLANT LIFE
NUCLEAR ENERGY
COSTS
 Possibly of
radioactive
material
BENEFITS
 Over
greenhouse
gas emissions
ANIMAL LIFE
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
2015
INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW
GAS
Investigating Water(6.5)
steam
The unique properties of water are a
major factor in the ability of our planet to
sustain life! (17)
Physical and Chemical Weathering
Give an example of the following:
1. Physical Weathering (15)
Root or ice wedging
2. Chemical Weathering
Water is a Universal Solvent
Explain why water is known as the
“Universal Solvent”.
Many substances
dissolve in water
Model and Composition of Water
Draw and label the parts of a water
molecule.
Hydration / hydrolysis
Relative Density of Liquid and
SolidWater
Explain why ice is less dense than liquid
water in the picture below.
EXPLAIN:
Water expands when it is heated.
hydrogen
oxygen
u
Large Bodies of Water and Climate
Highlight the correct term in each
statement.
1. Water is able/unable to absorb heat
energy without showing relatively large
changes in temperature. (16)
2. Large bodies of water act to
increase/moderate/decrease the climate of
surrounding areas by absorbing heat in
summer and slowly releasing the heat in
winter. (16)
3. For this reason, the climate near large
bodies of water is slightly
cooler/hotter/milder than areas without large
bodies of water. (16)
Why is this property of water important for
life on Earth?
Adhesive and Cohesive Properties
Explain how the picture below demonstrates
adhesive and cohesive properties of water.
EXPLAIN:
Surface Tension
Explain how the picture below demonstrates
surface tension.
EXPLAIN:
Properties of Water in All Three States
Describe the properties of each state of
water.
STATE
SOLID
LIQUID
TYPE
ice
water
PROPERTY
Capillary Action
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW
Explain how the picture below demonstrates
capillary action.
EXPLAIN:
Heat on States of Water
As heat energy is increased (added) then
water turns from solid water (ice) to
liquid water to gas water (steam).
Water Cycle
Label the diagram below:
2015
What strategies did growing cities use to
collect water? (18) – tunnels, aqueducts,
wells, cisterns, pumps, reservoirs
Why is water essential for agriculture? (18)
crops watered by reliable irrigation systems
are more productive
PowerGeneration
What type of power plant makes use of the
kinetic energy of water as it flows through
turbines?
hydropower
Water can be heated and turned to steam
which is used to generate electricity in what
manner?
Spinning a turbine
The Water Cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Evaporation
condensation
precipitation
runoff
ollection
Importance of Water
Answer the following questions.
Life
Where does water occur on Earth? (17)
Oceans, lakes, rivers, springs, and streams
How did water play an important part in the
first human settlements? Water is necessary
for agriculture. The original human
settlements were built near springs, rivers
and lakes.
Public Health
In the past, streams and rivers were often
used to dispose of human waste, and open
sewers were common. How did this practice
cause problems with public health?
-They were using polluted water
How was the problem of human waste
disposal in water solved?
Unique properties of water are key to the
life processes of organisms
Most of Earth’s water is salt water in the
oceans (97 percent). Available non-frozen,
fresh water makes up less than 1 percent
of the water on Earth.
Water exists in ALL THREE STATES
(solid, liquid and gas) on Earth.
Water in Power Generation
Using the diagram below, describe how
water is used to produce electricity.
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW
2015
Using the diagram above, explain what
is meant by Earth’s Energy Budget.
Investigating the Atmosphere and
Weather(6.3, 6.5, 6.6)
Role of Radiation and Convection
KEY TERMS
Radiation and convection from the
*radiation – energy that comes from a source in theEarth’s
form of surface
waves ortransfer heat energy. This
rays you cannot see
energy powers the global circulation of
*convection – warm air rising together with cooler airthe
or atmosphere
water
and the oceans on our
descending forms a cycle or falling pattern called convection
planet.
*atmosphere – the mass of air surrounding the earth
*universal solvent
Cloud Formations
*climate – a region with particular weather patternsFill
or conditions
in the blank with the correct terms.
*physical weathering – rocks breaking apart without
changing
theiras a result of
1. Clouds form
chemical composition
Water that evaporates from lakes, rivers,
Earth’s
Energy
Budget– the erosion of rocks, building
*chemical
weathering
andmaterials
streams.
The
Earthbyreceives
only
a very small portion
caused
chemical
reactions
2. Puffy clouds that usually indicate fair
of*hydroelectric
the sun’s energy,
yet –this
energy isof electrical power
power
production
through
the
weather.
Cumulus
responsible
for powering
the nal
falling or flowing
of water
3. Low level clouds usually in a flat layer.
motion of the atmosphere, the oceans, and
Stratus
many processes at the Earth’s surface.
4. High level clouds that are wispy and
Highlight the correct answer.
made of ice crystals. Cirrus
1. The Earth’s surface is heated
5. Vertically developed, often anvil-shaped
equally/unequally.
clouds that represent stormy weather.
2. About 1/3, ½, ¼ of the sun’s
Cumulonimbus
incoming energy is reflected back out
to space.
Clouds (26)
3. About 1/3, ½,1/4 of the energy
_Clouds_ are important indicators of
striking the Earth is absorbed by the
atmospheric conditions.
Earth’s surface.
Clouds are found at various levels within the
_troposphere.
Three major types of clouds are cumulus,
stratus, and cirrus..
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
2015
INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW
Layers of the Atmosphere
Define each level of the atmosphere.
Role of Heat Energy in Thunderstorms
and Hurricanes
Some thunderstorms are formed where
the land is strongly heated. Hurricanes
form over warm, tropical water and are
fed by the energy of that water.
Motion of Atmosphere and Oceans
Draw
arrows to
indicate the
direction of
ocean and
atmospheric
currents.
Indicate
warm
temperature
s in red and
cold
temperature
s in blue.
Label major
currents.
Troposphere:
Stratosphere:
Mesosphere:
Thermosphere:
Atmosphere Changes with
Altitude
mesosphere
stratosphere
temperature
altitude
vapor
pressure
thermosphere
troposphere
atmosphere
weather
energy
* The atmosphere is made up of layers four
layers; troposphere, stratosphere,
mesosphere and thermosphere_ that have
distinct characteristics. (22)
• _Temperature decreases as _altitude_____
increases in the lowest layer of the
atmosphere.
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW
• Most of the air that makes up the
__________ is found in the Troposphere(the
lowest layer). Virtually all _________ takes
place there.
* The amounts of heat ________ and water
__________ in the air and the
__________of the air largely determine
what the weather conditions are.
Natural and Human-caused Changes to
Atmosphere
Forest fires and volcanic eruptions are
two natural processes that affect the
Earth’s atmosphere. Many
gaseouscompounds and particles are
released into the atmosphereby human
activity(factories, cars).
Weather Maps
Explain each weather map symbol.
2015
B. Measures Wind Speed
C. Used to Detect and Track
Storms
D. Measures Relative Humidity
E. Measures Temperature
F. Measures Wind Direction
G. Measures Air Pressure
Air Quality
Highlight the most important terms in this
statement.
Maintaining good air quality is a crucial
goal for modern society, and it is everyone’s
responsibility to work toward it. Ozone, a
form of oxygen, can form near the surface
when exhaust pollutants react with sunlight.
This pollutant can cause health problems.
Naturally occurring ozone is also found in
the upper atmosphere and helps to shield the
Earth from ultraviolet radiation.
Physical Characteristics of Atmosphere
Define each of the following characteristics.
Barometric Temperature Humidity
Pressure
An isobar connects areas of the same______
_______.An isotherm connects areas of the
same ______________________.
Solar Energy
Use the following terms: wavelength, UV
radiation, infrared, visible light, reflection,
refraction, absorption to describe solar
energy use on Earth.
As altitude decreases, air
pressure _________.
Weather Instruments and Measurements
Match the terms.
1. Barometer
________
2. Anemometer
________
3. Psychrometer
________
4. Thermometer
________
5. Wind Vane
________
6. Hygrometer
________
7. Radar
________
A. Measures Humidity
Wind
Speed
Greenhouse Effect
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
2015
INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW
Complete the following statements.
1. The primary gas in the atmosphere
responsible for the greenhouse effect is
______________ _________________,
which is a (mixture, compound,
element). Highlight one.
2. The most abundant gases in the air are
____________ and _________________.
These are both (mixtures, compounds,
elements). Highlight one.
3. Name one natural greenhouse gas
contributor: _______________________
4. Name one way in which humans
contribute to greenhouse gases.
_________________________________
Watershed Management:
A local developer wants to turn a large
wetland area along the Chickahominy River
into a mixed use community featuring
affordable housing and retail.
In the chart below, list the pros and cons of
this development.
PROS
CONS
Weather Events
Describe each of the following:
Tornado
Hurricane
Location of Watersheds
Thunderstorm
What type of map would be useful in
determining the boundaries of a watershed?
Drought
How are watersheds separated?
Hail
Where is a flood plain found?
Sleet
Where can wetlands be found?
Dew
Snow
Investigating Watersheds(6.7)
What services do wetlands provide?
What watershed do you live in (Virginia)?
What watershed do you live in (United States)?
KEY TERMS
*divide
In what major bodies of water do the watersheds
*tributary
in Virginia ultimately drain?
*wetland
*estuary
 _________________ Bay
*watershed
 ___________ __________ Sounds
*pollution
_______________ of Mexico
*eutrophication
*erosion Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
*abiotic
*biotic
*slopes
2015
INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW
Preventing shoreline erosion
What are two ways in which we can prevent
shoreline erosion?
Water Quality Monitoring
Describe how the presence of certain
organisms are an indicator of water quality
(________ factors).

Lawns -
Watershed Systems
Highlight the watershed terms in the word
search below.
Explain how scientists use the following
measurements to assess water quality:
pH
Temperature
Salinity
Dissolved
oxygen
Turbidity
Macroinvertebrates
Nutrients
Phosphates
Human Impacts to the Watershed
Answer the following questions.
Give an example of point source pollution.
Give an example of non-point source
pollution.
Scientific Method
List the stages of the scientific method.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Scale Model Examples
How can runoff negatively impact a
watershed?
5 cm
How do humans contribute to eutrophication
in both of these cases?

Farms –
32 cm
53.7 cm
1) How big is a horsefly if 1 cm = 1m?
2) How big is the ghost if 1 cm = 20 cm?
3) How big is the kitty if 1 cm = 10 cm?
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
2015
INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW
Name:
Measures:
Units:
Types of Graphs
Label each type of graph pictured below and
explain when you would use it.
Type:
Use:
Review Notes...
Type:
Use:
Type:
Use:
Type:
Use:
Metric Conversions
Complete the following conversions.
1) 50 kg = (?) mg
2) 200 g = (?) cg
3) 72 L = (?) mL
4) 11.90 daK = (?) dK
5) 60 s = (?) ms
Equipment
Label the following pieces of lab equipment,
what they measure and the units
Name:
Measures:
Units:
Name:
Measures:
Units:
Name:
Measures:
Units:
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide